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The Brassica genus includes three diploid species and three amphidiploid species which were formed by the hybridization and genome duplication between pairs of the three diploid species. The evolution process of Brassica species has been used as a classic case to explain the mechanism of speciation and chromosome number variation in undergraduate genetics teaching. In this study, the authors designed a comprehensive experiment using Brassica plants as the experimental teaching material of genetics. The experimental system includes morphological observation, chromosome observation, and analysis of chromosome ploidy and karyotype. This experimental system includes experiments from macro to micro, will help students to understand the relationship between chromosome ploidy and speciation, and will help them to master the theory of polyploid formation and its application in breeding practice.

The number of tillers, the number of grains per panicle and the weight of grains, which are interrelated, mutually restricted and mutually compensated. In addition, they mainly determine the grain yield per plant in rice; especially panicle number and grain number per panicle have a large negative correlation, so high yield can be obtained only in the case of coordinated development of all factors. Nevertheless, many of the modes that regulate rice grain number and grain size remain unexplained and require further study, owing to the complex regulatory modes within and among the pathways. In this study, two mutants of grain number have been identified in the background of KY131 (Kongyu131, an excellent japonica rice variety in Northeast of China) by EMS mutagens, named as hry1-1 (height, reduced tiller, yield 1-1) and hry1-2. Compared with the wild type, the hry1-1 and hry1-2 mutants have excellent agronomic traits, including the plant height, yield per plant, panicle length, number of grains per spike, grain length, grain width and grain thickness, while significantly decreased the number of tillers. Genetic analysis showed that hry1-1 and hry1-2 were allelic mutants or the same mutant, and the mutation in a recessive nuclear gene caused their phenotypes. The results of MutMap analysis based on resequencing and map cloning showed that the HRY1 was located in the 576 kb physical interval between M33 and M28 markers on chromosome 1 in rice. Cytological analysis of young panicle and glume epidermis in hry1 mutants indicated that hry1 mutant have higher cell division frequency and cell size during differentiation of young panicle. In addition, the hry1 mutants have significantly higher the expression levels of cyclin-related genes CycAs, CycBs, CycDs and CDKs than wild type, suggesting that HRY1 may be involved in panicle development and yield formation by regulating cell division in rice. In summary, HRY1 gene plays an important role in the regulation of the differentiation and development of panicle, which will provide a new idea for molecular design breeding to improve high and stable yield in rice.

C. elegans is one of the most important model organisms in biological research, exhibiting distinct preferences for bacterial food sources in natural environments. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus(Ac) is a widely distributed Gram-negative bacterium commonly found in moist habitats. This study investigates the feeding preferences, pharyngeal pumping rates, body fat content, lifespan, and gene expression differences of C. elegans when fed different bacterial food sources. The results reveal that feeding on Ac induces lipid metabolism changes, leading to altered feeding preferences. Transcriptomic analysis was performed to compare the gene expression profiles of C. elegans fed on Escherichia coli OP50 and Ac, offers a novel perspective on the mechanisms underlying C. elegans microbe interactions.

The 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) are a component of eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and located at their 3'-most ends. 3'UTRs play crucial roles in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, regulating cleavage and polyadenylation, mRNA stability, mRNA translation and localization. With deepening research of the 3'UTRs, and with advent of various omics methods, a few unexpected functions of the eukaryotic 3'UTRs have been uncovered. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the study of 3'UTRs and propose the future research directions for studying the roles and mechanisms of the 3'UTRs, with the aim to provide a better reference for comprehensively investigating gene function and regulation.

The management of human genetic resources constitutes a critical part of the national biosafety system. Its importance increasingly underscored by rapid development in biotechnology. After years of efforts, China has established a relatively comprehensive management system in areas such as legal infrastructure, regulatory mechanisms, and the conservation and utilization of human genetic resources. Nevertheless, facing the new demands of industry development in the new era and new situation, China still encounters numerous problems in the management of human genetic resources, such as less effective protection, inadequate rational utilization, a shortage of specialized personnel, and insufficient regulatory capabilities. To address these problems, this article systematically reviews the development of China's human genetic resources management system, analyzes the current main risks and challenges, and proposes targeted policy recommendations to harmonize development with safety imperatives, thereby facilitating the effective conservation and sustainable utilization of human genetic resources in China.

Eicosanoids are synthesized from arachidonic acid, which are oxygenated metabolites of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids through cyclooxygenases (COXs) or lipoxygenases (LOXs). Eicosanoids include prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and leukotrienes (LTs), etc. Eicosanoids mediate a number of physiological processes in insects, such as Malpighian tubule and ovary development, or immune response. They play the important roles in regulating cellular immune processes to clear bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses by hemocytes and the humoral immune pathways. In this review, we summarize the pathways of eicosanoids synthesis, different types of insect immune response and relationship between eicosanoids and humoral immune system. Understanding the role of eicosanoids in insect immune system, and key enzymes or inhibitors in the pathway of eicosanoids synthesis, will provide theoretical guide for the research in pathogen and insects interaction.

Protein-protein interactions are essential to almost all biological processes within cells. In recent years, proximity labeling technology has emerged as a cutting-edge approach for studying protein interactions and subcellular compartment proteomics. This technique enables labeling and capture of neighboring proteins by introducing chemical tags in the vicinity of a target protein. When combined with mass spectrometry, proximity labeling facilitates the effective identification of protein-protein interactions and proteomic landscapes of subcellular compartments with high spatiotemporal resolution. Compared to traditional methods, proximity labeling offers superior resolution, sensitivity, and real-time tracking capabilities，making it a powerful tool for investigating protein functions, interactions, and spatial proteomics within cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the principles, classifications, and applications of proximity labeling technology, aiming to offer researchers valuable insights into this innovative methodology and to promote its broader application in cell biology, proteomics, and the study of disease mechanisms.

Grain size is one of the components that determine the rice yield. Exploring more key genes that regulating grain size and analyzing their molecular mechanisms are of great importance for precision breeding of rice. In this study, we screened a mutant nlg1(narrow and long grain 1) with narrow and long grains by mutagenizing the japonica rice variety ZH11 with EMS. Observation and statistical analysis of the outer surface of the mature glume of nlg1 by scanning electron microscopy revealed an increased number of longitudinal cells and a decreased number of transverse cells, along with a reduction in the width of transverse cells. These findings suggest that NLG1 may regulate grain size by simultaneously influencing the proliferation and expansion of lemma cells. The candidate gene was cloned by genome resequencing combined with MutMap analysis method. The results showed that the candidate gene of LOC_Os09g27590 was the previous reported gene, GS9, which encodes a protein with unknown domains. In the nlg1 mutant, a base C was inserted in the first exon of the candidate gene of LOC_Os09g27590, causing a frameshift mutation that leads to premature termination of protein translation. Further genetic complementation experiments showed that NLG1 rescued the phenotype of the nlg1 mutant. Therefore, this study identifies a novel GS9 allele mutation, and further dissection of its molecular regulatory networks in grain size control can provides a theoretical support and genetic resources for precise rice breeding.

Due to the universality of human patrilineal societies, strict adherence to the patrilineal inheritance law, and a relatively fast mutation rate (about one new branch every 70 years), the non-recombining region of the human Y-chromosome (NRY) can rapidly accumulate specific patrilineal branches that are specific to certain region, population, family, and family branch, making the Y-chromosome one of the powerful tools for studying the evolutionary history of human populations. However, early studies typically only included a limited number of SNP loci, and the classification systems in different articles varied, resulting in insufficient resolution for the evolutionary process of populations. Since 2015, with the rapid accumulation of whole-genome sequence data, the resolution of the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree at the population level has approached its limit. In this study, we analyze the relevant research on the human Y chromosome in the past 30 years. Based on the currently highly detailed data, we identify 50 major patrilineal types or founder patrilineal types that are directly related to the origin and evolution of 16 population groups in eastern Eurasia. Furthermore, we construct a 30-100 classification system that is compatible with the diverse traditional classification systems in the past 30 years and the current most detailed phylogenies. This system takes into account both the macroscopic genetic structure of eastern Eurasian populations over a timescale of tens of thousands of years and the specific lineages directly related to the several-thousand-year history of modern ethnic groups, laying the foundation for more precise studies of the evolutionary process of ancient and modern populations in the future.

Vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, serves as the last-resort treatment for infections caused by methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), and Clostridium difficile. However, the emergence of various vancomycin-resistant bacterial strains worldwide poses a significant challenge to clinical therapy. Adopting the "One Health" concept, we mainly present the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant bacteria over the past decade from 40 human, animal, environmental, and food sources across various regions, both domestically and internationally. The statistical results indicate that vancomycin-resistant bacteria are primarily concentrated in hospitals and their surrounding environments. The prevalence of resistant bacteria in hospital wastewater in South Africa reaches as high as 96.77%, followed by Pakistan and China's Taiwan region, where the resistance rates are 56.5% and 29.02%, respectively. The vancomycin average resistance rate in domestic human-source bacteria (1.41%) is overall higher than that in international human-source bacteria (0.47%). The prevalence of resistant bacteria in pediatric patients across various regions is relatively low (<1%). It is worth noting that although the use of vancomycin is prohibited in livestock farming, vancomycin- resistant bacteria can still be detected in livestock, related products and environment, posing a potential threat to human health. Based on the statistical analysis results, we summarize several common vancomycin resistance mechanisms and the transmission mechanisms, and clarify the differences in the prevalence of resistant bacteria across the "human-animal-food-environment" interface for further analyzing the distribution and transmission risks of vancomycin-resistant bacteria in different hosts worldwide. This review can also provide references for the prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance.