Blue light often causes discomfort glare, but it is unclear which visual pigments are the main contributing factors. Thus, we conducted an experiment to clarify the effects of two visual pigments, S-cones and melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), by applying a silent substitution method for keeping the stimulations of L and M cones intact in foveal and peripheral vision. The color temperatures of the stimuli were 2700 K and 8000 K, and the luminance value was 1000 cd/m 2 . The background luminance was set to 5.0 cd/m 2 to create photopic conditions. Participants were exposed to the discomfort glare of the two stimuli sequentially and evaluated them using pairwise comparisons. The results showed that stimulation of ipRGCs significantly increases the discomfort glare in peripheral vision whereas the stimulation of S-cones does not, indicating that ipRGCs play a crucial role in the occurrence of discomfort glare caused by blue light.
{"title":"Contribution of Melanopsin to Discomfort Glare Perception","authors":"Hirokuni Higashi, Yoshika Takahashi, K. Okajima","doi":"10.2150/jieij.21000612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2150/jieij.21000612","url":null,"abstract":"Blue light often causes discomfort glare, but it is unclear which visual pigments are the main contributing factors. Thus, we conducted an experiment to clarify the effects of two visual pigments, S-cones and melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), by applying a silent substitution method for keeping the stimulations of L and M cones intact in foveal and peripheral vision. The color temperatures of the stimuli were 2700 K and 8000 K, and the luminance value was 1000 cd/m 2 . The background luminance was set to 5.0 cd/m 2 to create photopic conditions. Participants were exposed to the discomfort glare of the two stimuli sequentially and evaluated them using pairwise comparisons. The results showed that stimulation of ipRGCs significantly increases the discomfort glare in peripheral vision whereas the stimulation of S-cones does not, indicating that ipRGCs play a crucial role in the occurrence of discomfort glare caused by blue light.","PeriodicalId":35437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan (Shomei Gakkai Shi)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45947624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tetsuji Yamada, S. Kohko, T. Tashiro, Tomoharu Ishikawa, M. Ayama
{"title":"Influence of High Luminance Emission Surface LEDs on Reaction Characteristic to Moving Stimuli","authors":"Tetsuji Yamada, S. Kohko, T. Tashiro, Tomoharu Ishikawa, M. Ayama","doi":"10.2150/jieij.20000610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2150/jieij.20000610","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan (Shomei Gakkai Shi)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42338463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantitative Evaluation of the Effect of the Spectral Distribution of an Illumination Source on the Appearance of Color under Mesopic Vision and Modeling of Color Recognition Characteristics","authors":"M. Suwa, T. Ishida","doi":"10.2150/jieij.20000604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2150/jieij.20000604","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan (Shomei Gakkai Shi)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47319566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spectroscopic Performance of Otoscopes during Otoscopic Examination by LED Headlight","authors":"M. Matsumoto","doi":"10.2150/jieij.20000601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2150/jieij.20000601","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan (Shomei Gakkai Shi)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48926746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Consideration of nonlinearity properties of array-spectroradiometers is important in the fields of photometry, radiometry, and colorimetry. The nonlinearity properties of two commercial array-spectroradiometers were investigated, and the maxi-mum nonlinear behavior of 24 % was observed. The errors in the measurement of chromaticity coordinates ( x , y ) by these array-spectroradiometers due to the nonlinearity were investigated using three white light sources based on light emitting diodes and laser diodes. It was found that 24 % nonlinearity caused the change of chromaticity coordinates up to 0.018. Correction of a spectroradiometer with respect to the nonlinearity would enable us to obtain accurate colorimetric data for light sources.
{"title":"Changes in Chromaticity Coordinates of Laser and LED Light Sources Due to Nonlinearity of Array Spectroradiometers","authors":"M. Tanabe, K. Godo, H. Shitomi","doi":"10.2150/JIEIJ.20000595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2150/JIEIJ.20000595","url":null,"abstract":"Consideration of nonlinearity properties of array-spectroradiometers is important in the fields of photometry, radiometry, and colorimetry. The nonlinearity properties of two commercial array-spectroradiometers were investigated, and the maxi-mum nonlinear behavior of 24 % was observed. The errors in the measurement of chromaticity coordinates ( x , y ) by these array-spectroradiometers due to the nonlinearity were investigated using three white light sources based on light emitting diodes and laser diodes. It was found that 24 % nonlinearity caused the change of chromaticity coordinates up to 0.018. Correction of a spectroradiometer with respect to the nonlinearity would enable us to obtain accurate colorimetric data for light sources.","PeriodicalId":35437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan (Shomei Gakkai Shi)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45280621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spectral Nonlinearity of Silicon Photodiodes in Over-filled Illumination Condition","authors":"M. Tanabe, K. Kinoshita","doi":"10.2150/JIEIJ.20000605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2150/JIEIJ.20000605","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan (Shomei Gakkai Shi)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43710996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Keiko Ideguchi, M. Hasegawa, Yuki Yamashita, H. Yoshida, S. Oshiba, M. Yamaguchi
Many studies on the effects of LED on living organisms have been performed recently thanks to the ease and precision with which the power and wavelength of the LED can be regulated. To investigate the effects of LED irradiation on Drosophila activity, we monitored the locomotive activity of Drosophila for six days continuously. The data showed that wild-type flies behave similarly under fluorescent light, incandescent bulb, and white LED irradiation, which is equivalent to the intensity of an incandescent bulb. We next investigated the effects of red, blue, and yellow-green LED irradiation under same intensity as white LED on the locomotive activity of a wild-type fly and a Drosophila model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The results showed that the amount of locomotive activity in the wild-type flies with red LED irradiation was significantly in creased throughout the day (excluding morning peaks) while that with blue LED irradiation was decreased in evening peaks and at nighttime. Yellow-green LED irradiation increased the locomotive activity during the midday siesta but decreased the activity of the morning and evening peaks. It is known that the rugose ( rg ) mutant, the Drosophila homolog of human Neurobeachin , shows locomotive hyperactivity. In our study, the red LED irradiation did not affect the locomotive activity of the rg mutant at all. Taken together with the effects of red LED irradiation to the wild-type, it seems that red LED irradiation enhances the neural circuit to positively regulate the locomotive activity, and rg functions in the neuronal cells by negatively regulating the neural circuit enhanced by red LED irradiation. Thus, the neuronal cells expressing the rg gene appear to play an important role for the regulation of activity during the midday siesta and while sleeping at night. In contrast, irradiation with yellow-green and blue LED to the rg mutant had similar effects to those of the wild-type. This demonstrates that irradiation with yellow-green and blue LED negatively regulates the locomotive activity through the neural circuit not related to rg , or downstream of the neural circuit actively regulated by red LED irradiation.
{"title":"Effects of LED Irradiation on the Locomotive Activity of Wild-type Fly and ASD Model Fly","authors":"Keiko Ideguchi, M. Hasegawa, Yuki Yamashita, H. Yoshida, S. Oshiba, M. Yamaguchi","doi":"10.2150/JIEIJ.20000593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2150/JIEIJ.20000593","url":null,"abstract":"Many studies on the effects of LED on living organisms have been performed recently thanks to the ease and precision with which the power and wavelength of the LED can be regulated. To investigate the effects of LED irradiation on Drosophila activity, we monitored the locomotive activity of Drosophila for six days continuously. The data showed that wild-type flies behave similarly under fluorescent light, incandescent bulb, and white LED irradiation, which is equivalent to the intensity of an incandescent bulb. We next investigated the effects of red, blue, and yellow-green LED irradiation under same intensity as white LED on the locomotive activity of a wild-type fly and a Drosophila model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The results showed that the amount of locomotive activity in the wild-type flies with red LED irradiation was significantly in creased throughout the day (excluding morning peaks) while that with blue LED irradiation was decreased in evening peaks and at nighttime. Yellow-green LED irradiation increased the locomotive activity during the midday siesta but decreased the activity of the morning and evening peaks. It is known that the rugose ( rg ) mutant, the Drosophila homolog of human Neurobeachin , shows locomotive hyperactivity. In our study, the red LED irradiation did not affect the locomotive activity of the rg mutant at all. Taken together with the effects of red LED irradiation to the wild-type, it seems that red LED irradiation enhances the neural circuit to positively regulate the locomotive activity, and rg functions in the neuronal cells by negatively regulating the neural circuit enhanced by red LED irradiation. Thus, the neuronal cells expressing the rg gene appear to play an important role for the regulation of activity during the midday siesta and while sleeping at night. In contrast, irradiation with yellow-green and blue LED to the rg mutant had similar effects to those of the wild-type. This demonstrates that irradiation with yellow-green and blue LED negatively regulates the locomotive activity through the neural circuit not related to rg , or downstream of the neural circuit actively regulated by red LED irradiation.","PeriodicalId":35437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan (Shomei Gakkai Shi)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48455910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naoko Shinohara, T. Iwata, T. Taniguchi, Etsuko Mochizuki, Koichi Kaiho
LED lighting technology has been advancing quite rapidly. The luminance distribution in LED floodlights is assumed to dif fer from that of high-intensity discharge (HID) floodlights. However, measuring the luminance of LED floodlights is difficult because of their high luminance and narrow beam. The purpose of this study was to clarify the problems with the luminance measurement of floodlights using digital cameras. The modulation transfer function (MTF) characteristics of seven different camera systems were obtained, and the lumi nance distribution of different types of LED floodlights was measured using four different camera systems. The luminance distribution of the LED floodlights measured using by the camera systems with different MTFs showed different values of luminance. The results show that a higher resolution does not necessarily mean a better MTF is maintained. Identifying the MTF characteristics of the camera system is important to determine the accuracy of the luminance distribution measured with the system.
{"title":"Pilot Study on Measurement of Luminance Distribution in LED Floodlights","authors":"Naoko Shinohara, T. Iwata, T. Taniguchi, Etsuko Mochizuki, Koichi Kaiho","doi":"10.2150/JIEIJ.20000594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2150/JIEIJ.20000594","url":null,"abstract":"LED lighting technology has been advancing quite rapidly. The luminance distribution in LED floodlights is assumed to dif fer from that of high-intensity discharge (HID) floodlights. However, measuring the luminance of LED floodlights is difficult because of their high luminance and narrow beam. The purpose of this study was to clarify the problems with the luminance measurement of floodlights using digital cameras. The modulation transfer function (MTF) characteristics of seven different camera systems were obtained, and the lumi nance distribution of different types of LED floodlights was measured using four different camera systems. The luminance distribution of the LED floodlights measured using by the camera systems with different MTFs showed different values of luminance. The results show that a higher resolution does not necessarily mean a better MTF is maintained. Identifying the MTF characteristics of the camera system is important to determine the accuracy of the luminance distribution measured with the system.","PeriodicalId":35437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan (Shomei Gakkai Shi)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49669445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nightscape Lighting Plans Through Collaborations of Regional Organizations and Lighting Designers in Miyazaki Prefecture","authors":"M. Matsushita, S. Shoyama, Takeshi Morita","doi":"10.2150/JIEIJ.20000602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2150/JIEIJ.20000602","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan (Shomei Gakkai Shi)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47238847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Low-pressure mercury ‒ argon torus plasma generated in an inductively coupled fluorescent lamp was investigated. The tem poral characteristics of the torus plasma from the ignition stage to the stable stage were analyzed by applying the transformer model. The power transfer efficiency was found to be over 90%, and the coupling coefficient was around 0.75. The current density and the electric field strength of the torus plasma were comparable to those of the positive column of a conventional fluorescent lamp. The finite element method was used to analyze the relative electron density distribution in the plasma. The absolute density profile of the electron was estimated by combining the average electron density experimentally determined with the calculated filling factor of the electron. The maximum electron density estimated was around 1.5 × 10 12 cm − 3 in the steady state, nearly equal to that experimentally determined by the double probe. The discharge took about one hour to reach the steady state. This can be explained by the mercury transport from the amalgam, which was fixed at the tip of a long, narrow glass tube that penetrated the excitation coil to the discharge vessel. The analysis technique presented in this paper is useful to explain the temporal characteristics of inductive torus plasma as well as the interaction between the plasma and the excitation coil.
{"title":"Temporal Characteristics of the Torus Plasma in an Inductively Coupled Fluorescent Lamp","authors":"K. Misono","doi":"10.2150/JIEIJ.20000597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2150/JIEIJ.20000597","url":null,"abstract":"Low-pressure mercury ‒ argon torus plasma generated in an inductively coupled fluorescent lamp was investigated. The tem poral characteristics of the torus plasma from the ignition stage to the stable stage were analyzed by applying the transformer model. The power transfer efficiency was found to be over 90%, and the coupling coefficient was around 0.75. The current density and the electric field strength of the torus plasma were comparable to those of the positive column of a conventional fluorescent lamp. The finite element method was used to analyze the relative electron density distribution in the plasma. The absolute density profile of the electron was estimated by combining the average electron density experimentally determined with the calculated filling factor of the electron. The maximum electron density estimated was around 1.5 × 10 12 cm − 3 in the steady state, nearly equal to that experimentally determined by the double probe. The discharge took about one hour to reach the steady state. This can be explained by the mercury transport from the amalgam, which was fixed at the tip of a long, narrow glass tube that penetrated the excitation coil to the discharge vessel. The analysis technique presented in this paper is useful to explain the temporal characteristics of inductive torus plasma as well as the interaction between the plasma and the excitation coil.","PeriodicalId":35437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan (Shomei Gakkai Shi)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68758383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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