Summary An important step in the full definition of an analytical method is the characterization of the within and between laboratory variability. This is typically done through collaborative studies involving multiple laboratories. The statistical analysis of the results of collaborative studies is generally carried out using standardized protocols such as those given in ISO 5725-2 or ASTM E691-14. One aspect of the evaluation of collaborative studies is the identification of outlying laboratories which are then excluded from the variance calculation associated with the analytical method. Whether particular laboratories are identified as outliers can have a dramatic effect on the calculated variances. The generally recommended approach to identify laboratories with excessive within-laboratory variation is Cochran’s Test or something similar. However, Cochran’s Test is very sensitive to non-normality of the underlying statistical distribution. When the assumption of normality is violated, Cochran’s Test can wrongly identify laboratories as outliers at much greater than the nominally stated error rate, even for deviations from normality that are very difficult to detect analytically. In this paper, an alternative to Cochran’s Test, adapted from Levene’s Test, is proposed and shown to approximately maintain the stated error rate when the underlying distribution is not normal. This newly adapted test is recommended for future collaborative study analysis in place of Cochran’s Test.
{"title":"Within-Laboratory Variance Outlier Detection: An Alternative to Cochran’s Test","authors":"M. Morton","doi":"10.1515/cttr-2017-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/cttr-2017-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Summary An important step in the full definition of an analytical method is the characterization of the within and between laboratory variability. This is typically done through collaborative studies involving multiple laboratories. The statistical analysis of the results of collaborative studies is generally carried out using standardized protocols such as those given in ISO 5725-2 or ASTM E691-14. One aspect of the evaluation of collaborative studies is the identification of outlying laboratories which are then excluded from the variance calculation associated with the analytical method. Whether particular laboratories are identified as outliers can have a dramatic effect on the calculated variances. The generally recommended approach to identify laboratories with excessive within-laboratory variation is Cochran’s Test or something similar. However, Cochran’s Test is very sensitive to non-normality of the underlying statistical distribution. When the assumption of normality is violated, Cochran’s Test can wrongly identify laboratories as outliers at much greater than the nominally stated error rate, even for deviations from normality that are very difficult to detect analytically. In this paper, an alternative to Cochran’s Test, adapted from Levene’s Test, is proposed and shown to approximately maintain the stated error rate when the underlying distribution is not normal. This newly adapted test is recommended for future collaborative study analysis in place of Cochran’s Test.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"27 1","pages":"135 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66949873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY Menthol has been measured in cigarettes, in cigarette smoke preparations, and in smokers' blood and urine, but the efficiency of retention of smoke-delivered menthol by the smoker has not previously been reported. Thirteen smokers participated in a study designed to determine the deposition and retention efficiency of menthol in cigarette smoke in the respiratory tract when smoking mentholated cigarettes. This paper describes the results obtained during the measurement of analytes in exhaled cigarette smoke. Solanesol, nicotine, and menthol in exhaled smoke were collected using a vacuum-assisted pump during the smoking session in which each participant smoked three mentholated cigarettes within one hour. The analytes were quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for solanesol and a gas chromatography- flame ionization detection (GC-FID) method for nicotine and menthol. Cigarette butts were collected after smoking and compared against those from machinesmoked cigarettes to provide an estimate of mouth-level exposures to the smoke constituents during normal smoking. An average of 93% of smoke-delivered menthol, 97% of nicotine and 64% of solanesol was retained by smokers of a mentholated cigarette. The results for solanesol and nicotine in this study were in agreement with prior published values for smokers of non-mentholated cigarettes. The findings of this study confirm the general utility of the mouth-level exposure technique to estimate smokers' exposures to mainstream smoke constituents, and are consistent with a considerable body of evidence from investigations of cigarette smoke exposure biomarkers indicating that exposures of smokers to major smoke constituents from menthol and non-menthol cigarettes are essentially identical. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 26-33] ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Mentholgehalt ist bereits in Zigaretten, in Zigarettenrauchextrakten sowie im Blut und Urin von Rauchern bestimmt worden, zur Effizienz der Retention von über den Rauch abgegebenem Menthol beim Raucher wurden bisher jedoch noch keine Daten vorgelegt. Es nahmen dreizehn Raucher an einer Studie zur Ermittlung der Deposition und Retentionseffizienz in den Atemwegen von im Zigarettenrauch enthaltenen Menthol beim Rauchen mentholhaltiger Zigaretten teil. Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Ergebnisse der Messung der Analyten in exhaliertem Zigarettenrauch. Während der Rauchsitzung rauchte jeder Teilnehmer drei mentholhaltige Zigaretten innerhalb einer Stunde und es wurden Solanesol, Nikotin und Menthol im exhalierten Rauch mithilfe einer vakuumunterstützten Pumpe gesammelt. Zur Quantifizierung der Analyten wurde bei Solanesol die Methode der Hochleistungsflüssigchromatografie (HPLC) eingesetzt sowie bei Nikotin und Menthol die Methode der Gaschromatografie mit Flammenionisationsdetekor (GC-FID). Die Zigarettenstummel wurden nach dem Rauchen gesammelt und mit denen maschinell abgerauchter Zigaretten verglichen, um eine Schätzung
{"title":"Estimation of the Retention of Menthol in the Respiratory Tract of Menthol Cigarette Smokers: A Pilot Study","authors":"Melissa Hughes, Kyle F. Lott, J. Heck","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2014-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2014-0005","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Menthol has been measured in cigarettes, in cigarette smoke preparations, and in smokers' blood and urine, but the efficiency of retention of smoke-delivered menthol by the smoker has not previously been reported. Thirteen smokers participated in a study designed to determine the deposition and retention efficiency of menthol in cigarette smoke in the respiratory tract when smoking mentholated cigarettes. This paper describes the results obtained during the measurement of analytes in exhaled cigarette smoke. Solanesol, nicotine, and menthol in exhaled smoke were collected using a vacuum-assisted pump during the smoking session in which each participant smoked three mentholated cigarettes within one hour. The analytes were quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for solanesol and a gas chromatography- flame ionization detection (GC-FID) method for nicotine and menthol. Cigarette butts were collected after smoking and compared against those from machinesmoked cigarettes to provide an estimate of mouth-level exposures to the smoke constituents during normal smoking. An average of 93% of smoke-delivered menthol, 97% of nicotine and 64% of solanesol was retained by smokers of a mentholated cigarette. The results for solanesol and nicotine in this study were in agreement with prior published values for smokers of non-mentholated cigarettes. The findings of this study confirm the general utility of the mouth-level exposure technique to estimate smokers' exposures to mainstream smoke constituents, and are consistent with a considerable body of evidence from investigations of cigarette smoke exposure biomarkers indicating that exposures of smokers to major smoke constituents from menthol and non-menthol cigarettes are essentially identical. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 26-33] ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Mentholgehalt ist bereits in Zigaretten, in Zigarettenrauchextrakten sowie im Blut und Urin von Rauchern bestimmt worden, zur Effizienz der Retention von über den Rauch abgegebenem Menthol beim Raucher wurden bisher jedoch noch keine Daten vorgelegt. Es nahmen dreizehn Raucher an einer Studie zur Ermittlung der Deposition und Retentionseffizienz in den Atemwegen von im Zigarettenrauch enthaltenen Menthol beim Rauchen mentholhaltiger Zigaretten teil. Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Ergebnisse der Messung der Analyten in exhaliertem Zigarettenrauch. Während der Rauchsitzung rauchte jeder Teilnehmer drei mentholhaltige Zigaretten innerhalb einer Stunde und es wurden Solanesol, Nikotin und Menthol im exhalierten Rauch mithilfe einer vakuumunterstützten Pumpe gesammelt. Zur Quantifizierung der Analyten wurde bei Solanesol die Methode der Hochleistungsflüssigchromatografie (HPLC) eingesetzt sowie bei Nikotin und Menthol die Methode der Gaschromatografie mit Flammenionisationsdetekor (GC-FID). Die Zigarettenstummel wurden nach dem Rauchen gesammelt und mit denen maschinell abgerauchter Zigaretten verglichen, um eine Schätzung ","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"11 1","pages":"26 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73439205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chronological bibliography of Alan Rodgman’s lifetime publications covers 66 years reporting his research and analysis of scientific data. The entries span his academic research, company-sponsored investigation of tobacco and smoke chemistry, data analysis during his consulting years and personally motivated publications reflecting upon his knowledge base of tobacco and smoke research. It should be noted that the crowning achievement of his publications, i.e., the second edition of The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke, was published in the year of his death. He was active to the very end. We who collaborated with Dr. Rodgman were always confident that our research would be reported accurately, grammatically correct, even the most complex chemical structures properly named and pertinent literature fully cited. The basis for this bibliography principally comes from a list maintained by Alan Rodgman himself. I thank Drs. Tom Perfetti and Mike Ogden for assisting me in reviewing the information. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 34–36].
{"title":"The Full Bibliography of Alan Rodgman","authors":"Charles R. Green","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2014-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2014-0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chronological bibliography of Alan Rodgman’s lifetime publications covers 66 years reporting his research and analysis of scientific data. The entries span his academic research, company-sponsored investigation of tobacco and smoke chemistry, data analysis during his consulting years and personally motivated publications reflecting upon his knowledge base of tobacco and smoke research. It should be noted that the crowning achievement of his publications, i.e., the second edition of The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke, was published in the year of his death. He was active to the very end. We who collaborated with Dr. Rodgman were always confident that our research would be reported accurately, grammatically correct, even the most complex chemical structures properly named and pertinent literature fully cited. The basis for this bibliography principally comes from a list maintained by Alan Rodgman himself. I thank Drs. Tom Perfetti and Mike Ogden for assisting me in reviewing the information. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 34–36].","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"81 1","pages":"34 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76846214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Colard, T. Verron, Rémi Julien, X. Cahours, S. Purkis
SUMMARY Many tobacco product regulations worldwide require the reporting of ?tar”, nicotine and carbon monoxide and set limits on their yields measured following the ISO smoking regime. Within the current regulatory framework, the introduction or recommendation for an additional more intense smoking regime with filter ventilation blocked has been made. The relationship was evaluated between measured yields and the difference between smouldering and smoking times with filter ventilation open or blocked under different smoking regimes. Development and evaluation of a cigarette burning model revealed a straight line relationship passing through the origin, showing that the "tar", nicotine and CO yields from one smoking regime can be used to predict the yields at any smoking time. Consequently, the rationale for conducting laboratory work under an additional specific regime is questionable and the additional data set adds no more value beyond adding a point to a known line. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 4-18] ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In vielen der weltweiten Rechtsvorschriften für Tabakerzeugnisse wird die Angabe des Gehalts an Kondensat, Nikotin und Kohlenstoffmonoxid verlangt und es werden Grenzwerte für deren Ausbeuten auf der Grundlage der Verfahren zur Messung des Tabakkonsums gemäß ISO festgelegt. Es wurde nun vorgeschlagen, innerhalb des bestehenden Rechtsrahmens ein zusätzliches intensiveres Messverfahren, bei dem die Filterbelüftung blockiert ist, einzuführen bzw. zu empfehlen. Es wurde das Verhältnis zwischen den gemessenen Ausbeuten und die Differenz zwischen Glimm- und Rauchzeiten mit geöffneter bzw. blockierter Filterbelüftung entsprechend unterschiedlicher Messverfahren bestimmt. Die Ermittlung und Analyse eines Zigarettenverbrennungsmodells ergab eine durch den Nullpunkt verlaufende Gerade, mit der gezeigt werden konnte, dass die mit einem Messverfahren ermittelten Ausbeuten an Kondensat, Nikotin und CO verwendet werden können, um die Ausbeuten zu beliebigen Abrauchzeiten zu prognostizieren. Daher ist die Begründung für die Durchführung von Laboruntersuchungen gemäß einem weiteren Messverfahren fragwürdig. Die so gewonnenen zusätzlichen Daten brächten, abgesehen von der Ermittlung eines weiteren Punktes auf einer bereits bekannten Geraden, keinerlei zusätzlichen Nutzen. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 4-18] RESUME De par le monde, de nombreuses réglementations sur les produits du tabac exigent la déclaration des valeurs de goudrons, de nicotine et de monoxyde de carbone, et imposent des limites sur leurs rendements selon le régime de fumage ISO. Dans le contexte réglementaire actuel, l’introduction ou la recommandation d’un régime de fumage plus intense avec la ventilation du filtre bouchée a été faite. La relation entre les rendements mesurés et la différence entre le temps de combustion libre et de fumage, ventilation filtre ouverte ou bouchée, a été évaluée avec l’application de différents régimes de fumage. Le développement et l’a
世界各地的许多烟草制品法规要求报告“焦油”、尼古丁和一氧化碳，并根据国际标准化组织吸烟制度对它们的产量进行了限制。在目前的监管框架内，已经引入或建议了一个额外的更强烈的吸烟制度，并封锁了过滤器通风。在不同的吸烟制度下，通过打开或关闭过滤器通风，评估了测量的产量与闷烧和吸烟时间的差异之间的关系。香烟燃烧模型的开发和评价揭示了一条穿过原点的直线关系，表明一种吸烟方式的“焦油”、尼古丁和一氧化碳的产量可以用来预测任何吸烟时间的产量。因此，在额外的特定制度下进行实验室工作的理由是值得怀疑的，额外的数据集除了在已知直线上增加一个点之外没有增加更多的价值。[Beitr。Tabakforsch。[j][国际信息学报，26 (2014):4-18][ZUSAMMENFASSUNG] In vielen der weltween Rechtsvorschriften fbr r Tabakerzeugnisse and die Angabe des gehaltswerte and Kondensat, Nikotin and kohlenstoffononder verhaltswerte fbr] [r deren Ausbeuten auder Grundlage der Verfahren zur Messung des tabakkonsum gemäß ISO festgelegt.][2] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]祖茂堂empfehlen。我们的工作时间是Verhältnis zwischen den gemessenen Ausbeuten and die differens zwischen Glimm and lauchzeiten mit geöffneter bzw。阻断器过滤器(blockierter filterbelttung entsprechendunterschiedlicher Messverfahren best)与此同时，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现，研究人员还发现。[1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]Die so gewonnenen zusätzlichen Daten brächten, abgesehen von der Ermittlung eines weiteren Punktes aufiner bereits bekannten Geraden, keinerlei zusätzlichen Nutzen。[Beitr。Tabakforsch。[j] .国际标准化组织，第26(2014)期，第4-18节[RESUME] .国际标准化组织，国际标准化组织，国际标准化组织，国际标准化组织，国际标准化组织，国际标准化组织。在实际的情况下，我将介绍我们的建议，即不使用·········La relation entre les renments，测量，测量，交换，交换，交换，交换，交换，交换，交换，交换，交换，交换，交换，交换，交换，交换，交换，交换。电子烟的燃烧与电子烟的燃烧有关，电子烟的燃烧与电子烟的燃烧有关，电子烟的燃烧与电子烟的燃烧有关，电子烟与电子烟的燃烧有关，电子烟与电子烟的燃烧有关，电子烟与电子烟的燃烧有关，电子烟与电子烟的燃烧有关，电子烟与电子烟的燃烧有关，电子烟与电子烟的燃烧有关，电子烟与电子烟的燃烧有关。同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的，同样的。[Beitr。Tabakforsch。Int. 26 (2014) 4-18]
{"title":"Relationship Between Cigarette Yields and Smoking Time Under Different Machine Smoking Regimes","authors":"S. Colard, T. Verron, Rémi Julien, X. Cahours, S. Purkis","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2014-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2014-0003","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Many tobacco product regulations worldwide require the reporting of ?tar”, nicotine and carbon monoxide and set limits on their yields measured following the ISO smoking regime. Within the current regulatory framework, the introduction or recommendation for an additional more intense smoking regime with filter ventilation blocked has been made. The relationship was evaluated between measured yields and the difference between smouldering and smoking times with filter ventilation open or blocked under different smoking regimes. Development and evaluation of a cigarette burning model revealed a straight line relationship passing through the origin, showing that the \"tar\", nicotine and CO yields from one smoking regime can be used to predict the yields at any smoking time. Consequently, the rationale for conducting laboratory work under an additional specific regime is questionable and the additional data set adds no more value beyond adding a point to a known line. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 4-18] ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In vielen der weltweiten Rechtsvorschriften für Tabakerzeugnisse wird die Angabe des Gehalts an Kondensat, Nikotin und Kohlenstoffmonoxid verlangt und es werden Grenzwerte für deren Ausbeuten auf der Grundlage der Verfahren zur Messung des Tabakkonsums gemäß ISO festgelegt. Es wurde nun vorgeschlagen, innerhalb des bestehenden Rechtsrahmens ein zusätzliches intensiveres Messverfahren, bei dem die Filterbelüftung blockiert ist, einzuführen bzw. zu empfehlen. Es wurde das Verhältnis zwischen den gemessenen Ausbeuten und die Differenz zwischen Glimm- und Rauchzeiten mit geöffneter bzw. blockierter Filterbelüftung entsprechend unterschiedlicher Messverfahren bestimmt. Die Ermittlung und Analyse eines Zigarettenverbrennungsmodells ergab eine durch den Nullpunkt verlaufende Gerade, mit der gezeigt werden konnte, dass die mit einem Messverfahren ermittelten Ausbeuten an Kondensat, Nikotin und CO verwendet werden können, um die Ausbeuten zu beliebigen Abrauchzeiten zu prognostizieren. Daher ist die Begründung für die Durchführung von Laboruntersuchungen gemäß einem weiteren Messverfahren fragwürdig. Die so gewonnenen zusätzlichen Daten brächten, abgesehen von der Ermittlung eines weiteren Punktes auf einer bereits bekannten Geraden, keinerlei zusätzlichen Nutzen. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 4-18] RESUME De par le monde, de nombreuses réglementations sur les produits du tabac exigent la déclaration des valeurs de goudrons, de nicotine et de monoxyde de carbone, et imposent des limites sur leurs rendements selon le régime de fumage ISO. Dans le contexte réglementaire actuel, l’introduction ou la recommandation d’un régime de fumage plus intense avec la ventilation du filtre bouchée a été faite. La relation entre les rendements mesurés et la différence entre le temps de combustion libre et de fumage, ventilation filtre ouverte ou bouchée, a été évaluée avec l’application de différents régimes de fumage. Le développement et l’a","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"98 1","pages":"18 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89806481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Oldham, S. Plunkett, Michael T. Fisher, K. H. Shafer, M. Morton
SUMMARY Performance of the CReSSmicro™ v.2.0.0 portable smoking topography device was evaluated in a controlled laboratory environment using a calibrated smoking machine to generate known, reproducible smoking topographies. Device performance was evaluated using unlit and lit cigarettes over a range of puff volumes (25 to 100 mL) at 2 s puff duration using a sine wave profile. The device missed 93% and 100% of the 25 mL/2 s puffs for unlit and lit cigarettes, respectively. The device underreported puff durations for the entire volume range, i.e., from 40 mL (0.9 ± 0.17 s) to 100 mL (1.6 ± 0.11 s) for both unlit and lit cigarettes. Puff volumes were under reported for lower volumes from 40 mL (25.6 ± 5.5 mL) to 70 mL (68.8 ± 3.7 mL) for both unlit and lit cigarettes and slightly over reported for higher volumes from 85 mL (89.4 ± 7.6 mL) to 100 mL (103.4 ± 9.8 mL) for lit cigarettes. Experimental results indicated that a 12.5-20mL/s (750-1,200 mL/min) flow threshold for puff recognition was responsible for the observed results. This study reinforces the importance of fully understanding device performance prior to performing clinical studies of human smoking topography. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 19-25] ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Leistungsfähigkeit des mobilen Rauchtopographiegerätes CReSSmicro™ v.2.0.0 wurde in einer kontrollierten Laborumgebung untersucht. Dabei wurde eine kalibrierte Abrauchmaschine eingesetzt, um bekannte, reproduzierbare Rauchtopographien zu erzeugen. Die Maschinenleistung wurde mit Hilfe von angezündeten und nicht angezündeten Zigaretten mit unterschiedlichen Zugvolumina (25 bis 100 mL) mit einer Zugdauer von 2 s und einem Sinusprofil untersucht. Bei den nicht angezündeten bzw. angezündeten Zigaretten wurden jeweils 93 % bzw. 100 % der 25 mL/2 s- Züge vom Gerät nicht gezählt. Das Gerät wies in allen gewählten Volumina, d.h. von 40 mL (0,9 ± 0,17 s) bis 100 mL (1,6 ± 0,11 s), für sowohl nicht angezündete als auch angezündete Zigaretten eine zu geringe Zugdauer aus. Die Zugvolumina wurden bei den niedrigeren Volumina von 40 mL (25,6 ± 5,5 mL) bis 70 mL (68,8 ± 3,7 mL) für sowohl nicht angezündete als auch angezündete Zigaretten geringer als tatsächlich angegeben und bei den höheren Volumina von 85 mL (89,4 ± 7,6 mL) bis 100 mL (103,4 ± 9,8 mL) für angezündete Zigaretten etwas zu hoch angegeben. Die Versuchsergebnisse zeigten, dass ein Durchflussschwellenwert von 12,5-20 mL/s (750-1.200 mL/min) bei der Bestimmung der Züge für die beobachteten Ergebnisse verantwortlich war. Diese Studie unterstreicht, wie wichtig es ist, die Leistungsfähigkeit der Maschinen genau zu kennen, bevor klinische Studien zur Rauchtopographie beim Menschen durchgeführt werden können. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 19-25] RESUME La performance de l’appareil portable de topographie du fumage CReSSmicro™ v.2.0.0 a été évaluée en milieu contrôlé dans un laboratoire, en utilisant une machine à fumer étalonnée pour générer des topographies du fumage re
cresmicroo™v.2.0.0便携式吸烟地形仪的性能在受控的实验室环境中使用校准的吸烟机进行评估，以生成已知的，可重复的吸烟地形。使用未点燃和点燃的香烟在吸烟量范围内(25至100毫升)，在2秒的吸烟持续时间内使用正弦波剖面评估设备性能。对于未点燃的香烟和点燃的香烟，该装置分别错过了93%和100%的25毫升/2秒。该装置少报了整个体积范围内的吞吐持续时间，即从40毫升(0.9±0.17秒)到100毫升(1.6±0.11秒)，无论是未点燃的还是点燃的香烟。未点燃和点燃香烟的吞云吐雾量均低于40 mL(25.6±5.5 mL)至70 mL(68.8±3.7 mL)，点燃香烟的吞云吐雾量高于85 mL(89.4±7.6 mL)至100 mL(103.4±9.8 mL)。实验结果表明，烟雾识别的12.5-20mL/s (750- 1200ml /min)流量阈值是观察到的结果的原因。这项研究强调了在进行人体吸烟地形临床研究之前充分了解设备性能的重要性。[Beitr。Tabakforsch。[j] .机械工程学报，26 (2014):19-25 [j] . ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Leistungsfähigkeit des mobilen Rauchtopographiegerätes cresmicroro™v.2.0.0 wde in iner control . lierink . Laborumgebung unsuke。Dabei wurde einekalibrierte abauchmachine eingesetzt, um bekante, ereduziertographien zerzegen。Die Maschinenleistung wurde mit Hilfe von angez ndeten und nicht angez ndeten Zigaretten mit unterschiedlichen Zugvolumina (25 bis 100 mL) mit einer Zugdauer von 2 s and einem sinusprofilum untersucht。北京夜间天使 ndeten bzw。angez ndeten Zigaretten wurden珠宝93% bzw。100% der 25ml / 2s - z ge vom Gerät nicht gezählt。Das Gerät wies in allen gewählten Volumina, d.h. von 40 mL(0,9±0,17 s)和100 mL(1,6±0,11 s)， fr sowhhl nicht angez ndete als auch angez ndete Zigaretten eine zu geringe Zugdauer aus。Die Zugvolumina wurden bei den niedrigeren Volumina von 40 mL(25,6±5,5 mL) bis 70 mL(68,8±3,7 mL) f r sowohl nicht angez ndete Zigaretten geringer als tatsächlich angegeben und bei den höheren Volumina von 85 mL(89,4±7,6 mL) bis 100 mL(103,4±9,8 mL) f r angez ndete Zigaretten etwas zu hoch angegeben。Die Versuchsergebnisse zeigten, dass ein Durchflussschwellenwert von 12,5-20 mL/s (750-1.200 mL/min) beder Bestimmung der zge f r Die beobachteten Ergebnisse verantwortlich war。德国医学研究，德国医学研究协会，德国医学研究协会，德国医学研究协会，德国医学研究协会，德国医学研究协会，德国医学研究协会，德国医学研究协会können。[Beitr。Tabakforsch。[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]。拉性能de l 'appareil疾病平均evaluee盟德香烟non-allumees et allumees de卷在一个海滨de bouffees (25 100 mL)倒一个duree de bouffee de 2 s现在联合国的资料d 'onde sinusoidale。L’apapil’s从93%和100%的烟草中分别提取25ml / s的烟草，非烟草和烟草中提取25ml / s的烟草。L ' apareil a sousestimest . L ' apareil a sousestimest . L ' d40 mL(0.9±0.17 s) × 100 mL(1.6±0.11 s)， L ' apareil a sousestimest . L ' apareil a sousestimest . L ' estest . o 40 mL(0.9±0.17 s)， L ' apareil a sresresest . L ' apareil a sresresest .)里面的卷de bouffees高频sousestimes倒Les卷inferieurs 40 mL(25 6±5 5毫升)70毫升(68、8±3、7毫升),拉回倒Les香烟non-allumees et allumees等观察高频legerement surestimes倒des卷+ eleves 85 mL(89 4±7 6毫升)100毫升(103 4±9 8毫升)倒allumees Les香烟。5- 20ml /s (750- 1200ml /min)， pour la reconnaissance des bouffsames, achsames, achsamys, achsamys, achsamys, achsamys, achsamys, achsamys, achsamys, achsamys。Cette的研究证实了在理解服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装、服装等方面的重要性。[Beitr。Tabakforsch。Int. 26 (2014) 19
{"title":"Laboratory Evaluation of the CReSSmicro™ Portable Topography Device: Implications for Clinical Research","authors":"M. Oldham, S. Plunkett, Michael T. Fisher, K. H. Shafer, M. Morton","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2014-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2014-0004","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Performance of the CReSSmicro™ v.2.0.0 portable smoking topography device was evaluated in a controlled laboratory environment using a calibrated smoking machine to generate known, reproducible smoking topographies. Device performance was evaluated using unlit and lit cigarettes over a range of puff volumes (25 to 100 mL) at 2 s puff duration using a sine wave profile. The device missed 93% and 100% of the 25 mL/2 s puffs for unlit and lit cigarettes, respectively. The device underreported puff durations for the entire volume range, i.e., from 40 mL (0.9 ± 0.17 s) to 100 mL (1.6 ± 0.11 s) for both unlit and lit cigarettes. Puff volumes were under reported for lower volumes from 40 mL (25.6 ± 5.5 mL) to 70 mL (68.8 ± 3.7 mL) for both unlit and lit cigarettes and slightly over reported for higher volumes from 85 mL (89.4 ± 7.6 mL) to 100 mL (103.4 ± 9.8 mL) for lit cigarettes. Experimental results indicated that a 12.5-20mL/s (750-1,200 mL/min) flow threshold for puff recognition was responsible for the observed results. This study reinforces the importance of fully understanding device performance prior to performing clinical studies of human smoking topography. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 19-25] ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Leistungsfähigkeit des mobilen Rauchtopographiegerätes CReSSmicro™ v.2.0.0 wurde in einer kontrollierten Laborumgebung untersucht. Dabei wurde eine kalibrierte Abrauchmaschine eingesetzt, um bekannte, reproduzierbare Rauchtopographien zu erzeugen. Die Maschinenleistung wurde mit Hilfe von angezündeten und nicht angezündeten Zigaretten mit unterschiedlichen Zugvolumina (25 bis 100 mL) mit einer Zugdauer von 2 s und einem Sinusprofil untersucht. Bei den nicht angezündeten bzw. angezündeten Zigaretten wurden jeweils 93 % bzw. 100 % der 25 mL/2 s- Züge vom Gerät nicht gezählt. Das Gerät wies in allen gewählten Volumina, d.h. von 40 mL (0,9 ± 0,17 s) bis 100 mL (1,6 ± 0,11 s), für sowohl nicht angezündete als auch angezündete Zigaretten eine zu geringe Zugdauer aus. Die Zugvolumina wurden bei den niedrigeren Volumina von 40 mL (25,6 ± 5,5 mL) bis 70 mL (68,8 ± 3,7 mL) für sowohl nicht angezündete als auch angezündete Zigaretten geringer als tatsächlich angegeben und bei den höheren Volumina von 85 mL (89,4 ± 7,6 mL) bis 100 mL (103,4 ± 9,8 mL) für angezündete Zigaretten etwas zu hoch angegeben. Die Versuchsergebnisse zeigten, dass ein Durchflussschwellenwert von 12,5-20 mL/s (750-1.200 mL/min) bei der Bestimmung der Züge für die beobachteten Ergebnisse verantwortlich war. Diese Studie unterstreicht, wie wichtig es ist, die Leistungsfähigkeit der Maschinen genau zu kennen, bevor klinische Studien zur Rauchtopographie beim Menschen durchgeführt werden können. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 19-25] RESUME La performance de l’appareil portable de topographie du fumage CReSSmicro™ v.2.0.0 a été évaluée en milieu contrôlé dans un laboratoire, en utilisant une machine à fumer étalonnée pour générer des topographies du fumage re","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"19 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89812118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It was with great sadness that we heard that Dr Alan Rodgman passed away in December 2013 only a few months before his 90th birthday. For this issue, his friend, colleague, and collaborator, Dr Charles Green, has kindly consented to write a tribute to Dr Rodgman ́s life. As an author, Dr Rodgman published 15 full papers in our journal. As a member of our Advisory Board from 1976–1987, he was a most conscientious reviewer who took infinite care and trouble in order to improve the manuscripts he was asked to review. In an inofficial capacity, he was always willing to offer support even after his retirement from the board. In this issue, we would like to honour this eminent and distinguished scientist in tobacco research of many decades by publishing his impressive list of publications provided by Dr Green.
{"title":"EDITORS’ NOTE","authors":"W. Heller, G. Scherer","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2014-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2014-0001","url":null,"abstract":"It was with great sadness that we heard that Dr Alan Rodgman passed away in December 2013 only a few months before his 90th birthday. For this issue, his friend, colleague, and collaborator, Dr Charles Green, has kindly consented to write a tribute to Dr Rodgman ́s life. As an author, Dr Rodgman published 15 full papers in our journal. As a member of our Advisory Board from 1976–1987, he was a most conscientious reviewer who took infinite care and trouble in order to improve the manuscripts he was asked to review. In an inofficial capacity, he was always willing to offer support even after his retirement from the board. In this issue, we would like to honour this eminent and distinguished scientist in tobacco research of many decades by publishing his impressive list of publications provided by Dr Green.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"1 - 1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81610513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tobacco leaf protein. I : An evaluation of the use of putative chemical growth enhancers for tobacco leaf protein production","authors":"D. D. Jong","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2013-0619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0619","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"33-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0619","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69194590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The distribution of 14C-menthol (U) and its combustion and pyrolytic products in cigarette smoke is described. The mainstream smoke contains 28.9 percent of the total activity with 44.3 percent in the sidestream smoke and 26.9 percent in the butt. The major 14C-menthol smoke product in the mainstream smoke is unchanged menthol (98.9%). A puff-by-puff plot of menthol delivery is presented. The results obtained are explained hypothetically
{"title":"Cigarette Smoke Formation Studies: II. Smoke Distribution and Mainstream Pyrolytic Composition of Added 14C-Menthol (U)","authors":"R. W. Jenkins, R. H. Newman, M. Chavis","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0254","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The distribution of 14C-menthol (U) and its combustion and pyrolytic products in cigarette smoke is described. The mainstream smoke contains 28.9 percent of the total activity with 44.3 percent in the sidestream smoke and 26.9 percent in the butt. The major 14C-menthol smoke product in the mainstream smoke is unchanged menthol (98.9%). A puff-by-puff plot of menthol delivery is presented. The results obtained are explained hypothetically","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"299 - 301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73671709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Quantity and distribution of the principal aliphatic secondary amines - dimethylamine, methylethylamine, diethylamine, and methylpropylamine - varied within plant tissue and among Nicotiana spp. In Burley tobacco the stem tissue had the highest content of these amines and the leaf midrib the lowest. Leaf lamina, roots and seed were intermediate in amine content. Among Nicotiana spp. there was considerable difference in total amine content as well as among the ratios of the amine fractions measured. Amine content of tissue was positively correlated with nitrogen content of tissue and was altered by the drying process of tissue prior to analysis. The amines were not present as free amines or salts but were detected only following steam distillation from a basic medium
{"title":"Principal Aliphatic Secondary Amines of Burley Tobacco","authors":"L. Bush","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0249","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Quantity and distribution of the principal aliphatic secondary amines - dimethylamine, methylethylamine, diethylamine, and methylpropylamine - varied within plant tissue and among Nicotiana spp. In Burley tobacco the stem tissue had the highest content of these amines and the leaf midrib the lowest. Leaf lamina, roots and seed were intermediate in amine content. Among Nicotiana spp. there was considerable difference in total amine content as well as among the ratios of the amine fractions measured. Amine content of tissue was positively correlated with nitrogen content of tissue and was altered by the drying process of tissue prior to analysis. The amines were not present as free amines or salts but were detected only following steam distillation from a basic medium","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"275 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82326391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The ''porosity'' or ''air permeability'' of cigarette tissue is measured by many different instruments, is expressed in various units and it is frequently impossible to correlate such measurements and the readings of such instruments. The property of a paper whereby it allows air and gases to pass through it while still containing the burning tobacco rod is of great and increasing interest in both the Research Laboratory and Raw Material Control Laboratory of the cigarette and filter rod manufacturer. Interest in papers of higher air permeability continues to grow, particularly in regard to the so-called ''Health Hazards of Smoking", and thus the effect of smoke dilution. Such interest by the cigarette and filter rod manufacturer necessarily means that the paper manufacturer must pay especial attention to this property during paper manufacture and in development work. He also requires to define and measure the property in his control and research laboratories. Unfortunately, there is no common language to describe this property and as interest in higher porosities grows so the shortcomings of some methods of measurement are highlighted. The situation is further complicated by the need of control laboratories for robust, simple to operate instruments, while a research laboratory might be more interested in accuracy and precision, while being less affected by the demands of careful operation and manipulation. Likely sample sizes can also vary, from small spills cut from individual cigarettes or rods, through long narrow skeins to the papermakers' sheets. A standard definition of air permeability of a sheet of paper has therefore been proposed and an instrument has been designed, using this definition, to meet the requirements of all interested parties. A number of these instruments have been built and proved by practical usage
{"title":"Measurement of Paper Porosity","authors":"D. Butters","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0256","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The ''porosity'' or ''air permeability'' of cigarette tissue is measured by many different instruments, is expressed in various units and it is frequently impossible to correlate such measurements and the readings of such instruments. The property of a paper whereby it allows air and gases to pass through it while still containing the burning tobacco rod is of great and increasing interest in both the Research Laboratory and Raw Material Control Laboratory of the cigarette and filter rod manufacturer. Interest in papers of higher air permeability continues to grow, particularly in regard to the so-called ''Health Hazards of Smoking\", and thus the effect of smoke dilution. Such interest by the cigarette and filter rod manufacturer necessarily means that the paper manufacturer must pay especial attention to this property during paper manufacture and in development work. He also requires to define and measure the property in his control and research laboratories. Unfortunately, there is no common language to describe this property and as interest in higher porosities grows so the shortcomings of some methods of measurement are highlighted. The situation is further complicated by the need of control laboratories for robust, simple to operate instruments, while a research laboratory might be more interested in accuracy and precision, while being less affected by the demands of careful operation and manipulation. Likely sample sizes can also vary, from small spills cut from individual cigarettes or rods, through long narrow skeins to the papermakers' sheets. A standard definition of air permeability of a sheet of paper has therefore been proposed and an instrument has been designed, using this definition, to meet the requirements of all interested parties. A number of these instruments have been built and proved by practical usage","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"54 1","pages":"307 - 311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86176632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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