Feed accounts for 40% to 70% of livestock production cost. Therefore, improving feed efficiency of production animals will promote farm profitability. To this end, precise estimation of animal level feed efficiency is important. Considering some limitations of residual feed intake (RFI) as indicator of animal level feed efficiency, an alternative approach is suggested. The approach involves estimation of a stochastic feed requirement frontier (SFRF), which explicitly allows for feed efficiency and statistical noise in the same specification. As a result, a SFRF naturally leads to feed efficiency indicator free from statistical noise. Furthermore, the feed efficiency indicator it generates is nonnegative and it can easily be expressed in terms of surplus feed intake (SFI) caused by feed inefficiency. Simulation experiment was used to illustrate the problems that arise from RFI-based feed efficiency estimation and the improvements that can be expected from the alternative approach. The experimental results showed that RFI tends to overestimate feed efficiency of animals. The overestimation gets worse as the contribution of feed inefficiency to feed intake variation increases. The results from the experiment also showed SFRF provides consistent feed efficiency estimates and associated SFI. Finally, further benefits of the alternative approach in feed efficiency estimation at animal level are presented.
{"title":"Feed efficiency estimation from stochastic feed requirement frontier","authors":"Daniel Muluwork Atsbeha","doi":"10.3168/jds.2023-24301","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2023-24301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Feed accounts for 40% to 70% of livestock production cost. Therefore, improving feed efficiency of production animals will promote farm profitability. To this end, precise estimation of animal level feed efficiency is important. Considering some limitations of residual feed intake (RFI) as indicator of animal level feed efficiency, an alternative approach is suggested. The approach involves estimation of a stochastic feed requirement frontier (SFRF), which explicitly allows for feed efficiency and statistical noise in the same specification. As a result, a SFRF naturally leads to feed efficiency indicator free from statistical noise. Furthermore, the feed efficiency indicator it generates is nonnegative and it can easily be expressed in terms of surplus feed intake (SFI) caused by feed inefficiency. Simulation experiment was used to illustrate the problems that arise from RFI-based feed efficiency estimation and the improvements that can be expected from the alternative approach. The experimental results showed that RFI tends to overestimate feed efficiency of animals. The overestimation gets worse as the contribution of feed inefficiency to feed intake variation increases. The results from the experiment also showed SFRF provides consistent feed efficiency estimates and associated SFI. Finally, further benefits of the alternative approach in feed efficiency estimation at animal level are presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"108 3","pages":"Pages 2547-2560"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141786859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first objective of this study was to quantify the impact and disability weight (DW) of frequent diseases or syndromes of preweaning dairy calves using the perceptions of producers and veterinarians. The second objective was to compare the opinions of producers and veterinarians regarding the impact and DW of dairy calves' frequent diseases and syndromes. A survey was conducted to obtain demographic information and opinions of 39 dairy producers and 52 veterinarians on the impact of frequent disease and syndromes on calf health. Most of the producers (97.4%, 38/39) were clients of the ambulatory clinic at the Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire de l'Université de Montréal in Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada. They were actively engaged in calf research projects. Québec veterinarians were contacted via email through their association. Additionally, veterinarians from the bovine ambulatory clinic and the bovine veterinary hospital at the Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire de l'Université de Montréal were contacted directly via email. A visual analog scale, represented by a horizontal line ranging from 0 (no impact) to 10 (maximum impact; i.e., death or euthanasia), was used to estimate the impact of 9 frequent diseases or syndromes (diarrhea, dystocia, inadequate transfer of passive immunity, fracture, wound or abscess, arthritis, respiratory disease, umbilical infection, and congenital defect) on calf health following previously reported methods (using the most probable, and range of the perceived impact for each participant and disease). The DW values were obtained by converting the impact values to a probability density in a scale from 0 to 1 using BetaPERT methodology, a type of data distribution model. Average impact and DW were quantified for each frequent disease and syndrome. Average impact differed statistically across different diseases and syndromes. The highest average impacts were obtained for the presence of a fracture (6.49/10), arthritis (6.22/10), and congenital defects (6.03/10), whereas the lowest impact was observed for the presence of a wound or abscess (3.42/10). The opinions of producers and veterinarians were similar for most of the selected diseases and syndromes; however, statistical differences were observed for arthritis (producers = 5.13 vs. veterinarians = 6.88), umbilical infection (producers = 3.65 vs. veterinarians = 4.74), and dystocia (producers = 3.87 vs. veterinarians = 4.58). A strong correlation coefficient (0.72) was observed between the observed ranks of diseases and syndromes of producers and veterinarians. In conclusion, we quantified how frequent diseases and syndromes affect calf health. Producers and veterinarians mostly agreed on their impact. Estimating DW is a crucial first step in creating a health measure for dairy calves. Similar to humans, this metric will be important for health comparative analysis for producers, veterinarians, and industry.
{"title":"Quantifying the impact of frequent diseases and syndromes on calf health using the opinions of producers and veterinarians: Toward dairy calf disability weights","authors":"Jean Silva Ramos , Marianne Villettaz Robichaud , Jocelyn Dubuc , Débora Santschi , Jean-Philippe Roy , Gilles Fecteau , Sébastien Buczinski","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25543","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-25543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The first objective of this study was to quantify the impact and disability weight (DW) of frequent diseases or syndromes of preweaning dairy calves using the perceptions of producers and veterinarians. The second objective was to compare the opinions of producers and veterinarians regarding the impact and DW of dairy calves' frequent diseases and syndromes. A survey was conducted to obtain demographic information and opinions of 39 dairy producers and 52 veterinarians on the impact of frequent disease and syndromes on calf health. Most of the producers (97.4%, 38/39) were clients of the ambulatory clinic at the Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire de l'Université de Montréal in Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada. They were actively engaged in calf research projects. Québec veterinarians were contacted via email through their association. Additionally, veterinarians from the bovine ambulatory clinic and the bovine veterinary hospital at the Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire de l'Université de Montréal were contacted directly via email. A visual analog scale, represented by a horizontal line ranging from 0 (no impact) to 10 (maximum impact; i.e., death or euthanasia), was used to estimate the impact of 9 frequent diseases or syndromes (diarrhea, dystocia, inadequate transfer of passive immunity, fracture, wound or abscess, arthritis, respiratory disease, umbilical infection, and congenital defect) on calf health following previously reported methods (using the most probable, and range of the perceived impact for each participant and disease). The DW values were obtained by converting the impact values to a probability density in a scale from 0 to 1 using BetaPERT methodology, a type of data distribution model. Average impact and DW were quantified for each frequent disease and syndrome. Average impact differed statistically across different diseases and syndromes. The highest average impacts were obtained for the presence of a fracture (6.49/10), arthritis (6.22/10), and congenital defects (6.03/10), whereas the lowest impact was observed for the presence of a wound or abscess (3.42/10). The opinions of producers and veterinarians were similar for most of the selected diseases and syndromes; however, statistical differences were observed for arthritis (producers = 5.13 vs. veterinarians = 6.88), umbilical infection (producers = 3.65 vs. veterinarians = 4.74), and dystocia (producers = 3.87 vs. veterinarians = 4.58). A strong correlation coefficient (0.72) was observed between the observed ranks of diseases and syndromes of producers and veterinarians. In conclusion, we quantified how frequent diseases and syndromes affect calf health. Producers and veterinarians mostly agreed on their impact. Estimating DW is a crucial first step in creating a health measure for dairy calves. Similar to humans, this metric will be important for health comparative analysis for producers, veterinarians, and industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"108 3","pages":"Pages 2734-2748"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142793948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Pfrombeck , M. Gandorfer , E. Zeiler , J. Ettema
The study investigates the economics of sensor-assisted dairy health management and indicates a certain economic potential in the use of a commercial rumen bolus capable of tracking activity and core body temperature. The economic evaluation was performed applying a stochastic model with the net return (NR) of investment of the sensor system as the target variable. The calculated NR considers the gross margin (GM) for both sensor-assisted and visual health monitoring, time savings through sensor-assisted monitoring, additional time spent addressing false positive messages from the sensor system, labor costs, and all costs associated with the investment in the sensor system. The analysis relies on a dataset acquired from a dairy research and demonstration farm on which 65 dairy cows were equipped with the sensor system. A comparison of health-related messages issued by the rumen bolus with disease diagnoses shows that the sensor system issued a message in 7 of 11 cases of retained placenta (sensitivity = 64%), in 19 of 31 cases of clinical hypocalcemia (sensitivity = 61%), in 30 of 70 cases of mastitis (sensitivity = 43%), in 6 of 24 cases of metritis (sensitivity = 25%), and in 2 of 42 cases of diseases of the locomotor system (sensitivity = 5%) in a defined observation period, in many cases several days before the visual diagnosis. SimHerd (A/S Viborg, Denmark) was applied to determine the GM as a function of incidence, SCC, risk of a mild case of disease, and days of milk withdrawal. In a workshop, veterinarians (n = 9) used the dataset to assess the effect of using the sensor system on these parameters. The empirical distributions given by the veterinarians' individual assessments were used to model the parameters considered in the calculation of the “sensor-assisted” GM. For the modeled Holstein herds with a milk yield of 9,000 kg, simulation results show that average NR of investment ranges from +€23 to +€119/cow per year for a herd of poor health, from −€12 to +€84/cow per year for a herd of average health, and from −€33 to +€63/cow per year for a herd of good health, depending on the scenario. The assumptions made regarding changes in labor had a strong influence on the calculated NR of investment. For a full economic evaluation of the sensor system, other functions (estrus detection, calving detection) and functional extensions (e.g., monitoring rumination) have to be considered.
{"title":"An economic evaluation of sensor-assisted health monitoring in dairy farming using the example of a rumen bolus","authors":"J. Pfrombeck , M. Gandorfer , E. Zeiler , J. Ettema","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25255","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-25255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study investigates the economics of sensor-assisted dairy health management and indicates a certain economic potential in the use of a commercial rumen bolus capable of tracking activity and core body temperature. The economic evaluation was performed applying a stochastic model with the net return (NR) of investment of the sensor system as the target variable. The calculated NR considers the gross margin (GM) for both sensor-assisted and visual health monitoring, time savings through sensor-assisted monitoring, additional time spent addressing false positive messages from the sensor system, labor costs, and all costs associated with the investment in the sensor system. The analysis relies on a dataset acquired from a dairy research and demonstration farm on which 65 dairy cows were equipped with the sensor system. A comparison of health-related messages issued by the rumen bolus with disease diagnoses shows that the sensor system issued a message in 7 of 11 cases of retained placenta (sensitivity = 64%), in 19 of 31 cases of clinical hypocalcemia (sensitivity = 61%), in 30 of 70 cases of mastitis (sensitivity = 43%), in 6 of 24 cases of metritis (sensitivity = 25%), and in 2 of 42 cases of diseases of the locomotor system (sensitivity = 5%) in a defined observation period, in many cases several days before the visual diagnosis. SimHerd (A/S Viborg, Denmark) was applied to determine the GM as a function of incidence, SCC, risk of a mild case of disease, and days of milk withdrawal. In a workshop, veterinarians (n = 9) used the dataset to assess the effect of using the sensor system on these parameters. The empirical distributions given by the veterinarians' individual assessments were used to model the parameters considered in the calculation of the “sensor-assisted” GM. For the modeled Holstein herds with a milk yield of 9,000 kg, simulation results show that average NR of investment ranges from +€23 to +€119/cow per year for a herd of poor health, from −€12 to +€84/cow per year for a herd of average health, and from −€33 to +€63/cow per year for a herd of good health, depending on the scenario. The assumptions made regarding changes in labor had a strong influence on the calculated NR of investment. For a full economic evaluation of the sensor system, other functions (estrus detection, calving detection) and functional extensions (e.g., monitoring rumination) have to be considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"108 3","pages":"Pages 2573-2594"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142794182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bingshou Wang , Xiuli Ma , Fang Wang , Guoying Qi , Mingyue Chen , Anna Liu , Wanning Fan
Cheese is favored by foreign consumers for its remarkable nutritional profile and unique taste. However, Chinese consumers find it difficult to accept its strong flavor profile. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a cheese product that meets the flavor preferences of Chinese consumers. In this study, jujube pulp was used to partially substitute cow milk (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%; wt/wt) to develop cream cheese products. The effect of different amounts of jujube pulp on the composition, texture, rheology, microstructure, and sensory properties of cream cheese products during storage was investigated. The results showed that at the same storage time, the moisture content and yield of the product increased as the amount of jujube pulp increased, and both protein content and fat content decreased. In addition, hardness, and storage modulus decreased, protein cross-linking was disrupted, serum channels were enlarged, and jujube flavor and smoothness scores increased, whereas cream flavor scores decreased. At the same amount of jujube pulp, the soluble nitrogen content of the product increased during storage, while the hardness and storage modulus decreased, and the sensory score peaked at 7 d. Principal component analysis revealed positive relationships between protein content, fat content, hardness, and storage modulus of the product, whereas these parameters showed negative relationships with moisture content and jujube flavor. The cream cheese products with 10% and 15% jujube pulp showed the best sensory quality. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the quality control of jujube flavored cream cheese products and technical support for the development of cheese products tailored to the preferences of Chinese consumers.
{"title":"Effect of jujube pulp on the quality of cream cheese product during storage","authors":"Bingshou Wang , Xiuli Ma , Fang Wang , Guoying Qi , Mingyue Chen , Anna Liu , Wanning Fan","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25723","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-25723","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cheese is favored by foreign consumers for its remarkable nutritional profile and unique taste. However, Chinese consumers find it difficult to accept its strong flavor profile. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a cheese product that meets the flavor preferences of Chinese consumers. In this study, jujube pulp was used to partially substitute cow milk (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%; wt/wt) to develop cream cheese products. The effect of different amounts of jujube pulp on the composition, texture, rheology, microstructure, and sensory properties of cream cheese products during storage was investigated. The results showed that at the same storage time, the moisture content and yield of the product increased as the amount of jujube pulp increased, and both protein content and fat content decreased. In addition, hardness, and storage modulus decreased, protein cross-linking was disrupted, serum channels were enlarged, and jujube flavor and smoothness scores increased, whereas cream flavor scores decreased. At the same amount of jujube pulp, the soluble nitrogen content of the product increased during storage, while the hardness and storage modulus decreased, and the sensory score peaked at 7 d. Principal component analysis revealed positive relationships between protein content, fat content, hardness, and storage modulus of the product, whereas these parameters showed negative relationships with moisture content and jujube flavor. The cream cheese products with 10% and 15% jujube pulp showed the best sensory quality. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the quality control of jujube flavored cream cheese products and technical support for the development of cheese products tailored to the preferences of Chinese consumers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"108 3","pages":"Pages 2293-2302"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142794243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feed in livestock production is a major cost driver and closely linked to GHG emissions from the sector. Hence, there is a great deal of interest to improve feed efficiency of livestock and promote economic and environmental sustainability of livestock production. We estimated feed efficiency of 48 early- to mid-lactation Norwegian Red dairy cows based on intake and performance data collected for 54 d using a stochastic feed requirement frontier (SFRF). The SFRF predicted the minimum feed intake each cow required to support its production and maintenance needs, accounting for parity, lactation stage, body reserve mobilization, unobserved cow-specific heterogeneity, and statistical noise. Feed efficiency of each cow was then estimated in 2 ways: first by computing a feed efficiency score as a ratio of the prediction from the SFRF to the observed feed intake of each cow, and second by computing surplus feed intake (SFI) of each cow as a difference between observed and predicted feed intake. Furthermore, it was shown that feed efficiency can be decomposed into time-invariant and time-variant parts. Results showed that the average feed efficiency score was 89.7%, and it was time-invariant for the period covered during the study. The score implies 10.3% of the observed feed intake was SFI. In absolute terms, the SFI amounted to 13.3 kg of DM/wk on average. However, cows in the least feed efficient quartile had SFI of almost 5 times higher than cows in the most feed efficient quartile. Furthermore, cow-specific feed intake variation accounted for only 53.9% of the total feed intake variation. The remaining 46.1% of the feed intake variation was due to statistical noise. Out of the cow-specific feed intake variation, 82.1% was due to differences in feed efficiency, whereas the remaining 17.9% was due to other sources of unobserved cow-specific heterogeneity. When implemented with lifetime data, the feed efficiency decomposition approach presented in this study enables understanding of the temporal trajectory of feed efficiency within and across lactations. Furthermore, it allows identification of feed efficiency that is repeatable over lifetime, facilitating the inclusion of feed efficiency in breeding programs.
牲畜生产中的饲料是一个主要的成本驱动因素，与该部门的温室气体排放密切相关。因此，提高牲畜的饲料效率，促进畜牧业生产的经济和环境可持续性具有很大的意义。剩余采食量（RFI）是奶牛饲料效率的常用指标之一。然而，RFI既有概念上的限制（例如，混淆测量误差和未观察到的异质性的影响），也有实际的限制（例如，负值和饲料效率的非单调性）。因此，本研究基于采集的54 d采食量和生产性能数据，采用随机饲料需求前沿法（SFRF）估算了48头泌乳早期至中期挪威红奶牛的饲料效率。考虑胎次、哺乳阶段、身体储备动员、未观察到的奶牛特异性异质性和统计噪声，SFRF预测了每头奶牛支持其生产和维持需求所需的最低采食量。然后通过两种方式估计每头奶牛的饲料效率：第一种是计算饲料效率得分，即每头奶牛的SFRF预测值与实际采食量的比值；第二种是计算每头奶牛的剩余采食量（SFI），即实际采食量与预测采食量之间的差值。进一步证明了进料效率可以分解为时不变和时变两个部分。结果表明，平均饲料效率评分为89.7%，且在研究期间不随时间变化。该评分表明10.3%的采食量为SFI。按绝对值计算，SFI平均为13.3 kg DM/周。然而，饲料效率最低的四分位奶牛的SFI几乎是饲料效率最高的四分位奶牛的5倍。此外，奶牛的采食量变化仅占总采食量变化的53.9%。其余46.1%的采食量变化是由统计噪声引起的。在奶牛特异性采食量变化中，82.1%是由于饲料效率的差异，而其余17.9%是由于其他未观察到的奶牛特异性异质性来源。当使用生命周期数据实施时，本研究中提出的饲料效率分解方法可以了解泌乳期内和泌乳期间饲料效率的时间轨迹。此外，它允许在整个生命周期内重复识别饲料效率。促进将饲料效率纳入育种计划。
{"title":"Feed efficiency and surplus feed intake among Norwegian Red dairy cows","authors":"Daniel Muluwork Atsbeha , Alemayehu Kidane","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-24696","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-24696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Feed in livestock production is a major cost driver and closely linked to GHG emissions from the sector. Hence, there is a great deal of interest to improve feed efficiency of livestock and promote economic and environmental sustainability of livestock production. We estimated feed efficiency of 48 early- to mid-lactation Norwegian Red dairy cows based on intake and performance data collected for 54 d using a stochastic feed requirement frontier (SFRF). The SFRF predicted the minimum feed intake each cow required to support its production and maintenance needs, accounting for parity, lactation stage, body reserve mobilization, unobserved cow-specific heterogeneity, and statistical noise. Feed efficiency of each cow was then estimated in 2 ways: first by computing a feed efficiency score as a ratio of the prediction from the SFRF to the observed feed intake of each cow, and second by computing surplus feed intake (SFI) of each cow as a difference between observed and predicted feed intake. Furthermore, it was shown that feed efficiency can be decomposed into time-invariant and time-variant parts. Results showed that the average feed efficiency score was 89.7%, and it was time-invariant for the period covered during the study. The score implies 10.3% of the observed feed intake was SFI. In absolute terms, the SFI amounted to 13.3 kg of DM/wk on average. However, cows in the least feed efficient quartile had SFI of almost 5 times higher than cows in the most feed efficient quartile. Furthermore, cow-specific feed intake variation accounted for only 53.9% of the total feed intake variation. The remaining 46.1% of the feed intake variation was due to statistical noise. Out of the cow-specific feed intake variation, 82.1% was due to differences in feed efficiency, whereas the remaining 17.9% was due to other sources of unobserved cow-specific heterogeneity. When implemented with lifetime data, the feed efficiency decomposition approach presented in this study enables understanding of the temporal trajectory of feed efficiency within and across lactations. Furthermore, it allows identification of feed efficiency that is repeatable over lifetime, facilitating the inclusion of feed efficiency in breeding programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"108 3","pages":"Pages 2561-2572"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142794261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shichu Zhou , Xin Zhang , Rongbo Fan , Jun Wang , Rongwei Han , Dengpan Bu , Yongxin Yang
Changes in the structure and composition of milk fat globules in spray- and freeze-dried milk powders have recently garnered notable attention. This study investigated changes in milk fat globular membrane (MFGM) proteins from bovine, goat, and horse milk powders, both spray- and freeze-dried, using a label-free proteomic approach, and quantified surface free fatty acids and their composition using GC. The results showed that several proteins, including αS2-CN and β-LG, increased, whereas fibrinogen α and β chain and mucin-1 decreased in the MFGM fractions of the studied spray-dried milk powders. Additionally, lactoperoxidase and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor levels were elevated in the studied freeze-dried milk powders. Several proteins exhibited variations in both dried milk powders depending on the species; of these, nucleobindin-1, complement C3, and sulfhydryl oxidase were increased in spray-dried bovine and goat milk powders, and lactoferrin was increased in freeze-dried horse milk powder, compared with their raw milk counterparts. Conversely, butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 and xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase were decreased in spray-dried bovine and goat milk powders, S100 calcium-binding protein and aldehyde dehydrogenase were decreased in freeze-dried bovine and goat milk powders, and mucin-4 and paraoxonase were decreased in horse milk powder. Additionally, spray-dried milk powders had lower surface free fatty acid contents than freeze-dried milk powders. The findings underscore that drying methods exert varied effects on MFGM components of the studied milk sources, thereby providing a valuable reference for improving the nutritional quality of dried dairy products.
{"title":"Proteomics and surface free fatty acid analysis of milk fat globules in spray- and freeze-dried bovine, goat, and horse milk powders","authors":"Shichu Zhou , Xin Zhang , Rongbo Fan , Jun Wang , Rongwei Han , Dengpan Bu , Yongxin Yang","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25868","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-25868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Changes in the structure and composition of milk fat globules in spray- and freeze-dried milk powders have recently garnered notable attention. This study investigated changes in milk fat globular membrane (MFGM) proteins from bovine, goat, and horse milk powders, both spray- and freeze-dried, using a label-free proteomic approach, and quantified surface free fatty acids and their composition using GC. The results showed that several proteins, including α<sub>S2</sub>-CN and β-LG, increased, whereas fibrinogen α and β chain and mucin-1 decreased in the MFGM fractions of the studied spray-dried milk powders. Additionally, lactoperoxidase and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor levels were elevated in the studied freeze-dried milk powders. Several proteins exhibited variations in both dried milk powders depending on the species; of these, nucleobindin-1, complement C3, and sulfhydryl oxidase were increased in spray-dried bovine and goat milk powders, and lactoferrin was increased in freeze-dried horse milk powder, compared with their raw milk counterparts. Conversely, butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 and xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase were decreased in spray-dried bovine and goat milk powders, S100 calcium-binding protein and aldehyde dehydrogenase were decreased in freeze-dried bovine and goat milk powders, and mucin-4 and paraoxonase were decreased in horse milk powder. Additionally, spray-dried milk powders had lower surface free fatty acid contents than freeze-dried milk powders. The findings underscore that drying methods exert varied effects on MFGM components of the studied milk sources, thereby providing a valuable reference for improving the nutritional quality of dried dairy products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"108 3","pages":"Pages 2303-2314"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142862665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Whole cottonseed (WCS) is fed as a source of fat, protein, and fiber. Cottonseed is high in unsaturated fatty acids (FA) but is considered lower risk for biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression because it is slowly released in the rumen. Unsaturated FA have been reported to decrease methane emissions in some experiments, but the effect of FA source is unclear. The objective of the current experiment was to investigate the effect of FA from WCS on milk and methane production and total-tract nutrient digestibility. Sixteen multiparous cows were arranged in a crossover design with 21-d periods. Treatments were 15% WCS substituted for a mixture of cottonseed hulls and soybean meal. Cottonseed had no effect on DMI and milk yield (MY) but increased milk fat concentration (0.2 percentage units) and yield (110 g/d). Cottonseed also decreased the concentration of FA <16 C and 16 C in milk fat and increased FA >16 C and trans-10 18:1 and trans-11 18:1. Increasing dietary fat had no effect on the efficiency of transfer of 18 C FA to milk. There was no effect on milk protein concentration and yield. Whole cottonseed decreased apparent total-tract digestibility of OM and DM due to a decline in NDF digestibility, but less than 3% of seeds consumed were recovered intact in the feces. Whole cottonseed increased digestibility of 16 C FA, but the digestibility of total and 18 C FA were not changed. The production (g/d), yield (g/kg of DMI), and intensity (g/kg of MY or ECM) of H2, CH4, and CO2 were not changed with WCS. Plasma total gossypol and the positive and negative isomers increased with WCS but were below toxic levels. In conclusion, increasing dietary UFA by feeding 15% WCS increased milk fat yield through an increased supply of preformed FA and did not affect methane production under these dietary conditions.
{"title":"Effect of increasing dietary fat by feeding 15% whole cottonseed on milk production, total-tract digestibility, and methane emission in dairy cows","authors":"Y.A. Adeniji , R. Bomberger , S.R. Goodall , A.N. Hristov , H.A. Stefenoni , K.J. Harvatine","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25378","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-25378","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Whole cottonseed (WCS) is fed as a source of fat, protein, and fiber. Cottonseed is high in unsaturated fatty acids (FA) but is considered lower risk for biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression because it is slowly released in the rumen. Unsaturated FA have been reported to decrease methane emissions in some experiments, but the effect of FA source is unclear. The objective of the current experiment was to investigate the effect of FA from WCS on milk and methane production and total-tract nutrient digestibility. Sixteen multiparous cows were arranged in a crossover design with 21-d periods. Treatments were 15% WCS substituted for a mixture of cottonseed hulls and soybean meal. Cottonseed had no effect on DMI and milk yield (MY) but increased milk fat concentration (0.2 percentage units) and yield (110 g/d). Cottonseed also decreased the concentration of FA <16 C and 16 C in milk fat and increased FA >16 C and <em>trans</em>-10 18:1 and <em>trans-</em>11 18:1. Increasing dietary fat had no effect on the efficiency of transfer of 18 C FA to milk. There was no effect on milk protein concentration and yield. Whole cottonseed decreased apparent total-tract digestibility of OM and DM due to a decline in NDF digestibility, but less than 3% of seeds consumed were recovered intact in the feces. Whole cottonseed increased digestibility of 16 C FA, but the digestibility of total and 18 C FA were not changed. The production (g/d), yield (g/kg of DMI), and intensity (g/kg of MY or ECM) of H<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO<sub>2</sub> were not changed with WCS. Plasma total gossypol and the positive and negative isomers increased with WCS but were below toxic levels. In conclusion, increasing dietary UFA by feeding 15% WCS increased milk fat yield through an increased supply of preformed FA and did not affect methane production under these dietary conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"108 3","pages":"Pages 2393-2406"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ning An , Jing Yang , Yu Zhang , Huayi Suo , Jiajia Song
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), the enzyme responsible for the rapid degradation of incretin hormones, plays a pivotal role in blood glucose regulation, and its inhibition serves as an effective strategy for maintaining glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on the structure of buffalo casein and its DPP-4 inhibitory activity. Results demonstrated that Flavorzyme effectively hydrolyzed buffalo casein, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy and electrophoretic analysis, with the degree of hydrolysis reaching its maximum value (20.05 ± 0.14%) after 3 h. The results of circular dichroism spectra, as well as endogenous and exogenous fluorescence spectra, indicated marked alterations in the secondary and tertiary structures of buffalo casein following enzymatic hydrolysis. Additionally, the DPP-4 inhibitory effect of buffalo casein was found to increase with longer hydrolysis times. The hydrolysate obtained after 3 h of hydrolysis demonstrated the highest level of inhibition, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 1.04 mg/mL. The DPP-4 inhibitory peptide YPFPGPIPN, with an IC50 value of 0.88 mg/mL, was identified in the 1 to 3 kDa fraction of the 3-h hydrolysate. This peptide interacted with the active site of DPP-4 via hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, salt bridges, and π-cation interactions. This study offers a novel scientific foundation for the development of functional antidiabetic foods derived from buffalo casein.
{"title":"Enzymatic hydrolysis of buffalo casein enhances DPP-4 inhibition: Structural modifications and bioactive peptide identification","authors":"Ning An , Jing Yang , Yu Zhang , Huayi Suo , Jiajia Song","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25552","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-25552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), the enzyme responsible for the rapid degradation of incretin hormones, plays a pivotal role in blood glucose regulation, and its inhibition serves as an effective strategy for maintaining glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on the structure of buffalo casein and its DPP-4 inhibitory activity. Results demonstrated that Flavorzyme effectively hydrolyzed buffalo casein, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy and electrophoretic analysis, with the degree of hydrolysis reaching its maximum value (20.05 ± 0.14%) after 3 h. The results of circular dichroism spectra, as well as endogenous and exogenous fluorescence spectra, indicated marked alterations in the secondary and tertiary structures of buffalo casein following enzymatic hydrolysis. Additionally, the DPP-4 inhibitory effect of buffalo casein was found to increase with longer hydrolysis times. The hydrolysate obtained after 3 h of hydrolysis demonstrated the highest level of inhibition, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) value of 1.04 mg/mL. The DPP-4 inhibitory peptide YPFPGPIPN, with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 0.88 mg/mL, was identified in the 1 to 3 kDa fraction of the 3-h hydrolysate. This peptide interacted with the active site of DPP-4 via hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, salt bridges, and π-cation interactions. This study offers a novel scientific foundation for the development of functional antidiabetic foods derived from buffalo casein.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"108 3","pages":"Pages 2169-2181"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142738015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Price is the main attribute considered in negotiations between companies in many agricultural commodity markets. However, there is evidence that unit price is only one factor affecting dairy farmers' satisfaction with dairy processors, which has implications for the coordination of supply chains. The understanding of price satisfaction as embodying multidimensional attributes that influence farmer satisfaction are important for the formulation of commercial strategies aimed at reducing market asymmetries. The objective of this study was to assess dairy farmers' satisfaction with the prices they receive across multiple dimensions and to determine its relationship with overall satisfaction with dairy processors within a competitive market context. A conceptual price satisfaction model was used, and exploratory factor analysis was applied to identify the main constructs of satisfaction levels with price. Regression models were used to identify the relationship between theoretical constructs and levels of satisfaction. The results indicate that, in order of importance, milk dairy farmers' satisfaction with the price is explained by the constructs price transparency, price:quality ratio, price credibility, price confidence, and price fairness. Furthermore, the level of satisfaction with the price and the overall satisfaction of dairy farmers with dairy processors is independent of their technological level or scale of production. The results also suggest that a significant part of the satisfaction level of rural dairy farmers goes beyond the multidimensional aspects of price satisfaction, as is the case with milk in Brazil.
{"title":"Dairy farmers' satisfaction with the price paid by processors in competitive markets","authors":"A.R.P. Simões , F.I. Bánkuti , J.A.R. Borges , M.S. Roschel , C.F. Nicholson","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25737","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-25737","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Price is the main attribute considered in negotiations between companies in many agricultural commodity markets. However, there is evidence that unit price is only one factor affecting dairy farmers' satisfaction with dairy processors, which has implications for the coordination of supply chains. The understanding of price satisfaction as embodying multidimensional attributes that influence farmer satisfaction are important for the formulation of commercial strategies aimed at reducing market asymmetries. The objective of this study was to assess dairy farmers' satisfaction with the prices they receive across multiple dimensions and to determine its relationship with overall satisfaction with dairy processors within a competitive market context. A conceptual price satisfaction model was used, and exploratory factor analysis was applied to identify the main constructs of satisfaction levels with price. Regression models were used to identify the relationship between theoretical constructs and levels of satisfaction. The results indicate that, in order of importance, milk dairy farmers' satisfaction with the price is explained by the constructs price transparency, price:quality ratio, price credibility, price confidence, and price fairness. Furthermore, the level of satisfaction with the price and the overall satisfaction of dairy farmers with dairy processors is independent of their technological level or scale of production. The results also suggest that a significant part of the satisfaction level of rural dairy farmers goes beyond the multidimensional aspects of price satisfaction, as is the case with milk in Brazil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"108 3","pages":"Pages 2315-2323"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142862669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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