Goat milk is valued for its rich nutritional composition; however, its distinct "goaty" flavor and limited oxidative stability restrict broader consumer acceptance. This study systematically compared thermal (65°C/30 min; 75°C/15 s) and ultrasonic (400-600 W/10 min) treatments on goat milk's lipidome and volatilome via integrated lipidomics and flavoromics. Headspace GC on mobility spectrometry revealed that ultrasound at 500 W boosted the abundance of aldehydes and esters, mitigating thermal degradation. Lipidomics showed the modulation of 213 species, upregulating functional lipids such as linolenic acid (18:3), PUFA, and diacylglycerols, while downregulating sphingolipids-contrasting thermal oxidation. These findings demonstrate ultrasound's enhancement of flavor and functional lipids of goat milk through metabolic modulation, providing mechanistic insights for its application in high-quality dairy.
Enteric methane emissions can be measured on male and female cattle, unlike traditional dairy production phenotypes where a sire's breeding value is estimated from the performance of his female relatives. It is, however, important to validate that young dairy sires are a good model for female dairy animals, by confirming that phenotypic differences in CH4 emissions in bulls are observed in their daughters. Methane emissions and DMI were measured in a population of young dairy bulls (n = 486) in an indoor feeding trial for 5 wk. An estimated CH4 breeding value (metEBV) of CH4 production adjusted for the genetic variance of DMI was created and used to select 25 high metEBV and 25 low metEBV bulls to sire a cohort of heifers. The mean metEBV of the high and low sire groups, respectively, were 1.3 and -1.4 g CH4/kg DM. There was a phenotypic difference in CH4 yield of ∼8 g CH4/kg DM; although the sire groups had a similar DMI, the low metEBV sire group had lower daily CH4 production than the high metEBV sire group. A population of 393 daughters of high and low metEBV sires were subsequently measured for DMI and CH4 production in an indoor feeding trial for 5 wk in 1 of 4 lots between 9 and 15 mo of age. The nonlactating heifers from low metEBV sires produced less methane per day, with a similar DMI compared with the nonlactating heifers from high metEBV sires. Furthermore, the daughters of low metEBV sires had a lower CH4 yield (∼0.8 g CH4/kg DM per day) compared with the daughters of high metEBV sires. This dataset provided further opportunity to explore phenotypic relationships between CH4, CO2, and DMI to scope proxies for future phenotype collection. Carbon dioxide production was investigated as a proxy measure for DMI, and the ratio of CH4 to CO2 was also calculated as a trait to be investigated as a proxy for CH4 yield. A strong phenotypic correlation between CO2 and DMI, and the CH4 yield and CH4: CO2 ratio was identified for both sires and daughters, which requires further investigation in a larger dataset, but suggests these could be suitable proxies. Further research is required to measure the CH4 emissions of these daughters during their first lactation, to confirm the phenotypic differences between the daughters of high and low metEBV are observed during lactation.
The focus of study was to investigate physicochemical, microbiological, and quality characteristics of raw standardized milk collected from different northern parts of India. Results showed that physicochemical test values for pH, acidity, moisture, fat, SNF, total soluble solids, protein were varied from 6.62 to 6.66, 0.133% to 0.121%, 84.17% to 86.01%, 5.09% to 6.59%, 8.47% to 9.23%, 13.56% to 15.82%, 36.45% to 36.78%, and 0.61% to 0.73%, respectively. These results were in accordance with Codex International Standard and the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. The Reichert-Meissl value, Butyro-refractometer reading, and sodium content of raw standardized milk varied from 28.76 to 29.36, 41.31 to 41.63, and 432 to 597, respectively. Various adulterants tests were performed for different milk samples; negative results were obtained for all but 2 samples, which had adulterants such as sugar, skim milk, and antibiotic residues. The results of melamine and aflatoxin M1 of standardized milk varied between 58.17 and 90.83 and 0.17 and 1.26, respectively. Microbiological analysis showed that in 6 samples of standardized milk, the aerobic plate count and SCC were found to be crossed the upper limit (i.e., 10 × 105 and 25 × 104, respectively). Two samples of standardized milk contained higher MA, TS, and psychotropic count as compared with world standards. The sensory scores for all but 3 standardized milk samples varied from 6 to 8. This study helps to analyze the quality of milk, which is being tainted with various adulterants because of a lack of supervision, unsanitary facilities, or for financial gain.
The objective of this study was to assess the potential benefit of a single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP) genomic prediction approach to subclinical mastitis (SCM) and SCS traits in the early first lactation of heifers. Subclinical mastitis is highly prevalent during early lactation and poses significant challenges to both animal welfare and farm profitability. Given the low h2 of SCM, ssGBLUP has emerged as an effective approach for the genomic prediction of such low-h2 traits. This approach combines phenotypic data and genomic and pedigree information simultaneously through a hybrid relationship matrix to predict GEBV. In this study, accuracy and bias of GEBV for SCM (defined in 6 alternative ways) and SCS were assessed using the ssGBLUP approach in Canadian Holstein heifers early in their first lactation. A reference dataset, consisting of a large random sample of 544,221 heifers from 3,021 herds, containing records up to 2021, was truncated to create another dataset with records up to 2016, which were used for breeding value estimation and validation, while a smaller random sample of 137,518 heifers from 755 herds was used for genetic parameter estimation. Validation reliability and prediction bias of GEBV were estimated using ssGBLUP and were compared with the EBV derived from traditional BLUP. For constructing the hybrid relationship matrix used in the ssGBLUP, various scaling factors were tested for combining genomic and pedigree relationships. The incidence of 6 SCM trait definitions within 5 to 30 DIM ranged from 15.32% to 24.71%. Heritability was 0.047 to 0.069 for 6 SCM traits and 0.102 for SCS. Application of the ssGBLUP model substantially increased validation reliabilities of GEBV of young animals, with average gains of 0.28 (SCM traits) and 0.19 (SCS) points with optimal scaling factors. Furthermore, in comparison to EBVs obtained with a traditional BLUP method, the ssGBLUP model had slightly reduced bias in GEBV (overall with various scaling factors). Moreover, in terms of average theoretical reliabilities, gains of 0.22 and 0.27 and 0.20 and 0.28 were observed, respectively, for reference and truncated datasets of SCM traits and SCS, respectively. We concluded that ssGBLUP produced GEBV with increased reliability and less bias for young animals compared with EBV from a conventional BLUP approach. Hence, implementation of ssGBLUP in routine evaluation of SCM should be further considered within the context of the Canadian dairy industry.
This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of tannin-based feed additives on enteric methane (CH4) emissions, nutrient digestibility, and animal performance in beef and dairy cattle. A total of 23 peer-reviewed studies comprising 75 treatment means were included in the analysis. Random effects and mixed effects models were used to estimate relative mean differences and identify moderators of response. Robust variance estimation accounted for within-study dependence. Overall, tannin supplementation significantly reduced enteric CH4 emissions (-10.2%) and CH4 yield (-9.3%) across studies in beef and dairy cattle. Although no significant differences were detected between cattle types for CH4 emissions or yield, the database was unbalanced (14 beef vs. 9 dairy studies), and statistical support for a reduction in lactating dairy cows (7 studies) was weaker when analyzed separately (df = 1.7). These results warrant cautious interpretation for dairy systems. Likewise, no interactions between cattle type and tannin dose were detected for CH4 emissions or yield. The incomplete factorial representation of tannin types across cattle types further limited the evaluation of potential tannin type × cattle type interactions. No interaction between tannin type and dose was observed for enteric CH4 emissions or yield. Methane intensity in dairy (g/kg ECM) and beef cattle (g/kg average daily gain) was not affected by tannin supplementation, mainly due to differences in performance responses across studies. In dairy cattle, tannins had no significant effect on DM intake, milk yield, or milk composition. In beef cattle, tannins significantly decreased fiber digestibility by 9.8%, which was associated with reductions in enteric CH4 emissions. Ruminal fermentation parameters and pH were unaffected in both dairy and beef cattle. Meta-regression indicated that CH4 yield decreased by 1.0% per 1 g/kg DM increase in tannin dose. Effective mitigation generally required inclusion rates above ∼8,000 to 10,000 mg/kg DM, whereas subtherapeutic levels (<1,000 mg/kg DM) were often ineffective or even associated with increased emissions. Overall, standardized condensed tannin additives appear to be a viable mitigation strategy, particularly in beef cattle, where evidence is strongest. In contrast, results for dairy systems remain limited and require confirmation through additional studies. Finally, between-study differences observed for enteric CH4 emissions and yield highlight that the magnitude of tannin effects is likely driven more by bioactive properties than tannin type or dose. Future studies should quantify tannin bioactivity and evaluate its interaction with diet and rumen microbiota to enhance mitigation strategies.
Early weaning disrupts gut microbiota homeostasis and increases oxidative stress and inflammation in calves, thus negatively affecting their growth performance and health. Resveratrol is a polyphenol with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that modulates gut microbiota and metabolites. In the present study, we investigated the effects of resveratrol on growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, gut microbiota, and metabolic pathways in early-weaning calves. Thirty-six newborn Simmental × Holstein F1 generation female calves were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatment groups: conventional weaning at 63 d of age (CON), early weaning at 49 d of age (EW), or early weaning at 49 d of age with 2 g/d resveratrol supplementation from d 7 to d 49 (EWR). The results revealed that the final BW, ADG, and feed efficiency were greater in the EWR group than in the CON group, and diarrhea incidence was significantly reduced. The EWR treatment decreased the concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and the oxidative damage product malondialdehyde. Meanwhile, resveratrol supplementation increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4, catalase, and the total antioxidant capacity in early-weaning calves, which were not significantly different from CON group. In addition, EWR increased the abundance of Parabacteroides, Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, Christensenella, and Ruminococcaceae, as well as increased concentration of butyric acid, valeric acid, isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, and total branched short-chain fatty acids. Metabolomic analysis revealed that resveratrol significantly enhanced the tryptophan metabolic pathway. Correlation analysis suggested that Parabacteroides was closely related to the modulatory effects of resveratrol in early-weaning calves through its involvement in tryptophan metabolism. In conclusion, dietary resveratrol supplementation improves growth performance and reduces diarrhea in early-weaning calves by alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress, modulating gut microbiota, and enhancing microbial tryptophan metabolism.
Gestation induces strong anatomical, histological and transcriptomic changes in the pregnant female brain. Our study aimed to characterize the RNA transcripts expressed in the goat brain and their main structural, transcriptional, and functional features, while also exploring whether 2-mo (57 d) pregnancy affects transcript usage in the brain. Twelve brain tissue samples from three 2-mo pregnant and 4 nonpregnant Murciano-Granadina goats were sequenced. A total of 62,185 transcripts from 29,044 genes (averaging ∼2.14 transcripts per gene) were detected, and ∼60% of them were novel transcripts or novel loci. Transcript usage in the brain tissues of pregnant goats revealed widespread changes in alternative splicing. A total of 2004 genes (18.14% of all expressed multitranscript genes) exhibited significant shifts in transcript usage in response to 2-mo pregnancy. The hippocampus displayed the most substantial changes, with 689 differentially used transcripts from 545 genes. Other tissues showing notable shifts were the pineal gland (374 transcripts), the olfactory bulb (301 transcripts), and the adenohypophysis (281 transcripts). In contrast, the pons showed a markedly lower level of differential transcript usage in response to pregnancy. These results evidence that the adaptive response of the brain to pregnancy is mediated not only by changes in gene expression, but also by the preferential use of specific gene isoforms.
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