Advances in gerontology = Uspekhi gerontologii / Rossiiskaia akademiia nauk, Gerontologicheskoe obshchestvo最新文献

The aim of the work is to evaluate the efficiency of the method of treating obesity in elderly and senile patients. The patients were offered 2 nutrition programs, one based on the obtained data (insulin resistance, biliary dyskinesia, type 2 diabetes, etc.) and the final diagnosis in connection with the concomitant disease, and the second based on their taste preferences. The peculiarity of the development of the dietary program was to prepare a menu based on lean body mass, and not the total mass obtained from the results of bioimpedancemetry. The ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates (in grams per kg of lean body mass is 1:1:2(3). Based on stress echo and lactate testing, a program of dosed aerobic physical activity was developed for the patient. Training was carried out 3-4 times a week after the last meal, the training time was 90 minutes with the required heart rate (not higher than aerobic threshold). Against the background of using the proposed technique, a reliable decrease in total body mass, body fat mass, total water was observed according to the results of bioimpedancemetry. Also, a reliable decrease in blood parameters: ALT, AST, gamma-GT, glucose, insulin, leptin, an increase in the level of vitamin D. Thus, the selection of a personalized diet in combination with dosed aerobic physical activity and regular monitoring using heart rate monitors will not only reduce weight, but also improve health indicators (reduce weight due to adipose tissue, reduce insulin resistance, increase vitamin D levels, reduce blood pressure, liver transaminases, glucose), and also increase the effectiveness of therapeutic measures for obesity, preventing the progression of complications.

The effect of distance learning using a modified Pilates system on cognitive abilities and quality of life of the third age people was studied. The set of exercises proposed by the authors contributed to a reliable increase in the indicators of physical, social, intellectual and emotional health, and the psychological status of the experimental group of non-working pensioners. The distance format of combined optimization of the motor regime and correction of cognitive abilities can be recommended to ensure systematic training at any time of the year and in any weather, which is critically important for the age group studied.

In the modern world, considerable attention is paid to cardiovascular diseases, which, according to WHO, remain the leading cause of death. One of the key risk factors for their development is metabolic syndrome (MS), the prevalence of which is steadily increasing. An increase in the number of people with obesity, changes in eating behavior and reduced physical activity contribute to the progression of MS, and also affect the composition and functional state of the intestinal microbiota. In recent years, more and more data indicate that the microbiota plays an important role not only in the pathogenesis of MS, but also in the aging process. Gerontology considers intestinal microflora as one of the targets for action in order to slow down age-related changes and reduce the risk of age-associated diseases, including cardiovascular pathologies. Intestinal dysbiosis can contribute to the development of systemic inflammation, insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, which makes the study of its mechanisms in the context of gerontology particularly relevant. The search for new links in the pathogenesis of MS and its relationship with changes in the microbiota opens up prospects for the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies, which, in turn, can contribute to an increase in the duration and quality of life. The purpose of the review is to analyze and systematize modern scientific data on the relationship between intestinal microbiota, metabolic syndrome and aging processes, to identify new pathogenetic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of age-associated diseases. The work uses publications, mainly for the last 5 years, from the PubMed, eLIBRARY, ScienceDirect databases, including review articles, meta-analyses and clinical studies.

With the aging of the population, the prevalence of age-associated diseases, including glaucoma, increases. Despite the contribution of vascular disorders to the development and progression of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), knowledge about the relationship between the ocular vascular bed and systemic vessels and sensory aging in glaucoma is limited. Objective: to determine how vascular aging and vascularity changes contribute to POAG progression. A total of 177 elderly patients (350 eyes) were examined. All patients underwent standard ophthalmological examination, assessment of sensory aging (Md, PSD indices, GCS indices according to OCT data, age and frailty), assessment of vascular parameters (reactive hyperemia test (RHT), ocular pulse and blood flow in the vessels of the extremities, lipidogram). Data analysis showed statistically significant changes in vascularity and vascular aging in elderly patients with POAG progression. Vascular and sensory aging are risk factors for POAG progression. The most significant predictors of glaucoma progression were identified - hemodynamic disorders, vascularity indices against the background of vascular aging in elderly patients.

The Klotho protein has become known as a biomarker of aging through experimental studies in mice. In recent years, many studies have been conducted on the role of this protein in the development of various age-related diseases. However, there are very few studies on the effect of the Klotho protein on sleep disorders. We conducted a cross-sectional comparative study in which we examined the levels of Klotho protein in 27 men with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The average age of the patients was 54 [43; 59] years. The control group included 15 men selected according to the «copy-pair» principle. We used standard polysomnography to objectively assess the quantitative characteristics of sleep and respiration. Severe OSA was 0diagnosed if the apnea/hypopnea index exceeded 30 events per hour and was accompanied by significant desaturation. To determine the protein level, we used enzyme immunoassay with a commercial SEH757Hu kit manufactured by «Cloud-Clone Corp.» (USA). The data is presented as a median, upper and lower quartiles. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare the indicators between the groups. When comparing groups based on qualitative characteristics, the chi-square (χ2) criterion was used, with the Yates' correction for continuity applied. In the case of a small number of observation units (0 to 5, inclusive, in one of the compared groups), the Fisher's exact test was applied. The results showed that patients with severe OSA had significantly lower levels of klotho protein compared to the control group.

The ecological and climatic environmental factors of the North-East of Russia place special demands on the optimal functioning of the physiological systems of the body of people living in these conditions for a long time. At the same time, the issue of age-related changes in the energy metabolism of the inhabitants of the North has not been studied widely enough. The aim of the study was to identify changes in the energy metabolism of Magadan men of various age groups - adolescents, young men, mature and older men by indirect calorimetry. The analysis made it possible to establish the dynamics of the age-related pattern of energy metabolism, characterized by intensification in adolescence while maintaining high values in adulthood and, especially, in old age, significantly exceeding the normative values. The identified regional features are aimed at maximizing the effective maintenance of homeostasis in individuals who are constantly exposed to the adverse abiotic factors of the North.

The article analyses the impact of chronobiotics on aging processes and their potential role in geroprotection. Key mechanisms of circadian regulation and their association with age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders, are examined. Based on existing scientific data, promising chronobiotics such as melatonin, resveratrol, and their analogs are analysed in terms of their alignment with geroprotector criteria. The main challenges in implementing chronobiotics in clinical practice, including individual chronotypes, genetic factors, and the lack of standardized application protocols, are discussed. In conclusion, promising research directions and recommendations for integrating chronobiotics into healthy aging strategies are proposed.

Depression syndrome is one of the most common syndromes among the elderly and is directly associated with functional independence and quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the association between the severity of depression syndrome and functional disorders among individuals aged 60 to 74 years. In 2023, a cross-sectional study was conducted on arandom-samplein Arkhangelsk (n=611). Participants were examined for depression syndrome using the Beck Depression Scale. Functional disorders were evaluated using hand dynamometry, the Short Physical Performance Battery, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, visual and hearing acuity tests. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression was used to analyze the associations between the severity of depression syndrome and functional disorders. After adjustment for age, education, marital status, financial difficulties, low physical activity, and all functional disorders, higher depression syndrome severity was associated with preasthenia gravis (an early stage of frailty) in both men and women and with hearing loss in women only. These findings underscore the importance of taking a gender-sensitive approach to screening for and preventing depression syndrome in older adults, especially those with complex age-related functional disorders.

The aim of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the projection anatomy of the kidneys in older individuals of various somatotypes with the determination of morphometric patterns and topographic and anatomical features to optimize diagnostic and therapeutic measures in geriatric practice. The study was carried out in accordance with the design of a one-stage cross-sectional study with a prospective recruitment of 516 participants aged 45-59 years. Somatotyping was carried out using the modified Heath-Carter method with a comprehensive assessment of endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy. The main visualization method was multispiral computed tomography with a slice thickness of 0,625-1,25 mm in native mode and with contrast enhancement. For a detailed analysis, specialized 3D Slicer software with automatic segmentation of the renal parenchyma and construction of three-dimensional models was used. Statistical analysis was performed using parametric and nonparametric methods depending on the nature of the data distribution. The results demonstrated statistically significant differences in the projection anatomy of the kidneys between somatotypes. The endomorphic type was characterized by maximum values of the angles of inclination of the renal axis with an average of 10,4±3,2° and a pronounced tendency towards age-related prolapse of the organ. The ectomorphic type demonstrated the greatest stability of anatomical relationships with minimum deviation angles of 7,8±1,9°. Progressive age-related dynamics of the angular parameters of the inclination of the renal axis was established with an increase in average values from 8,3±2,1° in mature age to 11,2±3,4° in old age. Significant gender differences in the nature of age-related changes were revealed with greater stability of morphometric parameters in men and more pronounced age-related transformation in women. The established morphometric patterns substantiate the need to take into account somatotypical features when interpreting radiation diagnostic data and planning surgical interventions in patients of older age groups. The results obtained can serve as a basis for developing personalized approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of urinary system diseases, taking into account the individual typological characteristics of the body.

The process of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) senescence is accompanied by alterations in their extracellular matrix (ECM), which has the potential to compromise cellular interactions within the perivascular niche. In this study, the effect of the ECM of senescent MSCs obtained in a «stress-induced model» on the paracrine activity of endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro was investigated. Senescent MSCs exhibited reduced production of structural and adhesive ECM proteins (including type I collagens, fibulins, perlecan, et al.) and increased deposition of senescence-associated molecules (PAI-1, GDF-15). When ECs were cultured on decellularized ECM of senescent MSCs, a significant decrease in the secretion of angiogenic and chemoattractant factors (SDF-1, HGF) was observed compared to young ECM. These findings highlight a potential role of ECM-mediated mechanisms in the development of age-related vascular pathologies and may provide a foundation for the design of anti-senescent therapeutic strategies.