Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221291
S. Keum, Ju-Yong Lee, Eun-Jin Kim
In the 5th generation mobile communication, the millimeter band is used to increase capacity, and in the 6th generation mobile communication, the sub-terahertz band is considered. Since a lot of path loss occurs in a high frequency band, transmission is performed through beamforming. In the 5th generation millimeter band mobile communication system, a hybrid beamforming (BF) architecture has been proposed to reduce digital processing complexity including ADC power consumption. The hybrid beamforming system has an advantage in terms of hardware complexity when the number of beams is small. However, as the number of beams increases, the number of phase shifters increases in proportion to the number of beams, so hardware complexity greatly increases. If beamforming is performed at the digital stage, it is possible to obtain a benefit in generating multiple beams and flexible use of resources. In this paper, we propose system design criteria in order to ensure the same receiving quality for all terminals. Considering the performance limit of the PA, an appropriate increase in antennas is required according to the increase in beams. We analyze the power consumption of the hybrid beamforming system, and the full digital beamforming system with the constraint to generate the same number of beams and obtain the same Tx EIRP per beam. We show that the optimal BF system minimize power consumption with the same Tx EIRP per beam as the number of beams increases.
{"title":"Low Power Consumption Beamforming System for Multi-beam Generation in 5G/6G Communications","authors":"S. Keum, Ju-Yong Lee, Eun-Jin Kim","doi":"10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221291","url":null,"abstract":"In the 5th generation mobile communication, the millimeter band is used to increase capacity, and in the 6th generation mobile communication, the sub-terahertz band is considered. Since a lot of path loss occurs in a high frequency band, transmission is performed through beamforming. In the 5th generation millimeter band mobile communication system, a hybrid beamforming (BF) architecture has been proposed to reduce digital processing complexity including ADC power consumption. The hybrid beamforming system has an advantage in terms of hardware complexity when the number of beams is small. However, as the number of beams increases, the number of phase shifters increases in proportion to the number of beams, so hardware complexity greatly increases. If beamforming is performed at the digital stage, it is possible to obtain a benefit in generating multiple beams and flexible use of resources. In this paper, we propose system design criteria in order to ensure the same receiving quality for all terminals. Considering the performance limit of the PA, an appropriate increase in antennas is required according to the increase in beams. We analyze the power consumption of the hybrid beamforming system, and the full digital beamforming system with the constraint to generate the same number of beams and obtain the same Tx EIRP per beam. We show that the optimal BF system minimize power consumption with the same Tx EIRP per beam as the number of beams increases.","PeriodicalId":354610,"journal":{"name":"2023 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117054424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221342
Debarati Ghosh, A. Nandi, U. Chakraborty
Flexible antennas are promoting technology modernization in terms of viability. One such example is a wearable antenna, which is worn on the body and allows for flexibility, bending, and twisting. An ultra-wideband antenna (UWB) is well-suited for enabling wireless applications in the industrial, scientific, medical, and military domains, as a wider bandwidth is required to support these applications. It should be acknowledged that environmental factors must be taken into account when considering the durability of wearable devices. To withstand challenging climate conditions, it is preferable to use substrate materials that have low water absorbance and are resistant to dirt. Teflon is a particularly advantageous material for wearable antennas due to its low-loss tangent, which leads to increased radiation and minimal signal loss, even at high frequencies. The paper presents a low-cost and versatile UWB antenna design, which employs a polymer-based substrate to operate in the frequency range of 2.58-13.89 GHz. The antenna is constructed on a Teflon substrate and features a corner-truncated radiating element and partial ground plane, with overall dimensions of $50times 40$ mm. The performance of the antenna is impacted by the movement of the human body when it is worn on body parts. Therefore, to evaluate its performance, the antenna was tested under both flat and bent conditions, with a bending analysis conducted on it. Exposure to electromagnetic (EM) radiation can pose health hazards to the human body. Therefore, the absorption of EM waves by the human body is analyzed using SAR (Specific Absorption Rate). To protect human tissue from EM radiation, the SAR value for 1 gram of tissue should be limited to 1.6 watt/kg according to International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines. Using Ansys Electronics, SAR was simulated on the wrist and determined to be within an acceptable range.
{"title":"Polymer-based Ultra-wideband Antenna for Wearable Application","authors":"Debarati Ghosh, A. Nandi, U. Chakraborty","doi":"10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221342","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible antennas are promoting technology modernization in terms of viability. One such example is a wearable antenna, which is worn on the body and allows for flexibility, bending, and twisting. An ultra-wideband antenna (UWB) is well-suited for enabling wireless applications in the industrial, scientific, medical, and military domains, as a wider bandwidth is required to support these applications. It should be acknowledged that environmental factors must be taken into account when considering the durability of wearable devices. To withstand challenging climate conditions, it is preferable to use substrate materials that have low water absorbance and are resistant to dirt. Teflon is a particularly advantageous material for wearable antennas due to its low-loss tangent, which leads to increased radiation and minimal signal loss, even at high frequencies. The paper presents a low-cost and versatile UWB antenna design, which employs a polymer-based substrate to operate in the frequency range of 2.58-13.89 GHz. The antenna is constructed on a Teflon substrate and features a corner-truncated radiating element and partial ground plane, with overall dimensions of $50times 40$ mm. The performance of the antenna is impacted by the movement of the human body when it is worn on body parts. Therefore, to evaluate its performance, the antenna was tested under both flat and bent conditions, with a bending analysis conducted on it. Exposure to electromagnetic (EM) radiation can pose health hazards to the human body. Therefore, the absorption of EM waves by the human body is analyzed using SAR (Specific Absorption Rate). To protect human tissue from EM radiation, the SAR value for 1 gram of tissue should be limited to 1.6 watt/kg according to International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines. Using Ansys Electronics, SAR was simulated on the wrist and determined to be within an acceptable range.","PeriodicalId":354610,"journal":{"name":"2023 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115702525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, a novel spoof surface plasmon polaritons frequency scanning antenna is proposed. A specific periodic structure in the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is constructed to realize the surface wave with the characteristics of surface plasmon dispersion similar to those of optical band. An impedance transition structure is then designed to gradually convert a spatially-guided wave in the coplanar waveguide into a surface wave mode in the groove periodic structure. The surface wave is a slow wave and does not have a leakage emission, so a periodic modulation is needed to produce leakage-radiation characteristics. By constructing the cosine periodic groove on the inner conductor of the surface-wave transmission line based on the SIW, the surface wave can be transformed into a space wave so that the frequency-sweeping characteristics of the leakage wave antenna with a directional pattern can be realized. Simulation results show that the antenna can achieve a bidirectional scanning range from −16° to 65° over a frequency band of 4 – 8 GHz, and the maximum gain is 13 dBi. Also, the periodic modulation structure is embedded in the inner conductor part of the coplanar waveguide, so it is simple and easy to be integrated.
{"title":"A Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons Frequency Scanning Antenna Based on Coplanar Waveguides","authors":"Zhen Wang, Xiao Yu Li, X. Lu, Jingrui Duan, M. Tong","doi":"10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221364","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a novel spoof surface plasmon polaritons frequency scanning antenna is proposed. A specific periodic structure in the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is constructed to realize the surface wave with the characteristics of surface plasmon dispersion similar to those of optical band. An impedance transition structure is then designed to gradually convert a spatially-guided wave in the coplanar waveguide into a surface wave mode in the groove periodic structure. The surface wave is a slow wave and does not have a leakage emission, so a periodic modulation is needed to produce leakage-radiation characteristics. By constructing the cosine periodic groove on the inner conductor of the surface-wave transmission line based on the SIW, the surface wave can be transformed into a space wave so that the frequency-sweeping characteristics of the leakage wave antenna with a directional pattern can be realized. Simulation results show that the antenna can achieve a bidirectional scanning range from −16° to 65° over a frequency band of 4 – 8 GHz, and the maximum gain is 13 dBi. Also, the periodic modulation structure is embedded in the inner conductor part of the coplanar waveguide, so it is simple and easy to be integrated.","PeriodicalId":354610,"journal":{"name":"2023 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116947374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221501
Hannah McAleese, Alessandro Laneve, M. Paternostro
Entanglement distribution among the nodes of a quantum network is possible without having to send any entanglement. We extend this phenomenon to a multipartite setting, using one separable carrier to entangle multiple qubits. It is shown that postselective measurements on the carrier at the end of the protocol can be used to enhance the entanglement produced. We consider the impact of sending the carrier through noisy channels. An experimental proposal is put forward to demonstrate how this could be realised using photons.
{"title":"Multipartite Entanglement Distribution Using Separable States","authors":"Hannah McAleese, Alessandro Laneve, M. Paternostro","doi":"10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221501","url":null,"abstract":"Entanglement distribution among the nodes of a quantum network is possible without having to send any entanglement. We extend this phenomenon to a multipartite setting, using one separable carrier to entangle multiple qubits. It is shown that postselective measurements on the carrier at the end of the protocol can be used to enhance the entanglement produced. We consider the impact of sending the carrier through noisy channels. An experimental proposal is put forward to demonstrate how this could be realised using photons.","PeriodicalId":354610,"journal":{"name":"2023 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116339027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221437
Jin Jie Wu, Y. Du, M. Tong
Low-Dropout (LDO) regulator is a key component widely used in integrated on-chip power management devices requiring a clean supply voltage and small area. The stability is a crucial performance parameter since the dominant pole and other high-frequency poles will vary with different load conditions. The load transient quantifies the peak output-voltage excursion and settling time of signals when the load current is stepped. An LDO regulator with a good load-transient response must achieve a minimal overshoot/undershoot voltage and fast settling time by placing an off-chip capacitor or increasing the bias current to improve the transient response. Also, the quiescent current should be considered in designing the LDO regulator.
{"title":"A Novel Low-Dropout Regulator with Dynamically-biased Current and Super Source Follower","authors":"Jin Jie Wu, Y. Du, M. Tong","doi":"10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221437","url":null,"abstract":"Low-Dropout (LDO) regulator is a key component widely used in integrated on-chip power management devices requiring a clean supply voltage and small area. The stability is a crucial performance parameter since the dominant pole and other high-frequency poles will vary with different load conditions. The load transient quantifies the peak output-voltage excursion and settling time of signals when the load current is stepped. An LDO regulator with a good load-transient response must achieve a minimal overshoot/undershoot voltage and fast settling time by placing an off-chip capacitor or increasing the bias current to improve the transient response. Also, the quiescent current should be considered in designing the LDO regulator.","PeriodicalId":354610,"journal":{"name":"2023 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"153 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115582860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221511
T. Gürbüz, Birol Aslanyürek
Radially inhomogeneous cylindrical shells, whose electrical properties vary contin-uously along the radial direction only, are encountered in various engineering applications. In some of these applications, circular radially inhomogeneous shells can be deformed with notches or grooves or can be used for shielding noncircular cores. Previously, we proposed a fast meshless method to compute the electromagnetic field that is scattered from such arbitrary shaped radi-ally inhomogeneous cylindrical shells when they are normally illuminated by $text{TM}_z$ plane waves. Here, we adapt this method to the $text{TM}_z$ illumination case. In this method, the longitudinal field component ($E_{z}$ for the $text{TM}_z$ case, $H_{z}$ for the $text{TM}_{z}$ case) is represented as a series of special functions, which is the general solution of a governing differential equation, at each layer (the core, the shell, and the outermost medium). In the inhomogeneous shell, the governing differential equations and their general solutions are different for the $text{TM}_{z}$ and ‘ $text{TM}_{z}$ cases as well as for different inhomogeneity profiles. In order to determine the unknown coefficients of the series rep-resentations of the fields, the boundary conditions are imposed and a procedure based on Fourier series expansion of the fields on boundaries and the orthogonality of complex exponentials is applied. In the $text{TM}_{z}$ case, differently from the $text{TM}_{z}$ case, the boundary condition related to the transverse field components includes complex discontinuity terms, necessitating a modification in the procedure. Numerical results show that the proposed method is accurate and effective also for the $text{TM}_z$ illumination case.
{"title":"A Semi-analytical Method for TE Scattering from Arbitrary Shaped Radially Inhomogeneous Cylindrical Shells at Normal Incidence","authors":"T. Gürbüz, Birol Aslanyürek","doi":"10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221511","url":null,"abstract":"Radially inhomogeneous cylindrical shells, whose electrical properties vary contin-uously along the radial direction only, are encountered in various engineering applications. In some of these applications, circular radially inhomogeneous shells can be deformed with notches or grooves or can be used for shielding noncircular cores. Previously, we proposed a fast meshless method to compute the electromagnetic field that is scattered from such arbitrary shaped radi-ally inhomogeneous cylindrical shells when they are normally illuminated by $text{TM}_z$ plane waves. Here, we adapt this method to the $text{TM}_z$ illumination case. In this method, the longitudinal field component ($E_{z}$ for the $text{TM}_z$ case, $H_{z}$ for the $text{TM}_{z}$ case) is represented as a series of special functions, which is the general solution of a governing differential equation, at each layer (the core, the shell, and the outermost medium). In the inhomogeneous shell, the governing differential equations and their general solutions are different for the $text{TM}_{z}$ and ‘ $text{TM}_{z}$ cases as well as for different inhomogeneity profiles. In order to determine the unknown coefficients of the series rep-resentations of the fields, the boundary conditions are imposed and a procedure based on Fourier series expansion of the fields on boundaries and the orthogonality of complex exponentials is applied. In the $text{TM}_{z}$ case, differently from the $text{TM}_{z}$ case, the boundary condition related to the transverse field components includes complex discontinuity terms, necessitating a modification in the procedure. Numerical results show that the proposed method is accurate and effective also for the $text{TM}_z$ illumination case.","PeriodicalId":354610,"journal":{"name":"2023 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115552216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221479
Kuk-jin Yoon, Sang-Won Kim, Gwang-Zeen Ko, Seong-Min Kim
This paper presents a wireless power transfer (WPT) system for an automated guided vehicle (AGV). Our WPT system proposes an AC-AC converter located in a transmitter, which integrates AC-DC and DC-AC converters in a conventional structure. As a result, the WPT efficiency can be increased as well as the size. Additionally, the proposed structure allows for the WPT power capacity to be raised up to 3.3 kW. The proposed WPT system is theoretically analyzed using a lumped circuit model and verified with waveforms.
{"title":"A 3.3kW AC-AC Converter of Transmitter for Wireless Power Transfer Systems of Automated Guided Vehicle","authors":"Kuk-jin Yoon, Sang-Won Kim, Gwang-Zeen Ko, Seong-Min Kim","doi":"10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221479","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a wireless power transfer (WPT) system for an automated guided vehicle (AGV). Our WPT system proposes an AC-AC converter located in a transmitter, which integrates AC-DC and DC-AC converters in a conventional structure. As a result, the WPT efficiency can be increased as well as the size. Additionally, the proposed structure allows for the WPT power capacity to be raised up to 3.3 kW. The proposed WPT system is theoretically analyzed using a lumped circuit model and verified with waveforms.","PeriodicalId":354610,"journal":{"name":"2023 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115390381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221389
Min Ye, M. Tong
In this paper, a novel frequency-adjustable resistive-capacitive (RC) relaxation oscillator is proposed based on the UMC55 process. In order to reduce the power consumption, the operational amplifiers instead of comparators are used in the traditional RC oscillator structure. Also, the key resistors and capacitors have been designed to be adjustable so as to adapt to process deviations. The overall structure is controlled by a negative feedback to oscillate the frequency, generating a 4-MHz clock output with a frequency adjustment range of $pm 10%$. The simulation results show that the adjustment function has a strong linearity and accuracy, and the RC oscillator can be adjusted to have the frequency of 4MHz under different process, voltage, and temperature conditions.
{"title":"A Novel Frequency-Adjustable RC Relaxation Oscillator with Low Power Consumption","authors":"Min Ye, M. Tong","doi":"10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221389","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a novel frequency-adjustable resistive-capacitive (RC) relaxation oscillator is proposed based on the UMC55 process. In order to reduce the power consumption, the operational amplifiers instead of comparators are used in the traditional RC oscillator structure. Also, the key resistors and capacitors have been designed to be adjustable so as to adapt to process deviations. The overall structure is controlled by a negative feedback to oscillate the frequency, generating a 4-MHz clock output with a frequency adjustment range of $pm 10%$. The simulation results show that the adjustment function has a strong linearity and accuracy, and the RC oscillator can be adjusted to have the frequency of 4MHz under different process, voltage, and temperature conditions.","PeriodicalId":354610,"journal":{"name":"2023 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121490463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221433
Z. Roubal, Z. Szabó, R. Kadlec, L. Zdražil
In this paper, the authors deal with the sensing and evaluation of signals obtained in the field of low-level electric charge measurements. The measurement took place in the Cisarska cave (Moravia) under specific temperature and humidity conditions for a long time. Compared to conventional techniques, the proposed method shows a lower standard deviation and analyzes the causes of spurious oscillations. The sensing method was based on measurement by a capacitive sensing sensor with controlled passage of negative ion carriers. Long-term changes in negative ion concentration are evaluated. The limestone walls, which have very beneficial material properties in terms of permittivity and electrical conductivity, are also important for the evaluation of the cave space. The maintenance of a clean limestone surface is important in terms of preserving the healing properties of the cave; the surface of the limestone has been tested in detail in terms of ions. The maintenance of a clean limestone surface is important in terms of preserving the healing properties of the cave; the surface of the limestone has been tested in detail in terms of ions. Low measurement uncertainties are necessary for the correct determination of the saturation characteristics. From this, the mobility spectrum of air ions is calculated. The obtained results of the recalculation from the saturation characteristics show the surprising origin of air ions in the cave, where the only source may not be radioactive radon, but the contribution of splintering water droplets is also significant. These results could not have been obtained without the proposed measurement methodology.
{"title":"Concentration and Mobility of Air Ions in the Environment of the Cisarska Cave (Moravia)","authors":"Z. Roubal, Z. Szabó, R. Kadlec, L. Zdražil","doi":"10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221433","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the authors deal with the sensing and evaluation of signals obtained in the field of low-level electric charge measurements. The measurement took place in the Cisarska cave (Moravia) under specific temperature and humidity conditions for a long time. Compared to conventional techniques, the proposed method shows a lower standard deviation and analyzes the causes of spurious oscillations. The sensing method was based on measurement by a capacitive sensing sensor with controlled passage of negative ion carriers. Long-term changes in negative ion concentration are evaluated. The limestone walls, which have very beneficial material properties in terms of permittivity and electrical conductivity, are also important for the evaluation of the cave space. The maintenance of a clean limestone surface is important in terms of preserving the healing properties of the cave; the surface of the limestone has been tested in detail in terms of ions. The maintenance of a clean limestone surface is important in terms of preserving the healing properties of the cave; the surface of the limestone has been tested in detail in terms of ions. Low measurement uncertainties are necessary for the correct determination of the saturation characteristics. From this, the mobility spectrum of air ions is calculated. The obtained results of the recalculation from the saturation characteristics show the surprising origin of air ions in the cave, where the only source may not be radioactive radon, but the contribution of splintering water droplets is also significant. These results could not have been obtained without the proposed measurement methodology.","PeriodicalId":354610,"journal":{"name":"2023 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123672396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221552
A. Ciociola
In the framework of antenna measurement techniques, the most frequently adopted sampling strategy employs a sampling step equal to the wavelength. In the case of large antennas, particularly fot active antennas with multiple beams and functions, this can lead to the acquisition of a large number of points and a consequent increase in measurement times. in this work, a point reduction strategy exploiting the knowledge of some priors on the antenna under test is proposed.
{"title":"A Warping Strategy and MPME Algorithm for Data Reduction in Near-field Antenna Measurements","authors":"A. Ciociola","doi":"10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221552","url":null,"abstract":"In the framework of antenna measurement techniques, the most frequently adopted sampling strategy employs a sampling step equal to the wavelength. In the case of large antennas, particularly fot active antennas with multiple beams and functions, this can lead to the acquisition of a large number of points and a consequent increase in measurement times. in this work, a point reduction strategy exploiting the knowledge of some priors on the antenna under test is proposed.","PeriodicalId":354610,"journal":{"name":"2023 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128130781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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