Abstract An automated smoking machine, and improved associated equipment, has been described. The automatic portion consists of a "string cut-off" technique which instantly and accurately stops the puffing action on cigarettes. This is achieved by an electronic sequence that deactivates three-way solenoid valves and vents the smoking train to the air at the syringe. Solenoid deactivation is achieved through the use of microswitches and relays. An automatic puff-counting unit records the number of puffs taken on the cigarettes on each port. The counters are pulsed by a signal generator set for 5 pulses per second. The generator is activated by a 2-second cam and microswitch attached to the 4-second cam that cycles the smoking machine. Constant puff volume and puff duration are maintained by use of individual syringe eccentric cams that allow precise volume adjustment on each port and solenoid valves that serve as intake and exhaust valves and provide positive action. The solenoid valves are activated by the 2-second cam and microswitch that is synchronized with the puffing downstroke of the syringe. The 2.0 AA± 0.2-second puff is precisely obtained through the machine's variable speed controlled gear driven electric motor. This feature yields a stable volume and duration regardless of the resistance of the cigarettes. The level of precision obtained previously on the O'Keeffe and Lieser machine was reduced by one-third by the automation developments described in this paper.
{"title":"The Design of an Automated Syringe-Type Smoking Machine","authors":"R. M. Wiley, J. Ferri","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0168","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An automated smoking machine, and improved associated equipment, has been described. The automatic portion consists of a \"string cut-off\" technique which instantly and accurately stops the puffing action on cigarettes. This is achieved by an electronic sequence that deactivates three-way solenoid valves and vents the smoking train to the air at the syringe. Solenoid deactivation is achieved through the use of microswitches and relays. An automatic puff-counting unit records the number of puffs taken on the cigarettes on each port. The counters are pulsed by a signal generator set for 5 pulses per second. The generator is activated by a 2-second cam and microswitch attached to the 4-second cam that cycles the smoking machine. Constant puff volume and puff duration are maintained by use of individual syringe eccentric cams that allow precise volume adjustment on each port and solenoid valves that serve as intake and exhaust valves and provide positive action. The solenoid valves are activated by the 2-second cam and microswitch that is synchronized with the puffing downstroke of the syringe. The 2.0 AA± 0.2-second puff is precisely obtained through the machine's variable speed controlled gear driven electric motor. This feature yields a stable volume and duration regardless of the resistance of the cigarettes. The level of precision obtained previously on the O'Keeffe and Lieser machine was reduced by one-third by the automation developments described in this paper.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"11 1","pages":"59 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78673535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The toxicity of various smoke solutions was evaluated by studying their effects on the growth rate of Proteus vulgaris. The particulate phase of smoke was shown to be inactive, a finding which was in agreement with the low toxicity observed with phenol and nicotine solutions. Tobacco smoke passed through recess filters containing either 25, 50, 75, 100 or 150 mg of carbon showed a progressive decrease in toxicity as the amount of carbon was increased. Pure compounds were evaluated in amounts similar to those found in tobacco smoke. Acetaldehyde exhibited low activity, cyanide ion moderate activity whilst acrolein was shown to be highly toxic. A rapid and reproducible bioassay method is described.
{"title":"The Toxicity of Tobacco Smoke Solutions to Proteus Vulgaris","authors":"P. W. Brown, C. A. Fowler","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0172","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The toxicity of various smoke solutions was evaluated by studying their effects on the growth rate of Proteus vulgaris. The particulate phase of smoke was shown to be inactive, a finding which was in agreement with the low toxicity observed with phenol and nicotine solutions. Tobacco smoke passed through recess filters containing either 25, 50, 75, 100 or 150 mg of carbon showed a progressive decrease in toxicity as the amount of carbon was increased. Pure compounds were evaluated in amounts similar to those found in tobacco smoke. Acetaldehyde exhibited low activity, cyanide ion moderate activity whilst acrolein was shown to be highly toxic. A rapid and reproducible bioassay method is described.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"29 1","pages":"78 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86848020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Three instruments usually employed for the determination of the diameter of cigarettes, i.e. a nonius instrument, a pneumatic instrument, and a circumference projector, are compared with an optical device developed in the author's laboratory. The latter enables the mean diameter of a cigarette to be determined over a length of 10 mm with an accuracy of AA± 0.0015 mm. With regard to cigarette manufacture, the differences of the results obtained for both cigarettes and filter rods by application of the optical device, of the nonius instrument, and of the pneumatic instrument, respectively, were found to be negligible. The diameter values obtained by means of the projecting apparatus were, however, shown to be too small by one paper thickness.
{"title":"Comparison of Different Instruments for the Determination of the Diameter of Cigarettes - Vergleich verschiedener Geräte zur Bestimmung des Cigarettendurchmessers","authors":"E. Erxleben, K. Janke","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0171","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Three instruments usually employed for the determination of the diameter of cigarettes, i.e. a nonius instrument, a pneumatic instrument, and a circumference projector, are compared with an optical device developed in the author's laboratory. The latter enables the mean diameter of a cigarette to be determined over a length of 10 mm with an accuracy of AA± 0.0015 mm. With regard to cigarette manufacture, the differences of the results obtained for both cigarettes and filter rods by application of the optical device, of the nonius instrument, and of the pneumatic instrument, respectively, were found to be negligible. The diameter values obtained by means of the projecting apparatus were, however, shown to be too small by one paper thickness.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"26 1","pages":"71 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81156424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Dicyclohexyl, n-dodecane, n-tridecane, n-tetradecane, and n-pentadecane were identified in bright tobacco by means of gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry.
摘要采用气相色谱-质谱联用方法对亮烟中的双环己基、正十二烷、正三烷、正十四烷和正十五烷进行了鉴定。
{"title":"Evaluation of Dicyclohexyl and the n-Alkanes C12 to C15 in Tobacco - Über das Vorkommen des Dicyclohexyls und der n-Alkane C12 bis C15 im Tabak","authors":"G. Neurath, H. Wichern","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2013-0170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0170","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Dicyclohexyl, n-dodecane, n-tridecane, n-tetradecane, and n-pentadecane were identified in bright tobacco by means of gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"48 1","pages":"69 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85063775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A new inhalation apparatus designed for different species of laboratory animals is described. The device provides against significant alteration of the smoke quality and supplies a smoking cycle which guarantees that the animals are exposed to atmospheres containing high concentrations of smoke for quite a long period of time and that the experimental animals are not endangered.
{"title":"An Inhalation Apparatus Designed for Laboratory Animals / Berauchungsapparatur für Laboratoriumstiere","authors":"W. Dontenwill, G. Reckzeh, L. Stadler","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2013-0166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0166","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A new inhalation apparatus designed for different species of laboratory animals is described. The device provides against significant alteration of the smoke quality and supplies a smoking cycle which guarantees that the animals are exposed to atmospheres containing high concentrations of smoke for quite a long period of time and that the experimental animals are not endangered.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"45 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77992982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The objective of the study is to determine the conditions permitting to smoke a pipe to its end in a reproducible way without lighting it too often and without reaching a too hot burn. The smoking conditions should approximate the human smoking conditions. The effects of the following factors on the combustion of tobacco were examined: volume, duration and frequency of puffs, the filling density of tobacco, and the intensity of lighting. The measured experimental criterions were a) the temperature of the smoke behind the pipe head and b) the residue of unburnt tobacco after smoking. The experiments were made on shag and coarse-cut tobaccos of different combustibility. Several combinations of smoking conditions are proposed and submitted for discussion.
{"title":"A Study on Pipe Smoking / Beitrag zum Studium des Pfeifenrauchens","authors":"C. Braun, E. Osch, L. Schertz","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2013-0164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0164","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The objective of the study is to determine the conditions permitting to smoke a pipe to its end in a reproducible way without lighting it too often and without reaching a too hot burn. The smoking conditions should approximate the human smoking conditions. The effects of the following factors on the combustion of tobacco were examined: volume, duration and frequency of puffs, the filling density of tobacco, and the intensity of lighting. The measured experimental criterions were a) the temperature of the smoke behind the pipe head and b) the residue of unburnt tobacco after smoking. The experiments were made on shag and coarse-cut tobaccos of different combustibility. Several combinations of smoking conditions are proposed and submitted for discussion.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"32 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82124450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract During the last three and a half years remarkable progress has been made in tobacco and tobacco smoke research. The fact that tobacco and smoke constituents of interest generally occur in extremely low concentrations necessarily led to the development of sophisticated analytical methods which were found to be of general interest in microanalysis. The composition of the gaseous phase of tobacco smoke is by now well known owing to studies using a combination of high resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. A great many compounds were identified for the first time in tobacco or tobacco smoke by means of analytical procedures newly developed or adapted from other research fields. Terms concerning the distribution of the total smoke to the different smoke streams have been defined, and the possibilities of selective retention of smoke components have been examined. The distribution of water consisting of tobacco moisture and of combustion water among the different smoke streams and other transportation phenomena in the burning process of a cigarette have been studied. Particle size distribution, the determination of the air permeability of cigarette paper, and the mechanical properties of tobacco have been investigated by means of physical measuring procedures.
{"title":"Tobacco Products and Smoke: General Report","authors":"G. Neurath","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0161","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During the last three and a half years remarkable progress has been made in tobacco and tobacco smoke research. The fact that tobacco and smoke constituents of interest generally occur in extremely low concentrations necessarily led to the development of sophisticated analytical methods which were found to be of general interest in microanalysis. The composition of the gaseous phase of tobacco smoke is by now well known owing to studies using a combination of high resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. A great many compounds were identified for the first time in tobacco or tobacco smoke by means of analytical procedures newly developed or adapted from other research fields. Terms concerning the distribution of the total smoke to the different smoke streams have been defined, and the possibilities of selective retention of smoke components have been examined. The distribution of water consisting of tobacco moisture and of combustion water among the different smoke streams and other transportation phenomena in the burning process of a cigarette have been studied. Particle size distribution, the determination of the air permeability of cigarette paper, and the mechanical properties of tobacco have been investigated by means of physical measuring procedures.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"1 - 17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89619589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In confirmation of experimental results previously obtained the investigation of the respiratory frequency of rats and hamsters exposed to inhaled cigarette smoke by means of different principles of procedure revealed that the intake of smoke is no more guaranteed if CO-intoxication exceeds a certain level. The experimental results demonstrate by comparison that smoke inhalation at fixed intervals involves a higher risk of reflex apnea. In relation to the duration of exposure the "open" inhalation procedure affects the frequency of respiration and the one-minute respiratory volume to a smaller extent. The "open" smoking technique permits the intake of larger quantities of smoke and causes less danger to the experimental animal. Hamsters proved to be considerably less susceptible to nicotine and were, therefore, found to be more suitable for inhalation experiments. It should be pointed out that the individual animal species varied in alteration of the respiratory rate. It is once again shown that inhalation experiments are able to produce good results only on the condition that a relatively small CO-intake guarantees a sufficient respiratory frequency.
{"title":"Animal Experiments on the Influence of Cigarette Smoke Inhalation on the Respiratory Frequency / Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen über die Beeinflussung der Atmung während der Inhalation von Cigarettenrauch","authors":"K. Rücker, W. Dontenwill","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2013-0165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0165","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In confirmation of experimental results previously obtained the investigation of the respiratory frequency of rats and hamsters exposed to inhaled cigarette smoke by means of different principles of procedure revealed that the intake of smoke is no more guaranteed if CO-intoxication exceeds a certain level. The experimental results demonstrate by comparison that smoke inhalation at fixed intervals involves a higher risk of reflex apnea. In relation to the duration of exposure the \"open\" inhalation procedure affects the frequency of respiration and the one-minute respiratory volume to a smaller extent. The \"open\" smoking technique permits the intake of larger quantities of smoke and causes less danger to the experimental animal. Hamsters proved to be considerably less susceptible to nicotine and were, therefore, found to be more suitable for inhalation experiments. It should be pointed out that the individual animal species varied in alteration of the respiratory rate. It is once again shown that inhalation experiments are able to produce good results only on the condition that a relatively small CO-intake guarantees a sufficient respiratory frequency.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"40 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86474866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract An examination of several samples of leaf tobacco, including three types of good-grade tobaccos and heavily molded flue-cured tobacco, and of cigarette smoke condensate, failed to detect aflatoxin B1. Pure aflatoxin B1 added to cigarettes was not recovered in the smoke condensate indicating that aflatoxin B1, when present, was changed or decomposed during the smoking process.
{"title":"Examination of Aflatoxin B1 in Leaf Tobacco and in Cigarette Smoke Condensate","authors":"T. Tso, T. Sorokin","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0162","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An examination of several samples of leaf tobacco, including three types of good-grade tobaccos and heavily molded flue-cured tobacco, and of cigarette smoke condensate, failed to detect aflatoxin B1. Pure aflatoxin B1 added to cigarettes was not recovered in the smoke condensate indicating that aflatoxin B1, when present, was changed or decomposed during the smoking process.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"80 1","pages":"18 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85353374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The author gives a survey of the publications which have been made up to now regarding the problem of pipe smoking by machines. The parameters which should be set up for the establishment of standard conditions for the smoking of pipes are discussed. The following conditions were found to be useful: puff frequency: 6 puffs per minute, puff volume: 40 ml, duration of puff: 1.5 sec., total number of puffs: 100 puffs per pipe. The reproducibility of this smoking process was found to be satisfactory. The smoking with undivided puffs led to the same results as the smoking with subdivided puffs (puff series). When the same tobacco was once smoked in the pipe and on the other hand as a cigarette, the composition of the mainstream smoke changed. The smoke condensate of the pipe contained more water and more benzo[a]pyrene than the condensate of the cigarette. A possible explanation of this finding is discussed.
{"title":"A Study on Pipe Smoking by Machines / Beitrag zum Problem des maschinellen Pfeifenabrauchens","authors":"H. Elmenhorst, L. Stadler","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0163","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The author gives a survey of the publications which have been made up to now regarding the problem of pipe smoking by machines. The parameters which should be set up for the establishment of standard conditions for the smoking of pipes are discussed. The following conditions were found to be useful: puff frequency: 6 puffs per minute, puff volume: 40 ml, duration of puff: 1.5 sec., total number of puffs: 100 puffs per pipe. The reproducibility of this smoking process was found to be satisfactory. The smoking with undivided puffs led to the same results as the smoking with subdivided puffs (puff series). When the same tobacco was once smoked in the pipe and on the other hand as a cigarette, the composition of the mainstream smoke changed. The smoke condensate of the pipe contained more water and more benzo[a]pyrene than the condensate of the cigarette. A possible explanation of this finding is discussed.","PeriodicalId":35431,"journal":{"name":"Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"24 1","pages":"21 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74644438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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