Journal of Dairy Science最新文献_第7页

Measurement of joint angles for the objective assessment of limb conformation in dairy calves 测量关节角度，客观评估奶牛犊的肢体形态。

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24765

F. Walser , C. Sauter-Louis , K. Nuss

Poor limb conformation in cattle is believed to be closely associated with claw and limb disorders. Limb conformation is part of genetic evaluation and is assessed visually. In this descriptive study, the assessment of conformation in calves was evaluated objectively using joint angle measurements. A total of 100 Brown Swiss (n = 50) and Holstein (n = 50) heifer calves, aged 30 to 90 d old, were photographed from both sides and from the front and rear. Carpal, tarsal, autopodium, and fetlock joint angles of the fore- or hind limbs were measured on the images using anatomic reference points and the ImageJ Fiji program. Each angle was measured 3 times, and the mean was used for analysis. Values from both sides were pooled. Deviations from defined standard angles were classified as slight or moderate. The positions of the front and hind feet were measured and scored. On average, the calves had moderate knock-kneed carpal conformation, and the autopodium of the front limb had a slight lateral deviation. In the rear view, the calves had slight, but close to moderate, cow-hocked tarsal conformation, and the autopodium of the hind limbs was parallel, but close to slightly deviated. Holstein calves were moderately and Brown Swiss calves slightly cow-hocked. A moderate lateral deviation occurred in the metacarpal–digit angle in the front view, and a slight lateral deviation occurred in the metatarsal–digit angle in the rear view. The front feet position score was >17° in 69% of the calves, and the hind feet position score was <17° in 90% of the calves. In the side views, the calves were slightly over at the carpus and slightly straight-hocked and had average fetlock conformation. In the mean values, most measured joint angles did not correspond to the straight or parallel classifications in our calves; moderate knock-kneed and slight cow-hocked and toed-out classifications were most common. The limb angles measured were based on anatomical features and therefore are unlikely to change substantially with increasing age. These aspects should be considered when assessing linear traits and investigating the relationship between limb conformation and claw diseases.

牛的肢体畸形被认为与爪和肢体疾病密切相关。肢体顺应性是遗传评估的一部分，通过肉眼进行评估。在这项描述性研究中，使用关节角度测量法对犊牛的肢体顺应性进行了客观评估。共对 100 头 30 至 90 天大的棕色瑞士（n = 50）和荷斯坦（n = 50）品种小母牛进行了两侧和前后拍照。使用解剖参考点和 ImageJ/Fiji® 程序在图像上测量前肢或后肢的腕关节、跗关节、自蹄关节和跗关节角度。每个角度测量 3 次，取平均值进行分析。两侧的数值汇总。与规定标准角度的偏差分为轻度和中度。对前脚掌和后脚掌的位置进行测量和评分。平均而言，犊牛的腕关节呈中度 "叩膝 "状，前肢的自足基有轻微的侧向偏差。从后视图看，犊牛的跗关节畸形程度轻微，但接近中等，后肢的自基部平行，但接近轻微偏离。荷斯坦犊牛有中度 "牛跗关节"，瑞士褐犊牛有轻度 "牛跗关节"。前视图的掌趾角度出现中度侧偏，后视图的跖趾角度出现轻微侧偏。69% 的小牛前脚位置得分大于 17°，后脚位置得分大于 17°。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of protein and forage source on performance and splanchnic and mammary net fluxes of nutrients in lactating dairy cows 蛋白质和饲料来源对泌乳奶牛生产性能以及脾脏和乳腺营养物质净通量的影响

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24922

C.E. Galindo , D.R. Ouellet , G. Maxin , R. Martineau , D. Pellerin , H. Lapierre

This study was conducted to determine if the decreased MP supply predicted by the NRC (2001) when canola meal (CM) substitutes soybean meal (SBM) was supported by direct measurement of net portal absorption of AA or energy-yielding nutrients, plus the effect of the type of forage in CM-based rations. Nine Holstein cows with indwelling catheters in splanchnic blood vessels, 8 also with a ruminal cannula, were used to examine the effects of protein source in corn silage-based diets, comparing SBM versus CM, and forage source in CM-based diets, comparing corn versus grass silage. The cows were allocated to a triple 3 × 3 Latin square design with 21-d periods. The 3 experimental diets, formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous, were based on: (1) SBM and corn silage (SoCo); (2) CM and corn silage (CaCo) and (3) CM and cool-season grass silage (CaGr). Averages of intake, milk yield, and milk composition of the last 3 d of each period were used for statistical analyses. On d 21 of each period, 6 sets of arterial, portal, hepatic, and mammary blood samples and 2 ruminal fluid samples were collected. On d 12 of period 2, the protein sources were incubated in nylon bags to determine 16-h ruminal disappearance of DM and N and to obtain 16-h residues. Finally, 5 d after the completion of the Latin square design, the mobile bag technique was used to determine DM and N intestinal disappearance of the 16-h residues of SBM and CM. Pre-planned contrasts were used to compare the effect of the protein source in cows fed corn silage (i.e., SoCo vs. CaCo) and the effect of forage in cows fed CM (i.e., CaCo vs. CaGr). Data of the cow without a rumen canula could not be used because of health problem. In corn silage-based diets, substitution of SBM by CM tended to increase milk (6%) and milk fat (7%) yields. The 8% higher ruminal N disappearance and the 19% decreased MP supply from RUP predicted by NRC (2001) were not supported by the 25% decrease in ruminal ammonia concentration, similar net portal absorption of AA (except 22% higher for Met), and the 14% decrease in urea hepatic removal when CM substituted SBM. Ruminal incubation of CM in nylon bags does not appear suitable for adequate determination of the rumen by-pass of a protein source such as CM. Inclusion of grass silage rather than corn silage in CM-based diets tended to increase milk (6%) and increased milk lactose (8%) yields. Neither protein nor forage source resulted in variations of metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients that could explain observed increments in cow performance. The present study indicates no decreased AA availability when CM substitutes SBM. Therefore, substitution of SBM by CM in diets based on corn silage and CM in corn- or grass silage diets can be used successfully in high producing dairy cows.

本研究旨在确定，当菜籽粕（CM）替代豆粕（SBM）时，NRC（2001 年）预测的 MP 供给量减少是否得到了 AA 或产能营养素净入口吸收量直接测量值的支持，以及基于 CM 的日粮中的饲草类型的影响。9 头荷斯坦奶牛在脾脏血管上安装了留置导管，其中 8 头还安装了瘤胃插管，用于研究以玉米青贮为基础的日粮中蛋白质来源的影响（比较 SBM 和 CM），以及以玉米青贮为基础的日粮中饲草来源的影响（比较玉米青贮和青草青贮）。奶牛被分配到三重 3 × 3 拉丁方阵设计中，试验周期为 21 天。3 种实验日粮的配方均为等能量、等氮日粮：1）SBM 和玉米青贮（SoyCorn）；2）CM 和玉米青贮（CanCorn）；3）CM 和冷季型青草青贮（CanGrass）。每个阶段最后 3 天的采食量、产奶量和牛奶成分的平均值用于统计分析。在每个阶段的第 21 天，采集 6 组动脉血、门静脉血、肝脏血和乳腺血样本以及 2 份瘤胃液样本。在第二阶段的第 12 天，将蛋白质源放入尼龙袋中培养，以确定 16 h 后瘤胃中 DM 和 N 的消失情况，并获得 16 h 的残留量。最后，在拉丁方形设计完成 5 d 后，使用移动袋技术测定 SBM 和 CM 16 h 残留物的 DM 和 N 肠道消失情况。使用预先计划好的对比来比较饲喂玉米青贮饲料的奶牛中蛋白质来源的影响，即 SoyCorn 与 CanCorn，以及饲喂 CM 的奶牛中饲草的影响，即 CanCorn 与 CanGrass。由于健康问题，没有瘤胃导管的奶牛的数据无法使用。在以玉米青贮为基础的日粮中，用CM替代SBM往往会提高牛奶产量（6%）和乳脂产量（7%）。当 CM 替代 SBM 时，瘤胃氨浓度降低 25%，AA 的净入口吸收量相似（但 Met 的吸收量高出 22%），尿素的肝清除率降低 14%，这些都不支持 NRC（2001 年）预测的瘤胃氮消失率提高 8%，RUP 的 MP 供应量降低 19%。在尼龙袋中对 CM 进行瘤胃培养似乎并不适合充分测定 CM 这种蛋白质来源的瘤胃通过率。在以 CM 为基础的日粮中添加青贮草而不是玉米青贮，往往会增加牛奶产量（6%）和乳糖产量（8%）。蛋白质和饲草源都不会导致产能营养物质代谢的变化，这也不能解释所观察到的奶牛生产性能的提高。本研究表明，当 CM 替代 SBM 时，AA 的可用性并没有降低。因此，在以玉米青贮为基础的日粮中用 CM 替代 SBM，以及在玉米或青草青贮日粮中用 CM 替代 SBM，可成功用于高产奶牛。

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引用次数: 0

Surface proteins of Bifidobacterium bifidum DNG6 growing in 2′-fucosyllactose alleviating lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal barrier injury in vitro 在 2'-FL 中生长的双歧杆菌 DNG6 表面蛋白减轻 LPS 引起的体外肠屏障损伤

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25019

Jingjing Zhao , Guofang Zhang , Jingbo Yang , Xiaoxi Qi , Fei Yao , Yunfeng Gao , Chun Li , Libo Liu , Linhui Kang

Human milk oligosaccharides promote the growth and adhesion of Bifidobacteria, thus exerting multiple biological functions on intestinal epithelial cells. Bacterial surface proteins play an important role in bacterial–host intestinal epithelial interactions. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of surface proteins extracted from Bifidobacterium bifidum DNG6 (B. bifidum DNG6) consuming 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) on Caco-2 cells monolayer barrier injury induced by lipopolysaccharide, compared with lactose and galacto-oligosaccharides. Our results indicated that 2′-FL may promote the surface proteins of B. bifidum DNG6 to improve intestinal barrier injury by positively regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway, reducing inflammation (TNF-α reduced by 50.34%, IL-6 reduced by 22.83%, IL-1β reduced by 37.91%, and IL-10 increased by 63.47%) and strengthening tight junction proteins (ZO,1 2.39×; claudin,1 2.79×; and occluding, 4.70×). The findings of this study indicate that 2′-FL can further regulate intestinal barrier damage by promoting the alteration of B. bifidum DNG6 surface proteins. The findings of this research will also provide theoretical support for the development of synbiotic formulations.

人乳寡糖（HMOs）能促进双歧杆菌的生长和粘附，从而对肠上皮细胞发挥多种生物学功能。细菌表面蛋白在细菌-宿主肠上皮细胞相互作用中发挥着重要作用。本研究旨在研究从双歧杆菌 DNG6（B. bifidum DNG6）中提取的表面蛋白消耗 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) 与乳糖 (Lac) 和半乳寡糖 (GOS) 相比，对脂多糖诱导的 Caco-2 细胞单层屏障损伤的影响。我们的研究结果表明，2'-FL 可促进双歧杆菌 DNG6 的表面蛋白改善肠道屏障损伤，通过正向调节 NF-κB 信号通路，降低炎症反应（TNF-α 降低 50.34%，IL-6 降低 22.83%，IL-1β 降低 37.91%，IL-10 提高 63.47%）和增强紧密连接（ZO-1 2.39 倍，Claudin-1 2.79 倍，Occludin 4.70 倍）。本研究结果表明，2'-FL 可通过促进双歧杆菌 DNG6 表面蛋白的改变，进一步调节肠屏障损伤。这一研究结果也将为合成益生菌配方的开发提供理论支持。

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引用次数: 0

Time profiles of energy balance in dairy cows in association with metabolic status, inflammatory status, and disease 奶牛能量平衡的时间曲线与代谢状况、炎症状况和疾病的关系。

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24680

J. Ma , A. Kok , E.E.A. Burgers , R.M. Bruckmaier , R.M.A. Goselink , J.J. Gross , B. Kemp , T.J.G.M. Lam , A. Minuti , E. Saccenti , E. Trevisi , F. Vossebeld , A.T.M. van Knegsel

The early lactation period in dairy cows is characterized by complex interactions among energy balance (EB), disease, and alterations in metabolic and inflammatory status. The objective of this study was to cluster cows based on EB time profiles in early lactation and investigate the association between EB clusters and inflammatory status, metabolic status, oxidative stress, and disease. Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (n = 153) were selected and monitored for disease treatments during wk 1 to 6 in lactation. Weekly EB was calculated based on energy intake and energy requirements for maintenance and milk yield in wk 1 to 6 in lactation. Weekly plasma samples were analyzed for metabolic variables in wk 1 to 6, and inflammatory and oxidative stress variables in wk 1, 2, and 4 in lactation. Liver activity index (LAI) was computed from plasma albumin, cholesterol, and retino-binding protein concentration. First, cows were clustered based on time profiles of EB, resulting in 4 clusters (SP: stable positive; MN: mild negative; IN: intermediate negative; SN: severe negative). Cows in the SN cluster had higher plasma nonesterified fatty acids and BHB concentrations, compared with cows in the SP cluster, with the MN and IN clusters being intermediate. Cows in the SN cluster had a higher milk yield, lower DMI in wk 1, lower insulin concentration compared with cows in the SP cluster, and lower glucose and IGF-1 concentration compared with cows in the SP and MN clusters. Energy balance clusters were not related to plasma haptoglobin, cholesterol, albumin, paraoxonase, and LAI. Second, cows were grouped based on health status: IHP, cows with treatment for inflammatory health problem (endometritis, fever, clinical mastitis, vaginal discharge or retained placenta); OHP, cows with no IHP but treatment for other health problem (milk fever, cystic ovaries, claw and leg problems, rumen and intestine problems, or other diseases); and NHP, cows with no treatments, in the first 6 wk after calving. Energy balance was not different among health status groups. The IHP cows had lower nonesterified fatty acids and greater insulin concentration in plasma compared with OHP cows. The IHP cows had lower plasma albumin concentration, lower LAI, and higher haptoglobin concentration compared with OHP and NHP. Overall, EB time profiles were associated with the metabolic status of dairy cows in early lactation, but were only limitedly related to markers of inflammation and oxidative stress status. Inflammatory and metabolic status were related to disease events in early lactation and caused prolonged effects on liver metabolism.

奶牛泌乳早期的特点是能量平衡（EB）、疾病以及代谢和炎症状态的改变之间复杂的相互作用。本研究的目的是根据泌乳早期的能量平衡时间曲线对奶牛进行分组，并研究能量平衡分组与炎症状态、代谢状态、氧化应激和疾病之间的关联。选取荷斯坦-弗里斯兰奶牛（n = 153），在泌乳期第 1 到 6 周进行疾病治疗监测。根据泌乳期第 1 至 6 周的能量摄入量和维持及产奶量所需的能量计算每周 EB。在泌乳期第1至6周，每周对血浆样本进行代谢变量分析，在第1、2和4周，每周对炎症和氧化应激变量进行分析。根据血浆白蛋白、胆固醇和视黄醇结合蛋白的浓度计算肝脏活动指数（LAI）。首先，根据 EB 的时间曲线对奶牛进行聚类，得出 4 个聚类（SP：稳定阳性；MN：轻度阴性；IN：中度阴性；SN：重度阴性）。与SP群组的奶牛相比，SN群组的奶牛血浆中的非酯化脂肪酸和β-羟丁酸浓度较高，MN和IN群组的奶牛血浆中的非酯化脂肪酸和β-羟丁酸浓度居中。与 SP 群组的奶牛相比，SN 群组的奶牛产奶量更高，第 1 周的干物质摄入量更低，胰岛素浓度更低，葡萄糖和 IGF-1 浓度更低。能量平衡分组与血浆血红蛋白、胆固醇、白蛋白、副氧自由基酶和肝活动指数（LAI）无关。其次，根据奶牛的健康状况进行分组[IHP：因炎症性健康问题（子宫内膜炎、发烧、临床乳腺炎、阴道分泌物或胎盘滞留）而接受治疗的奶牛；OHP：未接受 IHP 治疗，但因其他健康问题（乳热、卵巢囊肿、爪和腿部问题、瘤胃和肠道问题或其他疾病）而接受治疗的奶牛；NHP：产后 6 周内未接受任何治疗的奶牛]。各健康状况组之间的能量平衡没有差异。与 OHP 相比，IHP 奶牛血浆中的非酯化脂肪酸含量更低，胰岛素浓度更高。与 OHP 和 NHP 相比，IHP 奶牛的血浆白蛋白浓度较低，LAI 较低，血红蛋白浓度较高。总体而言，EB时间曲线与泌乳早期奶牛的代谢状况有关，但与炎症和氧化应激状况指标的关系有限。炎症和新陈代谢状况与泌乳早期的疾病事件有关，并对肝脏新陈代谢产生长期影响。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating the effectiveness of minimum chlorate technologies employed by manufacturers of skim milk powder from both microbiological quality and chemical residue perspectives 从微生物质量和化学残留角度评估脱脂奶粉生产商采用的最低氯酸盐技术的有效性。

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24690

L. Twomey , A. Furey , B. O'Brien , T. Beresford , M. Moloney , D. Gleeson

Dairy processors in the Republic of Ireland have adopted chlorine-free chemicals for cleaning and chlorine gas for water disinfection as a means of minimizing chlorate residue in dairy products. For these “minimum chlorate technologies” to be satisfactory, they must be able to deliver product with acceptable levels of bacteria as well as minimum levels of chlorate and other chlorine-based residues. To establish the effectiveness of these technologies, sampling was conducted across the skim milk powder (SMP) manufacturing chain in 3 separate milk processing sites. Across the 3 sites a total of 11 different batches of SMP were sampled in duplicate from the whole milk silo through the manufacturing process to the powder product; yielding a total of 137 samples. Samples were tested for chlorate, perchlorate and trichloromethane alongside a suite of microbiological plate count tests including total bacteria, thermophilic bacteria, thermoduric bacteria and both mesophilic and thermophilic spore-forming bacteria. Chlorate was detected at reportable levels (≥0.01 mg/kg) in 9 of 22 SMP samples analyzed; resulting in a mean chlorate concentration 0.0183 mg/kg. Bacteria were ubiquitous across all samples analyzed with spore-forming bacteria counts ranging from 1.30 to 2.33 log cfu/g in SMP.

爱尔兰共和国的乳制品加工商采用无氯化学品进行清洗，并使用氯气进行水消毒，以尽量减少乳制品中的氯酸盐残留。要使这些 "最低氯酸盐技术 "达到令人满意的效果，它们必须能够提供细菌含量可接受、氯酸盐和其他氯残留物含量最低的产品。为了确定这些技术的有效性，我们在 3 个不同的牛奶加工厂的脱脂奶粉（SMP）生产链中进行了采样。在这 3 个加工点，从全脂牛奶筒仓到生产过程再到粉末产品，总共对 11 个不同批次的 SMP 进行了重复采样，共采集了 137 个样品。在对样品进行氯酸盐、高氯酸盐和三氯甲烷检测的同时，还进行了一系列微生物平板计数检测，包括细菌总数、嗜热细菌、嗜热硬质细菌以及嗜中和嗜热孢子形成细菌。在分析的 22 个 SMP 样本中，有 9 个样本检测到氯酸盐达到可报告水平（≥0.01 毫克/千克），平均氯酸盐浓度为 0.0183 毫克/千克。在分析的所有样本中，细菌无处不在，SMP 中孢子形成菌的数量从 1.30 到 2.33 log cfu/g 不等。

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引用次数: 0

Are you ready for a challenge? Personality traits influence dairy calves' responses to disease, pain, and nutritional challenges 您准备好迎接挑战了吗？性格特征影响奶牛对疾病、疼痛和营养挑战的反应。

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24514

M.M. Woodrum Setser , H.W. Neave , J.H.C. Costa

<div><div>Dairy calves routinely experience disease, pain, and nutritional stressors such as diarrhea, dehorning, and weaning early in life. These stressors lead to changes in behavioral expression that varies in magnitude between individuals, where a greater magnitude change would suggest lower resilience in individuals to a stressor. Thus, this study first aimed to quantify the individual variation in magnitude change in feeding behaviors and activity in response to a bout of diarrhea, dehorning, and weaning. The next objective was to then investigate if personality traits were related to this magnitude of behavioral response in dairy calves, and thus their resilience toward these stressors. Calves were followed with 2 precision livestock technologies (e.g., an automatic feeding system, and leg accelerometer) to track behavioral changes in response during the time when the stressors were present. The automatic feeding system provided daily measures of milk intake, drinking speed, rewarded and unrewarded visits to the milk feeding station, and calf starter intake. The leg accelerometer provided daily measures of steps, activity index, lying time, and lying bouts. At 23 ± 3 d of age, Holstein dairy calves (n = 49) were subjected to a series of standardized personality tests that exposed the calf to novelty and fear stimuli. Factors extracted from a principal component analysis on the behaviors from the personality test were interpreted as personality traits: Factor 1 (fearful), Factor 2 (active) and Factor 3 (explorative). The magnitude changes in behaviors from the precision livestock technologies were calculated relative to the behavior performed on the day the stressor occurred (i.e., day of diagnosis, day of dehorning, day weaned). Linear regression models were used to determine whether calf scores on each factor were associated with magnitude change in behavior for each of the stressor periods with day relative to the stressor included as a repeated measure. Models were run independently for the period leading up to and following each stressor. We found that calves varied in their behavioral responses to diarrhea, dehorning, and weaning stressors, despite being reared in the same environment and experiencing consistent management procedures. Additionally, personality traits measured from standardized tests were associated with both the direction and magnitude of change in behaviors around each stressor. For instance, with diarrhea, calves that were highly fearful had a greater magnitude change in milk intake and drinking speed following diagnosis than the least fearful calves. With dehorning, calves that were highly explorative had a greater magnitude change in lying time when dehorned, but a smaller magnitude change in lying bouts and drinking speed following dehorning, compared with the least explorative calves. With weaning, calves that were highly active had a smaller magnitude change in unrewarded visits leading up to and following wean

奶牛犊牛在生命早期经常会经历疾病、疼痛和营养压力，如腹泻、去角和断奶。这些应激会导致不同个体的行为表现发生变化，变化幅度越大，表明个体对应激的适应能力越低。因此，本研究首先旨在量化个体在应对腹泻、去角和断奶时在采食行为和活动方面的变化幅度。下一个目标是研究个性特征是否与奶牛犊牛的行为反应幅度有关，从而研究它们对这些压力的适应能力。犊牛使用两种精确畜牧技术（例如：自动饲喂系统（AFS）和腿部加速度计）进行跟踪，以了解犊牛在应激因素存在期间的行为反应变化。自动饲喂系统每天测量犊牛的牛奶摄入量、饮水速度、对牛奶饲喂站的奖励和未奖励访问，以及犊牛的开食量。腿部加速度计每天测量步数、活动指数、躺卧时间和躺卧次数。23±3日龄时，荷斯坦奶牛犊牛（n = 49）接受了一系列标准化性格测试，这些测试使犊牛受到新奇和恐惧刺激。从性格测试行为的主成分分析中提取的因子被用来代表性格特征：因子 1（"恐惧"）、因子 2（"活跃"）和因子 3（"探索"）。相对于应激源发生当天（即诊断当天、去角当天、断奶当天）的行为，计算了家畜精准饲养技术的行为变化幅度。利用线性回归模型来确定犊牛在每个因素上的得分是否与每个应激期的行为变化幅度相关，并将相对于应激期的天数作为重复测量值。模型在每种应激前和应激后分别独立运行。我们发现，尽管犊牛在相同的环境中饲养，并经历了一致的管理程序，但它们对腹泻、去角和断奶应激的行为反应却各不相同。此外，通过标准化测试测得的个性特征与每种应激源的行为变化方向和幅度都有关联。例如，在腹泻时，高度 "恐惧 "的犊牛在诊断后的采奶量和饮水速度的变化幅度要大于最不 "恐惧 "的犊牛。在断角时，"探索性 "强的犊牛在断角时的躺卧时间变化幅度较大，但断角后躺卧次数和饮水速度的变化幅度小于 "探索性 "弱的犊牛。断奶时，"好动 "程度高的犊牛在断奶前和断奶后的无回报探视次数的变化幅度要小于 "好动 "程度最低的犊牛。每种性格特征都与围绕每种压力源的行为变化有显著关联，但这些关联取决于压力源的类型。这些结果对每头犊牛如何经历每种应激源以及个体动物福利都有影响。

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引用次数: 0

Relative merits of offering a milk replacer, glucose-electrolyte, or whey-based diet on the blood composition and health of unweaned calves after transport 提供代乳品、葡萄糖电解质或乳清日粮对运输后未断奶犊牛的血液成分和健康的相对优点。

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24769

M.S. Cockram , H. Stryhn , A. Abdallah , S. Buczinski

<div><div>The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to assess the relative merits of offering unweaned calves 3 different types of diets to meet energy and water deficits that can occur during journeys. A total of 6 young unweaned male Holstein calves were randomly selected from within 2 body weight ranges (median 48 and 42 kg) from each of 29 loads (total n = 174 calves) transported from an auction market or a collection center to a calf sorting center before transport to a veal unit. The calves were then randomly allocated to one of 3 dietary treatments (n = 58 calves/dietary treatment). They were offered either a milk replacer diet (M), a glucose-electrolyte diet (G) or a whey-based diet with added electrolytes (W). The ability of these diets to provide sufficient nutrient energy to restore vigor, and avoid hypoglycemia and clinical signs of dehydration without increasing the risk of diarrhea was assessed. A clinical assessment of dehydration, health, and vigor was made, and the calves were blood sampled before feeding and at 2 h and 4 h after feeding. The plasma glucose concentration was increased 2 h and 4 h after feeding the M and W diets. The increases in plasma glucose concentration were greater 2 h and 4 h after (1) feeding the M than after the W diet and (2) feeding the M and W diets than after the G diet. Back-transformed means and 95% CI for the ratio of the plasma glucose concentration at 4 h compared with 0 h for the M, G, and W diets were 1.2 m<em>M</em> (CI = 1.21, 1.35), 0.95 m<em>M</em> (CI = 0.92, 0.97), and 1.09 m<em>M</em> (CI = 1.06, 1.14), respectively. We found no effect of diet on the change in serum total protein concentration between before feeding and 2 h and 4 h after feeding. The serum osmolality was lower 2 h after feeding the G diet. The fall in serum osmolality was greater 2 h after feeding the G diet than after feeding the M and W diets. The changes in the serum osmolality between before feeding and 2 h after feeding for the milk replacer, glucose-electrolytes and whey-based diets were −0.68 mOsmol (CI = −3.27, 1.91); −5.23 mOsmol (CI = −7.82, and −2.64); and −0.13 mOsmol (CI = −2.77, 2.51), respectively. The diet offered at the sorting center had no effect on subsequent growth on the veal-rearing farm between arrival and slaughter (milk replacer, 1.22 kg/d [CI = 1.17, 1.28]; glucose-electrolyte diet, 1.23 kg/d [CI = 1.18, 1.28]; whey-based diet 1.28 kg/d [CI = 1.23, 1.33]). The M diet provided the calves with nutrients and water to replace energy and water deficits that had accumulated before arrival at the sorting center, and these dietary benefits were still apparent 4 h after feeding. The benefits of the W diet were similar to those of the M diet, but the M diet was better able to assist the calves in maintaining their plasma glucose concentration 4 h after feeding than the W diet. The G diet had some short-term benefits in providing energy and assistance to the calves to recover from dehydration,

这项随机对照试验的目的是评估为未断奶犊牛提供 3 种不同类型的日粮以满足运输途中可能出现的能量和水分缺乏的相对优点。在将犊牛从拍卖市场或收集中心运往小牛分拣中心之前，从 29 批货物（共计 174 头犊牛）中的每批货物（中位数分别为 48 千克和 42 千克）的两个体重范围内随机挑选 6 头未断奶的雄性荷斯坦犊牛。然后将犊牛随机分配到 3 种饮食处理中的一种（n = 58 头犊牛/饮食处理）。这些犊牛分别食用代乳品日粮（M）、葡萄糖电解质日粮（G）或添加电解质的乳清日粮（W）。评估了这些日粮在不增加腹泻风险的情况下提供足够营养能量以恢复活力、避免低血糖和脱水临床症状的能力。对脱水、健康和活力进行临床评估，并在饲喂前、饲喂后 2 小时和 4 小时对犊牛进行血液采样。饲喂 M 日粮和 W 日粮 2 小时和 4 小时后，血浆葡萄糖浓度升高。(a)饲喂 M 型日粮后 2 小时和 4 小时，血浆葡萄糖浓度的升高幅度大于饲喂 W 型日粮后；(b)饲喂 M 型和 W 型日粮后，血浆葡萄糖浓度的升高幅度大于饲喂 G 型日粮后。代乳品日粮、葡萄糖电解质日粮和乳清日粮 4 小时后血浆葡萄糖浓度与 0 小时后血浆葡萄糖浓度之比，经反向转换后的平均值和 95% 置信区间（CI）分别为 1.2 mM CI 1.21，1.35；0.95 mM CI 0.92，0.97；1.09 mM CI 1.06，1.14。喂食前与喂食后 2 和 4 小时之间的血清总蛋白浓度变化不受饮食影响。饲喂 G 日粮 2 小时后，血清渗透压降低。饲喂 G 型日粮 2 小时后血清渗透压的下降幅度大于饲喂 M 型和 W 型日粮。代乳品、葡萄糖-电解质和乳清日粮的血清渗透压在饲喂前和饲喂后 2 小时之间的变化分别为-0.68 mosmol CI -3.27、1.91；-5.23 mosmol CI -7.82和-2.64；-0.13 mosmol CI -2.77、2.51。分选中心提供的日粮对小牛从抵达到屠宰期间在饲养场的后续生长没有影响（代乳粉 1.22 kg/d，CI 1.17，1.28；葡萄糖电解质日粮 1.23 kg/d，CI 1.18，1.28）。CI 1.18，1.28；乳清日粮 1.28 kg/d，CI 1.23，1.33）。M 型日粮为犊牛提供了营养和水分，以补充犊牛在到达分拣中心前积累的能量和水分不足，这些日粮的益处在饲喂 4 小时后仍然明显。W 日粮的益处与 M 日粮相似，但 M 日粮比 W 日粮更能帮助犊牛在饲喂 4 小时后维持血浆葡萄糖浓度。G 型日粮在提供能量和帮助犊牛从脱水中恢复方面有一些短期益处，这体现在血清渗透压的降低上。然而，在提供足够的能量以帮助犊牛从运输和禁食的影响中恢复过来方面，G 日粮明显不如 M 日粮和 W 日粮。在饲喂后的 4 小时内，没有观察到 M 日粮或 W 日粮对犊牛有任何不利影响。W 型日粮在补充能量和水分不足方面的优势与 M 型日粮相似，但 M 型日粮比 W 型日粮更能帮助犊牛在饲喂 4 小时后维持血糖浓度。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of milk adulteration by means of a potentiometric electronic tongue 利用电位电子舌分析牛奶掺假。

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25140

C. Perez-Gonzalez , C. Garcia-Hernandez , C. Garcia-Cabezon , M.L. Rodriguez-Mendez , L. Dias , F. Martin-Pedrosa

Milk adulteration presents substantial challenges in the food industry, prompting the need for efficient detection methods. This study introduces a potentiometric electronic tongue for rapid and accurate detection of milk adulteration. Using polymeric membranes with various integrated additives, the electronic tongue distinguished between different milk types and detected common adulterants. Experimental results demonstrated its effectiveness in discriminating raw, pasteurized, and medicated cow milk, as well as goat milk. Moreover, it successfully identified adulterants, such as water and cow milk, in goat milk samples. Chemometric analyses, including principal component analysis and partial least squares regression, correlated sensor responses with traditional milk parameters such as fat, protein, and lactose content with an R² of up to 0.97 on the validation step. Strong correlations validated the electronic tongue's potential for rapid milk quality assessment. This innovative approach offers a cost-effective, reliable solution for detecting milk adulteration in contrast to current techniques that require numerous time-consuming experiments.

牛奶掺假给食品行业带来了巨大挑战，因此需要高效的检测方法。本研究介绍了一种用于快速准确检测牛奶掺假的电位电子舌。电子舌利用集成了各种添加剂的聚合物膜，区分不同类型的牛奶并检测常见的掺假物质。实验结果表明，它能有效区分生牛奶、巴氏杀菌牛奶、药用牛奶以及山羊奶。此外，它还能成功识别羊奶样品中的水和牛乳等掺假物。化学计量分析（包括主成分分析和偏最小二乘法回归）将传感器响应与脂肪、蛋白质和乳糖含量等传统牛奶参数相关联，验证步骤的 R2 值高达 0.97。强烈的相关性验证了电子舌在快速牛奶质量评估方面的潜力。与目前需要大量耗时实验的技术相比，这种创新方法为检测牛奶掺假提供了一种经济、可靠的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Ultrafiltration: Effect of process temperature (7°C and 50°C) on process performance and protein beverage physical, chemical, and sensory properties 超滤：工艺温度（7 和 50°C）对工艺性能和蛋白饮料物理、化学和感官特性的影响。

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24396

T. Truong , A.J. Hernandez , D.M. Barbano , M.A. Drake

Our objectives were to determine the effect of UF of skim milk at 7°C and 50°C on UF processing, lactose removal, mineral partitioning, and skim milk retentate physical, chemical, and sensory properties at 3 (3.4%, 7.5%, and 10.5%) protein concentration with 2 different heat processing treatments (HTST pasteurization and autoclave). Pasteurized skim milk was split into 2 portions, and the 7°C UF processing run was done on one day and the 50°C UF processing run was done on the next day. Skim milk was UF and diafiltered at 7°C and 50°C, and as permeate was removed, deionized water at 7°C or 50°C was added in an equal amount by weight, as permeate was removed to maintain constant protein concentration in the retentate during UF until 98% or more of lactose, and low-molecular-weight soluble milk components were removed. All skim milk-based beverage bases from the 7°C and 50°C UF of skim milk were HTST (78°C for 15 s) processed or autoclaved (116°C for 6 min). The physical, chemical, and sensory properties of all treatments were measured. This process was replicated twice with a new batch of pasteurized skim milk in a different week with the 7°C and 50°C UF processing runs done in reverse order. Overall, lactose-free skim milk at 3.4%, 7.5%, and 10.5% protein produced by UF with diafiltration (DF), was more bland, more white, and less heat stable (i.e., stable to retorting but not direct steam injection at 142°C for 2–3 s) than skim milk, based on both sensory scores and instrumental measures. A 98% to 99% removal of lactose from skim milk was achieved (final lactose concentration <0.06 g/100g) with a diafiltration ratio of water to milk of about 4 to 1 was used at both 7°C and 50°C. The processing time to achieve that lactose removal from the same starting weight of milk was about twice as long when filtering at 7°C than 50°C because of the lower flux (23 vs. 48 kg/m² per hour). The continuous DF at constant protein concentration maintained constant flux for a processing time of 4 and 8 h at 50°C and 7°C, respectively. The final freezing point of the lactose and soluble mineral reduced milk was close to that of water (−0.015°C vs. −0.525°C for skim milk) and the pH of the lactose-free milk at 20°C increased from about 6.5 for skim to about 7.33 and 7.46 for UF with continuous DF of skim milk at 7°C and 50°C, respectively. Removal of compounds that absorb light (in the range of 360 to 500 nm) from milk in the permeate, increased light reflectance and whiteness and decreased yellowness relative to the starting skim milk.

我们的目标是确定脱脂牛奶在 7°C 和 50°C 的超滤温度下，在 3 种（3.4%、7.5% 和 10.5%）蛋白质浓度和 2 种不同的热处理方法（高温短时间（HTST）巴氏杀菌法和高压灭菌法）下，超滤（UF）对 UF 处理、乳糖去除、矿物质分配以及脱脂牛奶回流液的物理、化学和感官特性的影响。巴氏杀菌脱脂牛奶分成两份，一天进行 7°C 超滤处理，第二天进行 50°C 超滤处理。脱脂乳在 7℃和 50℃下进行超滤和重滤，在去除渗透物时，加入与去除渗透物重量等量的 7℃或 50℃去离子水，以便在超滤过程中保持回流液中蛋白质浓度恒定，直至去除 98% 或更多的乳糖和低分子量可溶性乳成分。将脱脂乳在 7℃和 50℃超滤的所有脱脂乳基质饮料进行高温热处理（78℃，15 秒）或高压灭菌（116℃，6 分钟）。对所有处理的物理、化学和感官特性进行了测量。在不同的一周内，用一批新的巴氏杀菌脱脂牛奶重复两次这一过程，7°C 和 50°C UF 处理运行的顺序相反。总的来说，根据感官评分和仪器测量，用 DF 超滤法生产的蛋白质含量为 3.4%、7.5% 和 10.5%的无乳糖脱脂牛奶比脱脂牛奶更淡、更白，热稳定性更差（即对蒸馏稳定，但对 142°C 直接蒸汽喷射 2 至 3 秒不稳定）。脱脂乳中乳糖的去除率达到 98% 至 99%（最终乳糖浓度为 2/h）。在蛋白质浓度恒定的情况下，连续 DF 在 50 和 7°C 的温度下分别保持了 4 和 8 小时的恒定通量。乳糖和可溶性矿物质还原奶的最终凝固点接近于水（-0.015°C，而脱脂奶为-0.525°C），20°C时无乳糖牛奶的pH值从脱脂奶的约6.5升高到7°C和50°C时UF/DF脱脂奶的约7.33和7.46。相对于起始的脱脂奶，从渗透物中去除牛奶中吸收光（360 至 500 纳米范围内）的化合物，提高了光反射率和白度，降低了黄度。

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引用次数: 0

Prolactin upregulates amino acid uptake in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells via LAT1 催乳素通过 LAT1 上调奶牛乳腺上皮细胞对氨基酸的吸收。

IF 3.7 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal of Dairy Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24746

Xiaoming Hou , Shuyuan Song , Ziru Xu , Ying Shi , Yang Yang , Li Zhang , Yingjun Cui , Chunmei Wang , Ye Lin

The uptake of AA in mammary tissues is affected by prolactin (PRL). To investigate whether PRL-induced AA uptake is involved in l-type AA transporter 1 (LAT1), we analyzed the changes of AA in the medium of dairy cow mammary epithelial cells in the presence of PRL or PRL plus heptanecarboxylic acid (BCH), an inhibitor of LAT1. Then Western blot and luciferase assay were used to detect the regulation mechanism of PRL on LAT1 expression and function. Our results showed that Thr, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Lys, Phe, and His are LAT1 substrates and could be transported into mammary epithelial cells via LAT1. PRL stimulation increased the uptake of most AA into mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows, however, inhibition of LAT1 transport activity reduced PRL-induced AA uptake, suggesting that the effect of PRL on AA transport depends on LAT1 expression and function. PRL stimulation upregulated LAT1 expression and plasma membrane location not only in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells, but also in mouse mammary epithelial cell line HC11. Western blot showed that PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling could be activated in PRL-stimulated mammary epithelial cells. Treatment of cells with LY294002 decreased PI3K-AKT-mTOR activation, as well as LAT1 expression, that in turn decreased milk protein synthesis. Luciferase assay showed PRL treatment increased the promoter activity of LAT1 promoter fragment −419 to −86 bp. Treatment of cells with LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K, or SC79, an activator of AKT abolished or promoted the transcriptional activity of this promoter fragment in the presence of PRL. These results suggested that the −419 to −86 bp fragment of LAT1 promoter mediates the action of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling on LAT1 transcription in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows, which in turn increased LAT1 expression and AA uptake.

乳腺组织对 AA 的吸收受催乳素（PRL）的影响。为了研究PRL诱导的AA摄取是否与L型AA转运体1（LAT1）有关，我们分析了在PRL或PRL加LAT1抑制剂BCH存在下奶牛乳腺上皮细胞培养基中AA的变化。然后采用Western印迹和荧光素酶分析法检测PRL对LAT1表达和功能的调控机制。结果表明，Thr、Val、Met、Ile、Leu、Tyr、Lys、Phe和His是LAT1底物，可通过LAT1转运到乳腺上皮细胞。PRL刺激增加了奶牛乳腺上皮细胞对大多数AA的吸收，然而抑制LAT1转运活性会降低PRL诱导的AA吸收，这表明PRL对AA转运的影响取决于LAT1的表达和功能。PRL刺激不仅上调了LAT1在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中的表达和质膜位置，也上调了小鼠乳腺上皮细胞系HC11中的表达和质膜位置。Western 印迹显示，PI3K-AKT-mTOR 信号在 PRL 刺激的乳腺上皮细胞中被激活。用 LY294002 处理细胞可减少 PI3K-AKT-mTOR 的激活以及 LAT1 的表达，从而减少牛奶蛋白质的合成。荧光素酶检测显示，PRL 处理增加了 LAT1 启动子片段-419∼-86 bp 的启动子活性。用 PI3K 抑制剂 LY294002 或 AKT 激活剂 SC79 处理细胞后，在 PRL 存在的情况下，该启动子片段的转录活性消失或增强。这些结果表明，LAT1启动子的-419∼-86 bp片段介导了PI3K-AKT-mTOR信号对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中LAT1转录的作用，进而增加了LAT1的表达和AA的吸收。

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