The lack of fat in yogurt can lead to alterations in taste and whey separation, reducing consumer acceptance. In this study, the feasibility of enhancing the quality of skim milk yogurt through a combination of transglutaminase (TG) and protein-glutaminase (PG) was investigated. The combination of TG and PG resulted in simultaneous cross-linking and deamidation of CN micelles, with PG deamidation taking priority over TG cross-linking, leading to higher solubility and lower turbidity of milk proteins compared with TG alone. When 0.06 U/mL TG and 0.03 U/mL PG were added, firmness and viscosity indexes significantly increased by 38.26% and 78.59%, respectively, as compared with the control. Microscopic images revealed increased cross-linking with CN and filling of cavities by smaller submicelles in the combination of TG and PG treatment. Furthermore, the combination of TG and PG resolved issues of rough taste and whey separation, leading to improved overall liking. This study highlights the benefits of using both enzymes in dairy production and has important implications for future research.
{"title":"Optimizing skim milk yogurt properties: Combined impact of transglutaminase and protein-glutaminase","authors":"Jiajing Wu , Deming Jiang , Ouyang Wei, Junjie Xiong, Tian Dai, Zhongyi Chang, Yanning Niu, Caifeng Jia, Chunjing Zou, Mingfei Jin, Jing Huang, Hongliang Gao","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-24916","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-24916","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lack of fat in yogurt can lead to alterations in taste and whey separation, reducing consumer acceptance. In this study, the feasibility of enhancing the quality of skim milk yogurt through a combination of transglutaminase (TG) and protein-glutaminase (PG) was investigated. The combination of TG and PG resulted in simultaneous cross-linking and deamidation of CN micelles, with PG deamidation taking priority over TG cross-linking, leading to higher solubility and lower turbidity of milk proteins compared with TG alone. When 0.06 U/mL TG and 0.03 U/mL PG were added, firmness and viscosity indexes significantly increased by 38.26% and 78.59%, respectively, as compared with the control. Microscopic images revealed increased cross-linking with CN and filling of cavities by smaller submicelles in the combination of TG and PG treatment. Furthermore, the combination of TG and PG resolved issues of rough taste and whey separation, leading to improved overall liking. This study highlights the benefits of using both enzymes in dairy production and has important implications for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9087-9099"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141615492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Eghtedari , A. Khezri , M. Kazemi-Bonchenari , M. Yazdanyar , M. Mohammadabadi , S.E. Mahani , M.H. Ghaffari
Corn grain with a high phosphorus (P) content (mainly in the form of phytate-P) may need to be processed to improve the digestibility of nutrients for young calves. Processing corn grains can improve the accessibility of phytate-P to the rumen enzymes and increase the bioavailability of P, which benefits the growth and development of calves. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding starter diets with steam-flaked corn (SFC) compared with ground corn (GC) with 2 P contents of 0.4% and 0.7% DM basis on intake, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and urinary purine derivatives (PD) in dairy calves. A total of 48 female Holstein dairy calves (3 d old; average initial weight 39.7 ± 3.9 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (12 calves/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The treatment groups were: (1) a starter diet of GC with 0.4% P (GC-0.4P); (2) a starter diet of GC with 0.7% P (GC-0.7P); (3) a starter diet of SFC with 0.4% P (SFC-0.4P); (4) a starter diet of SFC with 0.7% P (SFC-0.7P). Calves received 6 L/d of transition milk on d 2 to 3 and 5 L/d of whole milk on d 4 to 30, which was increased to 7 L/d on d 31 to 45, then decreased to 5 L/d on d 46 to 60 and reduced to a single feeding of 2 L on d 61 to 62. All calves had free access to starter feed and water. All calves were weaned on d 63 and remained in the study until d 83. Rumen fluid samples were collected on d 38 (preweaning) and d 76 (postweaning). Blood samples were collected on d 40 and 80 and urine samples were collected on 4 consecutive days from d 79 to 82 to analyze urinary excretion of PD. The phytate-P content ranged from 0.23 to 0.17 for GC and SFC, respectively. In particular, the interaction between corn processing method and P content showed that the SFC-0.7P diets had a greater intake of starter feed during the pre- and postweaning periods compared with the other experimental groups. In addition, calves fed the SFC-0.7P diet had greater ADG, BW, withers height at weaning, better OM digestibility, higher blood BHB levels, and higher microbial protein synthesis compared with all other groups. Feeding the SFC diet also resulted in improved feed efficiency, improved P digestibility, and a tendency toward a lower rumen pH, albeit with a tendency toward an increase in blood glucose concentration during the preweaning period. In addition, the inclusion of 0.7% P to the starter diet resulted in increased fiber digestibility and a slight improvement in growth performance, which was particularly evident in hip height. Overall, the inclusion of SFC in the calf starter diet, especially in combination with a 0.7% DM basis P supplement, improved growth performance and nutrient utilization in dairy calves compared with GC.
{"title":"Effects of corn grain processing and phosphorus content in calf starters on intake, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, and urinary purine derivatives","authors":"M. Eghtedari , A. Khezri , M. Kazemi-Bonchenari , M. Yazdanyar , M. Mohammadabadi , S.E. Mahani , M.H. Ghaffari","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25079","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-25079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Corn grain with a high phosphorus (P) content (mainly in the form of phytate-P) may need to be processed to improve the digestibility of nutrients for young calves. Processing corn grains can improve the accessibility of phytate-P to the rumen enzymes and increase the bioavailability of P, which benefits the growth and development of calves. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding starter diets with steam-flaked corn (SFC) compared with ground corn (GC) with 2 P contents of 0.4% and 0.7% DM basis on intake, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and urinary purine derivatives (PD) in dairy calves. A total of 48 female Holstein dairy calves (3 d old; average initial weight 39.7 ± 3.9 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (12 calves/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The treatment groups were: (1) a starter diet of GC with 0.4% P (GC-0.4P); (2) a starter diet of GC with 0.7% P (GC-0.7P); (3) a starter diet of SFC with 0.4% P (SFC-0.4P); (4) a starter diet of SFC with 0.7% P (SFC-0.7P). Calves received 6 L/d of transition milk on d 2 to 3 and 5 L/d of whole milk on d 4 to 30, which was increased to 7 L/d on d 31 to 45, then decreased to 5 L/d on d 46 to 60 and reduced to a single feeding of 2 L on d 61 to 62. All calves had free access to starter feed and water. All calves were weaned on d 63 and remained in the study until d 83. Rumen fluid samples were collected on d 38 (preweaning) and d 76 (postweaning). Blood samples were collected on d 40 and 80 and urine samples were collected on 4 consecutive days from d 79 to 82 to analyze urinary excretion of PD. The phytate-P content ranged from 0.23 to 0.17 for GC and SFC, respectively. In particular, the interaction between corn processing method and P content showed that the SFC-0.7P diets had a greater intake of starter feed during the pre- and postweaning periods compared with the other experimental groups. In addition, calves fed the SFC-0.7P diet had greater ADG, BW, withers height at weaning, better OM digestibility, higher blood BHB levels, and higher microbial protein synthesis compared with all other groups. Feeding the SFC diet also resulted in improved feed efficiency, improved P digestibility, and a tendency toward a lower rumen pH, albeit with a tendency toward an increase in blood glucose concentration during the preweaning period. In addition, the inclusion of 0.7% P to the starter diet resulted in increased fiber digestibility and a slight improvement in growth performance, which was particularly evident in hip height. Overall, the inclusion of SFC in the calf starter diet, especially in combination with a 0.7% DM basis P supplement, improved growth performance and nutrient utilization in dairy calves compared with GC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9334-9346"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141733130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K.K. Buse , A.L. Carroll , B.J. Bradford , D. Min , K. Jagadish , P.J. Kononoff
Lower-lignin (LoL) varieties of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) have been developed in recent years and have the potential to positively affect animal performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing the proportion of LoL alfalfa hay in diets fed to lactating dairy cows. Research plots were planted with a conventional variety of alfalfa (CON; Dairyland Hybriforce 3400) and 2 LoL varieties (genetically engineered lower-lignin alfalfa [LLG], 54HVX42, and breeding-derived lower-lignin alfalfa [LLB], Aflorex HiGest 460). After harvest, the LoL varieties were blended in equal proportions for feeding. A total of 12 multiparous Jersey cows (100 ± 4 DIM) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square with 3 periods of 28 d. Cows were assigned to 3 diets containing 0% (control diet; CNTRL), 16.1% (low diet; MdLL), and 32.2% (high diet; HiLL) of the diet DM as LoL alfalfa hay, which replaced CON. The CON alfalfa had average CP, NDF, and lignin contents (DM basis) of 20.5 ± 1.15%, 42.1 ± 1.37%, and 6.81 ± 0.57%, respectively, whereas the LoL alfalfa averaged 19.8 ± 0.75%, 39.9 ± 1.56%, and 6.07 ± 0.28%, respectively. No difference was observed in DMI (20.4 ± 0.61 kg/d). No difference in milk yield was observed, averaging 31.0 ± 1.02 kg/d across treatments. Similarly, no difference was observed in ECM yield (averaging 36.2 ± 1.43 kg/d). Feed conversion (ECM/DMI) tended to increase linearly with LoL alfalfa inclusion (1.74 to 1.80 ± 0.03). No difference was observed for milk fat yield and content (1.39 ± 0.075 kg/d and 4.51 ± 0.219%) or milk protein yield and content (1.06 ± 0.041 kg/d and 3.43 ± 0.096%). Total methane production quadratically decreased from CNTRL to MdLL then increased to HiLL (441, 389, 412 ± 18.2 L/d, respectively). No differences were observed on total-tract digestibility of DM (averaging 67.2 ± 0.55%) and NDF (averaging 50.9 ± 1.56%). No difference was observed in the concentration of digestible energy, metabolizable energy, or NEL was observed averaging 2.82 ± 0.021, 2.51 ± 0.027, and 1.72 ± 0.030 Mcal/kg, respectively. Our results suggest that replacing CON alfalfa with LoL alfalfa has no effects on milk production, milk composition, or nutrient digestibility, but may improve feed efficiency.
{"title":"The effect of replacing conventional alfalfa hay with lower-lignin alfalfa hay on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and energy utilization in lactating Jersey cows","authors":"K.K. Buse , A.L. Carroll , B.J. Bradford , D. Min , K. Jagadish , P.J. Kononoff","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-24966","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-24966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lower-lignin (LoL) varieties of alfalfa (<em>Medicago sativa</em> L.) have been developed in recent years and have the potential to positively affect animal performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing the proportion of LoL alfalfa hay in diets fed to lactating dairy cows. Research plots were planted with a conventional variety of alfalfa (CON; Dairyland Hybriforce 3400) and 2 LoL varieties (genetically engineered lower-lignin alfalfa [LLG], 54HVX42, and breeding-derived lower-lignin alfalfa [LLB], Aflorex HiGest 460). After harvest, the LoL varieties were blended in equal proportions for feeding. A total of 12 multiparous Jersey cows (100 ± 4 DIM) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square with 3 periods of 28 d. Cows were assigned to 3 diets containing 0% (control diet; CNTRL), 16.1% (low diet; MdLL), and 32.2% (high diet; HiLL) of the diet DM as LoL alfalfa hay, which replaced CON. The CON alfalfa had average CP, NDF, and lignin contents (DM basis) of 20.5 ± 1.15%, 42.1 ± 1.37%, and 6.81 ± 0.57%, respectively, whereas the LoL alfalfa averaged 19.8 ± 0.75%, 39.9 ± 1.56%, and 6.07 ± 0.28%, respectively. No difference was observed in DMI (20.4 ± 0.61 kg/d). No difference in milk yield was observed, averaging 31.0 ± 1.02 kg/d across treatments. Similarly, no difference was observed in ECM yield (averaging 36.2 ± 1.43 kg/d). Feed conversion (ECM/DMI) tended to increase linearly with LoL alfalfa inclusion (1.74 to 1.80 ± 0.03). No difference was observed for milk fat yield and content (1.39 ± 0.075 kg/d and 4.51 ± 0.219%) or milk protein yield and content (1.06 ± 0.041 kg/d and 3.43 ± 0.096%). Total methane production quadratically decreased from CNTRL to MdLL then increased to HiLL (441, 389, 412 ± 18.2 L/d, respectively). No differences were observed on total-tract digestibility of DM (averaging 67.2 ± 0.55%) and NDF (averaging 50.9 ± 1.56%). No difference was observed in the concentration of digestible energy, metabolizable energy, or NE<sub>L</sub> was observed averaging 2.82 ± 0.021, 2.51 ± 0.027, and 1.72 ± 0.030 Mcal/kg, respectively. Our results suggest that replacing CON alfalfa with LoL alfalfa has no effects on milk production, milk composition, or nutrient digestibility, but may improve feed efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9379-9389"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141786941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Longyi Ran , Jiarui Shi , Yinan Lin , Chenlin Xu , Zhengkun Han , Sen Tian , Xiaoyang Qin , Qinjin Li , Taiyu Zhang , Huiying Li , Yu Zhang
The development of new drug therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an important research topic today, but the pathogenesis of AD has not been thoroughly studied, and there are still several shortcomings in existing drug therapies. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of lactoferrin (LF) in the treatments of AD and ulcerative colitis (UC) that is susceptible to AD, starting from the principle of one drug, two diseases, and the same treatment. This study used pathological staining and specific indicator staining to preliminarily evaluate the interventions of LF on UC injury and AD progression. We also used 16s RNA full-length sequencing to investigate the effect of LF on the abundance of intestinal microbiota in AD mice. Intestinal tissue and brain tissue metabolomics analysis were then used to screen specific metabolic pathways and preliminarily verify the metabolic mechanism of LF in alleviating the 2 diseases by regulating certain specific metabolites. Moreover, LF significantly changed the types and abundance of gut microbiota in AD mice complicated by UC. To conclude, this study proved the clinical phenomenon of AD susceptibility to UC, and verified the therapeutic effect of LF on 2 diseases. More importantly, we revealed the possible molecular mechanism of LF: Not only does it enrich the cognitive level of LF in alleviating AD by regulating the gut microbiota through the brain gut axis from the perspective of the theory of food nutrition promoting human health, but it also provides a practical basis for the subsequent research and development of LF and drug validation from the perspective of drug food homology.
{"title":"Evaluation of the protective bioactivity and molecular mechanism verification of lactoferrin in an Alzheimer's mouse model with ulcerative enteritis","authors":"Longyi Ran , Jiarui Shi , Yinan Lin , Chenlin Xu , Zhengkun Han , Sen Tian , Xiaoyang Qin , Qinjin Li , Taiyu Zhang , Huiying Li , Yu Zhang","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-24206","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-24206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of new drug therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an important research topic today, but the pathogenesis of AD has not been thoroughly studied, and there are still several shortcomings in existing drug therapies. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of lactoferrin (LF) in the treatments of AD and ulcerative colitis (UC) that is susceptible to AD, starting from the principle of one drug, two diseases, and the same treatment. This study used pathological staining and specific indicator staining to preliminarily evaluate the interventions of LF on UC injury and AD progression. We also used 16s RNA full-length sequencing to investigate the effect of LF on the abundance of intestinal microbiota in AD mice. Intestinal tissue and brain tissue metabolomics analysis were then used to screen specific metabolic pathways and preliminarily verify the metabolic mechanism of LF in alleviating the 2 diseases by regulating certain specific metabolites. Moreover, LF significantly changed the types and abundance of gut microbiota in AD mice complicated by UC. To conclude, this study proved the clinical phenomenon of AD susceptibility to UC, and verified the therapeutic effect of LF on 2 diseases. More importantly, we revealed the possible molecular mechanism of LF: Not only does it enrich the cognitive level of LF in alleviating AD by regulating the gut microbiota through the brain gut axis from the perspective of the theory of food nutrition promoting human health, but it also provides a practical basis for the subsequent research and development of LF and drug validation from the perspective of drug food homology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 8796-8810"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140136141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kexin Jiang , Aolin Yang , Zheting Zhang , Kunli Xu , Huiyu Kuang , Fanyu Meng , Bei Wang
Understanding consumers' sensory preferences for dairy products is essential. This study employed sensory analysis and instrumental techniques to analyze the flavor of pasteurized milk and UHT milk. There were 6 milk samples with similar fat content (4.0–4.6 g/100 mL) and protein content (3.2–3.8 g/100 mL). Sensory data from consumer tests was collected using check-all-that-apply (n = 100) and 9-point hedonic preferences. Research showed that Chinese consumers could distinguish the flavor of the 2 types of milk, and UHT milk showed a higher preference score, which may be due to the more pronounced milky flavor and sweet taste of UHT milk. A total of 48 aroma-active compounds were sniffed through 2-dimensional gas chromatography olfactometry time-of-flight MS, among which 11 were determined as key aroma-active compounds. Correlation analysis showed that milky odor, sweetness, and aftertaste-milky were positively correlated with γ-dodecalactone and γ-nonanolactone. Cooked and oxidized taste were positively correlated with 1-octen-3-ol and E-2-octenal. This study is important for developing Chinese dairy products and exporting dairy products to China by multinational companies.
{"title":"Identification of aroma-active compounds in milk by 2-dimensional gas chromatography-olfactometry-time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with check-all-that-apply questions","authors":"Kexin Jiang , Aolin Yang , Zheting Zhang , Kunli Xu , Huiyu Kuang , Fanyu Meng , Bei Wang","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-24813","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-24813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding consumers' sensory preferences for dairy products is essential. This study employed sensory analysis and instrumental techniques to analyze the flavor of pasteurized milk and UHT milk. There were 6 milk samples with similar fat content (4.0–4.6 g/100 mL) and protein content (3.2–3.8 g/100 mL). Sensory data from consumer tests was collected using check-all-that-apply (n = 100) and 9-point hedonic preferences. Research showed that Chinese consumers could distinguish the flavor of the 2 types of milk, and UHT milk showed a higher preference score, which may be due to the more pronounced milky flavor and sweet taste of UHT milk. A total of 48 aroma-active compounds were sniffed through 2-dimensional gas chromatography olfactometry time-of-flight MS, among which 11 were determined as key aroma-active compounds. Correlation analysis showed that milky odor, sweetness, and aftertaste-milky were positively correlated with γ-dodecalactone and γ-nonanolactone. Cooked and oxidized taste were positively correlated with 1-octen-3-ol and E-2-octenal. This study is important for developing Chinese dairy products and exporting dairy products to China by multinational companies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9124-9134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><div>The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to determine whether providing a rest period to surplus calves transported for 16 h reduced the effect of long-distance transportation on health, growth, and activity after arrival to a calf-raising facility. Between September 2022 to January 2023, 6- to 24-d-old surplus calves were randomly assigned to one of 2 treatment groups: (1) continuous transportation by road for 16 h (n = 86) or (2) 8 h of transport, an 8 h rest period, then a further 8 h of transport to a single commercial calf-raising facility in Ontario, Canada (n = 84). Calves that received the rest period were fed 2 L of milk replacer at the time of unloading for the rest period and again before reloading for the second leg of transportation. Calves were weighed before and after transportation and once weekly until they left the calf-raising facility at 11 wk after arrival. Additionally, fecal consistency and respiratory health were assessed immediately before and after transportation, as well as twice daily following arrival. The odds of abnormal fecal and respiratory scores were assessed with mixed effects logistic regression models, whereas Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the hazard of treatment for diarrhea and respiratory disease. To evaluate weight loss during transportation, ADG, lying bouts, and steps, mixed linear regression models were used. Furthermore, mixed logistic regression models with repeated measures were built to assess associations with the odds of having a sunken flank and prolonged skin tent. There were no statistical differences in the odds of abnormal fecal or respiratory scores or the treatment for diarrhea between treatment groups; however, there was evidence that calves that received a rest period had a higher hazard of treatment for respiratory disease. Calves >10 d old had reduced odds of having an abnormal respiratory score and calves 13 to 24 d old had lower odds of arriving with a prolonged skin tent, lower odds of abnormal fecal score, and reduced hazard of treatment for diarrhea compared with calves that were 6 to 8 d old at transportation. During transportation, calves that received a rest period lost less weight than continuously transported calves. With respect to ADG over the 77-d study, an interaction between age at transport and treatment group was identified where calves aged 9 to 10 d old and receiving a rest period had higher ADG compared with calves that were 9 to 10 d old and not receiving a rest period. As for calf activity, calves receiving an rest period spent more time lying on the day after transportation compared with calves that were continuously transported. The results of this trial show few differences in the health and growth of calves having a rest period compared with those that underwent continuous transport. Furthermore, calves receiving a rest period may arrive more fatigued than calves that arrive at their destination in a shorter pe
{"title":"A randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of providing a rest period during long-distance transportation of surplus dairy calves: Part I. Effect on health, growth, and activity","authors":"H.M. Goetz, D.L. Renaud","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25011","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-25011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to determine whether providing a rest period to surplus calves transported for 16 h reduced the effect of long-distance transportation on health, growth, and activity after arrival to a calf-raising facility. Between September 2022 to January 2023, 6- to 24-d-old surplus calves were randomly assigned to one of 2 treatment groups: (1) continuous transportation by road for 16 h (n = 86) or (2) 8 h of transport, an 8 h rest period, then a further 8 h of transport to a single commercial calf-raising facility in Ontario, Canada (n = 84). Calves that received the rest period were fed 2 L of milk replacer at the time of unloading for the rest period and again before reloading for the second leg of transportation. Calves were weighed before and after transportation and once weekly until they left the calf-raising facility at 11 wk after arrival. Additionally, fecal consistency and respiratory health were assessed immediately before and after transportation, as well as twice daily following arrival. The odds of abnormal fecal and respiratory scores were assessed with mixed effects logistic regression models, whereas Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the hazard of treatment for diarrhea and respiratory disease. To evaluate weight loss during transportation, ADG, lying bouts, and steps, mixed linear regression models were used. Furthermore, mixed logistic regression models with repeated measures were built to assess associations with the odds of having a sunken flank and prolonged skin tent. There were no statistical differences in the odds of abnormal fecal or respiratory scores or the treatment for diarrhea between treatment groups; however, there was evidence that calves that received a rest period had a higher hazard of treatment for respiratory disease. Calves >10 d old had reduced odds of having an abnormal respiratory score and calves 13 to 24 d old had lower odds of arriving with a prolonged skin tent, lower odds of abnormal fecal score, and reduced hazard of treatment for diarrhea compared with calves that were 6 to 8 d old at transportation. During transportation, calves that received a rest period lost less weight than continuously transported calves. With respect to ADG over the 77-d study, an interaction between age at transport and treatment group was identified where calves aged 9 to 10 d old and receiving a rest period had higher ADG compared with calves that were 9 to 10 d old and not receiving a rest period. As for calf activity, calves receiving an rest period spent more time lying on the day after transportation compared with calves that were continuously transported. The results of this trial show few differences in the health and growth of calves having a rest period compared with those that underwent continuous transport. Furthermore, calves receiving a rest period may arrive more fatigued than calves that arrive at their destination in a shorter pe","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9762-9773"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141615533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Increasing studies have highlighted the significance of milk-derived extracellular vesicles (MEV) in mother-newborn integration, as well as their application as novel drug delivery systems and diagnostic biomarkers. However, conventional ultracentrifugation (UC) often results in the co-precipitation of casein micelles in MEV pellets. In this study, we compared methods with different principles to screen the optimal pretreatment in caseins removal, and found that isoelectric precipitation by hydrochloric acid (HA) could most effectively remove caseins in porcine milk. We further characterized MEV populations isolated by UC and HA/UC from diverse aspects, including particle methodology via nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), RNA and protein contents, and purity analysis. Importantly, the proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of MEV were evaluated in vitro, showing the superiority of MEV via HA/UC in functionality compared with UC. Our results suggest that HA pretreatment before ultracentrifugation could effectively remove caseins and other protein complexes, making MEV with higher purity and more significant effects in vitro. This study provides valuable insights for the advancement of MEV isolation techniques across different species and accurate function analysis of MEV.
{"title":"Assessment of isolation strategies to remove caseins for high-quality milk-derived extracellular vesicles","authors":"Hailong Wang, Yuxuan Wang, Shumeng Wang, Mingwang Ling, Junyi Luo, Jiajie Sun, Qianyun Xi, Ting Chen, Yongliang Zhang","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25162","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-25162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increasing studies have highlighted the significance of milk-derived extracellular vesicles (MEV) in mother-newborn integration, as well as their application as novel drug delivery systems and diagnostic biomarkers. However, conventional ultracentrifugation (UC) often results in the co-precipitation of casein micelles in MEV pellets. In this study, we compared methods with different principles to screen the optimal pretreatment in caseins removal, and found that isoelectric precipitation by hydrochloric acid (HA) could most effectively remove caseins in porcine milk. We further characterized MEV populations isolated by UC and HA/UC from diverse aspects, including particle methodology via nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), RNA and protein contents, and purity analysis. Importantly, the proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of MEV were evaluated in vitro, showing the superiority of MEV via HA/UC in functionality compared with UC. Our results suggest that HA pretreatment before ultracentrifugation could effectively remove caseins and other protein complexes, making MEV with higher purity and more significant effects in vitro. This study provides valuable insights for the advancement of MEV isolation techniques across different species and accurate function analysis of MEV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 8934-8946"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141733127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L.S. Hall , J.P. Edwards , K. Dale , V. Westbrooke , R.H. Bryant , B. Kuhn-Sherlock , C.R. Eastwood
The benefits of sufficient and high-quality sleep for people are well documented. Insufficient sleep increases the risk of accidents, injuries, and negative health implications for people. This is especially relevant for farmers because they work with large animals and machinery. Dairy farming often requires early start times and long days, particularly over the high-workload calving period in block-calving, pasture-based systems. However, there is little published data quantifying the sleep quantity and quality of farmers over this period. In this study, the sleep patterns of workers (n = 33) on 10 New Zealand dairy farms were measured for 90 d over the spring calving period using a sleep measuring device (Oura ring, Oura Health Ltd., Oulu, Finland). Total sleep time (TST) averaged 6 h 15 min, lower than the required 7 to 9 h for optimal wellbeing and cognitive functioning. The TST decreased over the calving period and was significantly correlated with both sleep start and wake times. Factors such as work start time, farm location, and role on farm influenced sleep quantity and quality. Further research is required to better understand sleep and its effect on dairy farmers, over both the calving period and the remaining months of the year.
{"title":"An exploration into the sleep of workers on block-calving, pasture-based dairy farms","authors":"L.S. Hall , J.P. Edwards , K. Dale , V. Westbrooke , R.H. Bryant , B. Kuhn-Sherlock , C.R. Eastwood","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-24969","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-24969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The benefits of sufficient and high-quality sleep for people are well documented. Insufficient sleep increases the risk of accidents, injuries, and negative health implications for people. This is especially relevant for farmers because they work with large animals and machinery. Dairy farming often requires early start times and long days, particularly over the high-workload calving period in block-calving, pasture-based systems. However, there is little published data quantifying the sleep quantity and quality of farmers over this period. In this study, the sleep patterns of workers (n = 33) on 10 New Zealand dairy farms were measured for 90 d over the spring calving period using a sleep measuring device (Oura ring, Oura Health Ltd., Oulu, Finland). Total sleep time (TST) averaged 6 h 15 min, lower than the required 7 to 9 h for optimal wellbeing and cognitive functioning. The TST decreased over the calving period and was significantly correlated with both sleep start and wake times. Factors such as work start time, farm location, and role on farm influenced sleep quantity and quality. Further research is required to better understand sleep and its effect on dairy farmers, over both the calving period and the remaining months of the year.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9549-9557"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141537190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jessiele Barbosa Costa, Luis Gustavo Lima Nascimento, Evandro Martins, Antônio Fernandes De Carvalho
Lactose intolerance affects ∼65% of the global adult population, leading to the demand for lactose-free products. The enzyme β-galactosidase (βG) is commonly used in the industry to produce such products, but its recovery after lactose hydrolysis is challenging. In this scenario, the study aims to encapsulate βG within capsules, varying in dimensions and wall materials, to ensure their suitability for efficient industrial recovery. The enzyme βG was encapsulated through ionic gelation using alginate and its blends with pectin, maltodextrin, starch, or whey protein as wall materials. The capsules produced underwent evaluation for encapsulation efficiency, release profiles, activity of the βG enzyme, and the decline in enzyme activity when reused over multiple cycles. Alginate at 5% wt/vol concentrations, alone or combined with polymers such as maltodextrin, starch, or whey protein, achieved encapsulation efficiencies of ∼98%, 98%, 80%, and 88%, respectively. The corresponding enzyme recovery rates were 34%, 19%, 31%, and 48%. Capsules made with an alginate-pectin blend exhibited no significant hydrolysis and maintained an encapsulation efficiency of 79%. Encapsulation with alginate alone demonstrated on poor retention of enzyme activity, showing a loss of 74% after just 4 cycles of reuse. Conversely, when alginate was mixed with starch or whey protein concentrate, the loss of enzyme activity was less than 40% after 4 reuses. These results highlight the benefits of combining encapsulation materials to improve enzyme recovery and reuse, offering potential economic advantages for the dairy industry.
{"title":"Immobilization of the β-galactosidase enzyme by encapsulation in polymeric matrices for application in the dairy industry","authors":"Jessiele Barbosa Costa, Luis Gustavo Lima Nascimento, Evandro Martins, Antônio Fernandes De Carvalho","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-24892","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-24892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lactose intolerance affects ∼65% of the global adult population, leading to the demand for lactose-free products. The enzyme β-galactosidase (βG) is commonly used in the industry to produce such products, but its recovery after lactose hydrolysis is challenging. In this scenario, the study aims to encapsulate βG within capsules, varying in dimensions and wall materials, to ensure their suitability for efficient industrial recovery. The enzyme βG was encapsulated through ionic gelation using alginate and its blends with pectin, maltodextrin, starch, or whey protein as wall materials. The capsules produced underwent evaluation for encapsulation efficiency, release profiles, activity of the βG enzyme, and the decline in enzyme activity when reused over multiple cycles. Alginate at 5% wt/vol concentrations, alone or combined with polymers such as maltodextrin, starch, or whey protein, achieved encapsulation efficiencies of ∼98%, 98%, 80%, and 88%, respectively. The corresponding enzyme recovery rates were 34%, 19%, 31%, and 48%. Capsules made with an alginate-pectin blend exhibited no significant hydrolysis and maintained an encapsulation efficiency of 79%. Encapsulation with alginate alone demonstrated on poor retention of enzyme activity, showing a loss of 74% after just 4 cycles of reuse. Conversely, when alginate was mixed with starch or whey protein concentrate, the loss of enzyme activity was less than 40% after 4 reuses. These results highlight the benefits of combining encapsulation materials to improve enzyme recovery and reuse, offering potential economic advantages for the dairy industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9100-9109"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141733134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Soyeurt , S. Franceschini , M. Bahadi , J. Leblois , Y. Brostaux , F. Dehareng , M. Frizzarin , K. Tiplady , L. Dale , C. Nickmilder
The advantage of employing mid-infrared spectrometry for milk analysis in breeding lies in its ability to quickly generate millions of records. However, these records may be biased if the calibration process does not account for their spectral variability when constructing the predictive model. Therefore, this study introduces a novel method for developing a world representative spectral database (WRSD) to reduce the risks of spectral extrapolation when predicting dairy traits in new samples. Using a 2-phase selection procedure that is both efficient and minimizes memory usage, we first generate a decomposition matrix via principal component analysis (PCA) on a dataset of 2,324,443 records. The next phase iterates spectral selection based on a location index from PCA scores, calculating spectra occurrence frequency for refined barycenter estimations. The chosen spectra's barycenter closely aligns with the entire dataset, proving the efficacy of using just 3 principal components. Applied to 4 varied datasets totaling over 21 million records, we select 583,440 spectra to represent spectral diversity, with selection rates between 2.00% and 14.88%. This selection illustrates the spectral variability across different dairy populations and data providers. Demonstrated through a hypothetical calibration set of 71 samples, the WRSD's utility for algorithm developers becomes apparent. This calibration set covers between 91.42% and 98.50% of the WRSD variability, except for the Irish dataset (3.50%), indicating a need for additional samples to accurately represent Irish variability and minimize spectral extrapolation. This study offers valuable insights into the representativeness of training sets for capturing spectral variability within targeted dairy populations. Although the current WRSD does not fully encompass global milk spectral diversity, its development underscores the importance of gathering more data and standardizing spectral information across spectrometer brands. Ultimately, the WRSD proves crucial not just for trait prediction but also for identifying abnormal milk samples, also marking a significant relevance in dairy science technology.
{"title":"Rapid selection of milk mid-infrared spectra for creating a dairy cow population world representative spectral database","authors":"H. Soyeurt , S. Franceschini , M. Bahadi , J. Leblois , Y. Brostaux , F. Dehareng , M. Frizzarin , K. Tiplady , L. Dale , C. Nickmilder","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-24911","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2024-24911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advantage of employing mid-infrared spectrometry for milk analysis in breeding lies in its ability to quickly generate millions of records. However, these records may be biased if the calibration process does not account for their spectral variability when constructing the predictive model. Therefore, this study introduces a novel method for developing a world representative spectral database (WRSD) to reduce the risks of spectral extrapolation when predicting dairy traits in new samples. Using a 2-phase selection procedure that is both efficient and minimizes memory usage, we first generate a decomposition matrix via principal component analysis (PCA) on a dataset of 2,324,443 records. The next phase iterates spectral selection based on a location index from PCA scores, calculating spectra occurrence frequency for refined barycenter estimations. The chosen spectra's barycenter closely aligns with the entire dataset, proving the efficacy of using just 3 principal components. Applied to 4 varied datasets totaling over 21 million records, we select 583,440 spectra to represent spectral diversity, with selection rates between 2.00% and 14.88%. This selection illustrates the spectral variability across different dairy populations and data providers. Demonstrated through a hypothetical calibration set of 71 samples, the WRSD's utility for algorithm developers becomes apparent. This calibration set covers between 91.42% and 98.50% of the WRSD variability, except for the Irish dataset (3.50%), indicating a need for additional samples to accurately represent Irish variability and minimize spectral extrapolation. This study offers valuable insights into the representativeness of training sets for capturing spectral variability within targeted dairy populations. Although the current WRSD does not fully encompass global milk spectral diversity, its development underscores the importance of gathering more data and standardizing spectral information across spectrometer brands. Ultimately, the WRSD proves crucial not just for trait prediction but also for identifying abnormal milk samples, also marking a significant relevance in dairy science technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"107 11","pages":"Pages 9572-9581"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141733098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号