L. Lakritz, R. Stedman, H.D. Bradley, J. H. Terrell
Abstract The pH of smoke from U.S. commercial cigarettes was varied from 4.2 to 8.2 by the use of acidic and basic cigarette additives. Small reductions or insignificant differences were obtained in the levels of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, ethylene and oxides of nitrogen in smoke of varying pH. Reductions of 79-91 % of hydrogen sulfide and more than 90 % of hydrogen cyanide in the vapour phase were obtained by changing the pH from 5.6 to 8.2 in nonfilter cigarettes. Using an activated carbon-cellulose acetate filter with the alkaline smoke, further reductions were obtained for these components. Samples of smoke from cigarettes containing alkaline or acidic additive show some slight reduction in formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, acetonitrile and methanol but the reductions for some of these components may be insignificant.
{"title":"Composition Studies on Tobacco XXXVl: Changes in Smoke Composition and Filtration by Artificial Alteration of Smoke pH: Vapour Phase Constituents","authors":"L. Lakritz, R. Stedman, H.D. Bradley, J. H. Terrell","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2013-0219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0219","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The pH of smoke from U.S. commercial cigarettes was varied from 4.2 to 8.2 by the use of acidic and basic cigarette additives. Small reductions or insignificant differences were obtained in the levels of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, ethylene and oxides of nitrogen in smoke of varying pH. Reductions of 79-91 % of hydrogen sulfide and more than 90 % of hydrogen cyanide in the vapour phase were obtained by changing the pH from 5.6 to 8.2 in nonfilter cigarettes. Using an activated carbon-cellulose acetate filter with the alkaline smoke, further reductions were obtained for these components. Samples of smoke from cigarettes containing alkaline or acidic additive show some slight reduction in formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, acetonitrile and methanol but the reductions for some of these components may be insignificant.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76808893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In order to convert the pressure drop by calculation in cigarette filters of equal length and varying diameter made out of identical acetate tow two premises have to be considered: 1. The filters have the same density; 2. The filters contain the same weight of filament. In filters with the same density a theoretical exponent ε = 2.0 is deduced. As a practical result of the figures collected, ε = 2.06 is to be regarded as the most probable value. This value rises slightly when the densities of the filters compared are not absolutely identical. For filters with the same material (filament)-weight, the application of the Hagen-Poiseuille law can be queried, and an exponent ε > 4 deduced by means of a model idea. Practical calculation demonstrates that ε varies between 7-8 and 4-5, depending on the differences in diameter, whereby a greater difference results in a smaller ε.
{"title":"The Correlation between Pressure Drop in Acetate Tow Filters and their Varying Diameters/Über die Beziehungen zwischen den Zugwiderständen von Acetatfiltern und ihren Durchmessern","authors":"H. Weigand","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0222","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In order to convert the pressure drop by calculation in cigarette filters of equal length and varying diameter made out of identical acetate tow two premises have to be considered: 1. The filters have the same density; 2. The filters contain the same weight of filament. In filters with the same density a theoretical exponent ε = 2.0 is deduced. As a practical result of the figures collected, ε = 2.06 is to be regarded as the most probable value. This value rises slightly when the densities of the filters compared are not absolutely identical. For filters with the same material (filament)-weight, the application of the Hagen-Poiseuille law can be queried, and an exponent ε > 4 deduced by means of a model idea. Practical calculation demonstrates that ε varies between 7-8 and 4-5, depending on the differences in diameter, whereby a greater difference results in a smaller ε.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75073210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Residues of inorganic insecticides used on tobacco have decreased to the extent that they are primarily of academic interest only. Organic pesticides used for control of pests, including sucker growth, can often be detected at high levels during the early phases in the culture of tobacco due to the large surface-to-weight ratio characteristic of leafy products. Residues of 100 ppm are not uncommon for stable pesticides on green tobacco ready for harvest and even pesticides which normally dissipate quickly after treatment, as parathion, may exceed 4 ppm following normal treatment. During the flue-curing process, from 40-99 per cent of the residues disappear. Air-curing is much less effective in destroying the residues as would be expected. During smoking of cigarettes 80-90 per cent of such stable compounds as the chlorinated hydrocarbons is decomposed or transferred to the sidestream smoke whereas less stable pesticides, as phosphate insecticides or carbamate fungicides, are normally detected in mainstream smoke at levels less than 5 per cent of that present in the cigarette before smoking. The fate of TDE, the most common insecticide found in mainstream cigarette smoke from commercial cigarettes, appears to follow the same route of degradation in mammalian systems whether inhaled or introduced orally. The levels of pesticides found in mainstream smoke of commercial cigarettes, or expected from recommended treatment, are below the tolerance ascribed on food by several countries. However, additional research is needed to clarify the contribution of applied pesticides from the same compounds produced pyrolytically during cigarette consumption. Continuous surveillance of manufactured tobacco for pesticide residues, increased research on the isolation and identity of decomposition products in mainstream smoke, and augmentation with non-pesticidal or decreased pesticidal methods should be encouraged.
{"title":"The Nature and Significance of Pesticide Residues on Tobacco and in Tobacco Smoke","authors":"F. E. Guthrie","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0190","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Residues of inorganic insecticides used on tobacco have decreased to the extent that they are primarily of academic interest only. Organic pesticides used for control of pests, including sucker growth, can often be detected at high levels during the early phases in the culture of tobacco due to the large surface-to-weight ratio characteristic of leafy products. Residues of 100 ppm are not uncommon for stable pesticides on green tobacco ready for harvest and even pesticides which normally dissipate quickly after treatment, as parathion, may exceed 4 ppm following normal treatment. During the flue-curing process, from 40-99 per cent of the residues disappear. Air-curing is much less effective in destroying the residues as would be expected. During smoking of cigarettes 80-90 per cent of such stable compounds as the chlorinated hydrocarbons is decomposed or transferred to the sidestream smoke whereas less stable pesticides, as phosphate insecticides or carbamate fungicides, are normally detected in mainstream smoke at levels less than 5 per cent of that present in the cigarette before smoking. The fate of TDE, the most common insecticide found in mainstream cigarette smoke from commercial cigarettes, appears to follow the same route of degradation in mammalian systems whether inhaled or introduced orally. The levels of pesticides found in mainstream smoke of commercial cigarettes, or expected from recommended treatment, are below the tolerance ascribed on food by several countries. However, additional research is needed to clarify the contribution of applied pesticides from the same compounds produced pyrolytically during cigarette consumption. Continuous surveillance of manufactured tobacco for pesticide residues, increased research on the isolation and identity of decomposition products in mainstream smoke, and augmentation with non-pesticidal or decreased pesticidal methods should be encouraged.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89067913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A method was developed for the enrichment of carbazoles from cigarette smoke. It involves a distribution between two solvent systems, column chromatography, and, finally, separation of a carbazole concentrate into individual components by gas chromatography. The major components in the chromatogram were collected after the final separation and were then identified by mass spectra. Since the latter method showed similar fragmentation patterns for five carbazoles and 2- and 3-phenylindoles, mass spectra appeared especially suitable for their identification. Carbazole, 1-methylcarbazole, 4-methylcarbazole, 3-phenylindole, a mixture of 2- and 3-methylcarbazole and, tentatively, a dimethyl- or ethylcarbazole and 2-phenylindole were identified in cigarette smoke. The relevancy of mass spectra for the identification of carbazoles and 2- and 3-phenylindoles is discussed. For the quantitative analysis of carbazoles and 3-phenylindole, carbazole-10-C14 was employed as internal standard. The radioactive compound was synthesized on a microscale from phenylhydrazine-1-C14 by the Borsche method with a 58% yield. The smoke of 100 U.S. nonfilter cigarettes of 85 mm length contains 100 µg of carbazole, 23 µg of 1-methylcarbazole, 19 µg of 2- and 3-methylcarbazole, 9.8 µg of 4-methylcarbazole and 31 µg of 3-phenylindole. The concentrations of the tentatively identified dimethyl-, or ethylcarbazole and 2-phenylindole were below 1.0 µg.
{"title":"Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke: VI. The Determination of Carbazoles in Cigarette Smoke","authors":"D. Hoffmann, G. Rathkamp, H. Woziwodzki","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0193","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A method was developed for the enrichment of carbazoles from cigarette smoke. It involves a distribution between two solvent systems, column chromatography, and, finally, separation of a carbazole concentrate into individual components by gas chromatography. The major components in the chromatogram were collected after the final separation and were then identified by mass spectra. Since the latter method showed similar fragmentation patterns for five carbazoles and 2- and 3-phenylindoles, mass spectra appeared especially suitable for their identification. Carbazole, 1-methylcarbazole, 4-methylcarbazole, 3-phenylindole, a mixture of 2- and 3-methylcarbazole and, tentatively, a dimethyl- or ethylcarbazole and 2-phenylindole were identified in cigarette smoke. The relevancy of mass spectra for the identification of carbazoles and 2- and 3-phenylindoles is discussed. For the quantitative analysis of carbazoles and 3-phenylindole, carbazole-10-C14 was employed as internal standard. The radioactive compound was synthesized on a microscale from phenylhydrazine-1-C14 by the Borsche method with a 58% yield. The smoke of 100 U.S. nonfilter cigarettes of 85 mm length contains 100 µg of carbazole, 23 µg of 1-methylcarbazole, 19 µg of 2- and 3-methylcarbazole, 9.8 µg of 4-methylcarbazole and 31 µg of 3-phenylindole. The concentrations of the tentatively identified dimethyl-, or ethylcarbazole and 2-phenylindole were below 1.0 µg.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75617533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Indan, 1-methylindan, 2-methylindan, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, 1-methyl5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene, 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, and benzyl cyanide have, for the first time, been isolated from the smoke of normal blended cigarettes by a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Four isomers of methylindan, four isomers of dimethylindan, one ethylindan, and one methyltetralin could not be exactly identified on the basis of the mass spectra alone.
{"title":"The Determination of Hydroaromatic Compounds in Tobacco Smoke / Über das Vorkommen von Hydroaromaten im Tabakrauch","authors":"G. Neurath, J. Gewe, H. Wichern","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2013-0192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0192","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Indan, 1-methylindan, 2-methylindan, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, 1-methyl5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene, 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, and benzyl cyanide have, for the first time, been isolated from the smoke of normal blended cigarettes by a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Four isomers of methylindan, four isomers of dimethylindan, one ethylindan, and one methyltetralin could not be exactly identified on the basis of the mass spectra alone.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79168690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The current method of determination of the water content of cigarette smoke condensate was improved by using a Karl Fischer titrator with automatic end-point stop. The overall procedure thus becomes faster (the titration time is less than 2 minutes), easier (no supervision is needed during the titration) and better reproducible (coefficient of variation 2.5 % on the amount of water determined). In these three criterions, the automated Karl Fischer method is superior to a gas-chromatographic procedure having served as a method of comparison.
{"title":"The Determination of the Water Content in Cigarette Smoke Condensate Using a Karl Fischer Titrator / Wasserbestimmung im Rauchkondensat nach Karl Fischer mit einer halbautomatischen Apparatur","authors":"H. Buser","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2013-0194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0194","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The current method of determination of the water content of cigarette smoke condensate was improved by using a Karl Fischer titrator with automatic end-point stop. The overall procedure thus becomes faster (the titration time is less than 2 minutes), easier (no supervision is needed during the titration) and better reproducible (coefficient of variation 2.5 % on the amount of water determined). In these three criterions, the automated Karl Fischer method is superior to a gas-chromatographic procedure having served as a method of comparison.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80238660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The behaviour of smoke condensate (obtained from tobacco of Virginia type by electrostatic precipitation) and large smoke particles suspended on fine platinum wire was studied in moist air. The equilibrium vapour pressure of water over the surface of smoke condensate at 15°C was found to be 76.5 % of the saturation pressure, indicating that the apparent concentration of water soluble particulate matter in the smoke condensate is 1.2 × 10-3 g-mole g-1. The rate of growth of smoke particles suspended on fine wire in moist air was much slower than the rate predicted by Maxwell's theory. Apparently this is not caused by a rise in the temperature of the particle due to the heat liberated in the condensation process, but by a low value for the accommodation coefficient of the particle surfaces (1.5 × 10-4). These results suggest that smoke particles of 0.4 AAµ in diameter, in transit through the respiratory system during smoking, grow by picking up water from the moist pulmonary air by a factor of only 1.7 in mass or 1.2 in diameter. It is concluded that this increase in size is not large enough to affect significantly the rate of deposition of smoke particles in the respiratory tracts.
{"title":"The Growth of Cigarette Smoke Particles Suspended on Fine Platinum Wire in Moist Air","authors":"F. Cinkotai","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0184","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The behaviour of smoke condensate (obtained from tobacco of Virginia type by electrostatic precipitation) and large smoke particles suspended on fine platinum wire was studied in moist air. The equilibrium vapour pressure of water over the surface of smoke condensate at 15°C was found to be 76.5 % of the saturation pressure, indicating that the apparent concentration of water soluble particulate matter in the smoke condensate is 1.2 × 10-3 g-mole g-1. The rate of growth of smoke particles suspended on fine wire in moist air was much slower than the rate predicted by Maxwell's theory. Apparently this is not caused by a rise in the temperature of the particle due to the heat liberated in the condensation process, but by a low value for the accommodation coefficient of the particle surfaces (1.5 × 10-4). These results suggest that smoke particles of 0.4 AAµ in diameter, in transit through the respiratory system during smoking, grow by picking up water from the moist pulmonary air by a factor of only 1.7 in mass or 1.2 in diameter. It is concluded that this increase in size is not large enough to affect significantly the rate of deposition of smoke particles in the respiratory tracts.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84171344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A method is presented for the determination of insecticides belonging in the group of chlorinated hydrocarbons (organochlorine insecticides) in tobacco and tobacco smoke. The described analytical procedure allows the rapid measurement of insecticide concentrations down to the detection limit of 0.01 ppm. Tobacco or tobacco smoke condensate is extracted with aqueous acetonitrile. The filtered extract is diluted with water, and the insecticide residues are then extracted with petroleum ether. The concentrated petroleum ether extract is chromatographically purified by passage over a Florisil column and, subsequently, eluted with mixtures of diethyl ether and petroleum ether (6 and 15 % of diethyl ether, respectively). After vacuum sublimation the concentrated eluates are qualitatively and quantitatively analysed by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector and by thin-layer chromatography. On an average, 8 % of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides contained in tobacco are shown to be transferred into the mainstream smoke.
{"title":"The Quantitative Determination of Insecticides in Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke. 1st Report: The Determination of Organochlorine Insecticides / Methoden zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Insektiziden in Tabak und Tabakrauch. I. Mitteilung: Zur Bestimmung von Organo-Chlor-Insektiziden","authors":"E. Nesemann, R. Schröder, F. Seehofer","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0183","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A method is presented for the determination of insecticides belonging in the group of chlorinated hydrocarbons (organochlorine insecticides) in tobacco and tobacco smoke. The described analytical procedure allows the rapid measurement of insecticide concentrations down to the detection limit of 0.01 ppm. Tobacco or tobacco smoke condensate is extracted with aqueous acetonitrile. The filtered extract is diluted with water, and the insecticide residues are then extracted with petroleum ether. The concentrated petroleum ether extract is chromatographically purified by passage over a Florisil column and, subsequently, eluted with mixtures of diethyl ether and petroleum ether (6 and 15 % of diethyl ether, respectively). After vacuum sublimation the concentrated eluates are qualitatively and quantitatively analysed by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector and by thin-layer chromatography. On an average, 8 % of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides contained in tobacco are shown to be transferred into the mainstream smoke.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75484885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract An analytical method was developed for the determination of nonvolatile free fatty acids in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Quantitative values were secured by employing stearic acid-1-C14 as internal standard for saturated acids, and oleic acid-9,10-H3 for unsaturated acids. The method yields exact values for the six major acids within AA± 7 % and can be applied as a micro method with as little as 10 to 20 mg starting material. The major free fatty acids in tobacco were found to be in order of decreasing concentration, linolenic, palmitic, linoleic, stearic, oleic, myristic, and palmitoleic acids. Further identified were C12, C14, C15 and all saturated acids between C20 and C26. The concentrations of the acids in tobacco were found to vary between 0.6 % and 0.09 % in the six tested samples. Higher concentrations of these components were found in flue-cured and sun-cured tobaccos compared with air-cured tobacco. Coumarin was identified in the concentrated methyl esters of Turkish and bright tobaccos as well as of the blended cigarette tobacco. The analysis of cigarette smoke resulted qualitatively in a similar acid spectrum as found for tobacco. However, the concentration of the five major fatty acids was found to be at least four times higher in the particulate matter than in the original tobacco. Assuming that these fatty acids in the mainstream smoke derive from the acids originally present in tobacco, one finds a recovery rate of about 16-34 %. These findings are of interest not only to the tobacco chemist but may have even broader implications because of the possible role that nonvolatile fatty acids play in the tumour promoting activity of tobacco smoke condensate
{"title":"Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke: IV. The Quantitative Determination of Free Nonvolatile Fatty Acids in Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke","authors":"D. Hoffmann, H. Woziwodzki","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0181","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An analytical method was developed for the determination of nonvolatile free fatty acids in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Quantitative values were secured by employing stearic acid-1-C14 as internal standard for saturated acids, and oleic acid-9,10-H3 for unsaturated acids. The method yields exact values for the six major acids within AA± 7 % and can be applied as a micro method with as little as 10 to 20 mg starting material. The major free fatty acids in tobacco were found to be in order of decreasing concentration, linolenic, palmitic, linoleic, stearic, oleic, myristic, and palmitoleic acids. Further identified were C12, C14, C15 and all saturated acids between C20 and C26. The concentrations of the acids in tobacco were found to vary between 0.6 % and 0.09 % in the six tested samples. Higher concentrations of these components were found in flue-cured and sun-cured tobaccos compared with air-cured tobacco. Coumarin was identified in the concentrated methyl esters of Turkish and bright tobaccos as well as of the blended cigarette tobacco. The analysis of cigarette smoke resulted qualitatively in a similar acid spectrum as found for tobacco. However, the concentration of the five major fatty acids was found to be at least four times higher in the particulate matter than in the original tobacco. Assuming that these fatty acids in the mainstream smoke derive from the acids originally present in tobacco, one finds a recovery rate of about 16-34 %. These findings are of interest not only to the tobacco chemist but may have even broader implications because of the possible role that nonvolatile fatty acids play in the tumour promoting activity of tobacco smoke condensate","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81342614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The hexane soluble fraction of flue-cured tobacco has been pyrolyzed to reevaluate the importance of its contribution to the formation of aromatic compounds, especially polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), present in cigarette smoke. The pyrolyses were performed at 860° AA± 5°C under nitrogen. In general, the studies indicate that the hexane-solubles contribute significantly more to the aromatic hydrocarbon levels of tobacco pyrolysate than would be predicted on the basis of percent of dry leaf weight alone. Estimates of benzo[a]pyrene levels in pyrolysates indicate that nearly two-thirds of the amount produced during tobacco pyrolysis may be attributed to the hexane soluble components of leaf.
{"title":"Pyrogenesis of Aromatic Hydrocarbons Present in Cigarette Smoke l: Role of the Hexane Soluble Fraction of Tobacco","authors":"W.S. Schlotzhauer, I. Schmeltz","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0182","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The hexane soluble fraction of flue-cured tobacco has been pyrolyzed to reevaluate the importance of its contribution to the formation of aromatic compounds, especially polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), present in cigarette smoke. The pyrolyses were performed at 860° AA± 5°C under nitrogen. In general, the studies indicate that the hexane-solubles contribute significantly more to the aromatic hydrocarbon levels of tobacco pyrolysate than would be predicted on the basis of percent of dry leaf weight alone. Estimates of benzo[a]pyrene levels in pyrolysates indicate that nearly two-thirds of the amount produced during tobacco pyrolysis may be attributed to the hexane soluble components of leaf.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85059857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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