Breastfeeding Review最新文献

Wet-nursing was an essential practice that allowed for infant survival after many mothers died in childbirth. The story of wet-nursing is complicated by both religious pressures and cultural expectations of women. It is likely that these historical practices have shaped our current social, political and legislative environments regarding breastfeeding. The aim of this article is to provide a historical perspective on the practice of wet-nursing, with a focus on: 1) social views of wet nurses, 2) breastmilk evaluation and 3) the ideal wet nurse. Historical perspectives from Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and Rome, 19th and 20th century America and current practices are examined. An appreciation for the evolution of breastmilk sharing provides clinicians and lactation advocates with the historical origins which provided the template for current practice as it relates to donor milk, breastfeeding culture and relevant legislation.

... it was horrible - a difficult, painful and agonizing process. ... Nothing I tried made it anything but torture. Finally, my son got a mouthful of blood, and I gave up. I felt like a failure. It added to my depression, made me question my ability to mother, and caused my infant to lose too much weight. (The American Dietetic Association's) position paper has no loopholes for us 'failures', no compassion for those of us too poor to rent an electric pump ... Could you please let us off the hook? (Saban, 2002, p. 24) I can't say what a devastating experience failing to breastfeed Bianca was for me. I was left feeling like I'd failed her as a mother, and even as a woman. I found it difficult to talk about, and was loath to bottle feed Bianca in public.

Many cultures around the world routinely practise bedsharing by the mother-infant dyad. Bedsharing in these cultures is believed to ensure a safe and comfortable night's sleep for both mother and infant, as well as supporting breastfeeding. Nonetheless, this practice is at odds with dominant Western cultural ideals about child rearing and is recommended against by public health campaigns regarding SIDS. The current qualitative study aimed to explore the lived experiences of breastfeeding mothers who bed-shared with their infants in a Western cultural setting. In-depth interviews were conducted with six multiparous mothers and were analysed using a phenomenological framework. Seven themes were identified, including mothers' increased sleep quality and/or quantity, easier infant settling and a strong relationship with breastfeeding ease and duration. Given that many mothers bed-share, public policies need to be inclusive of this practice in order to lessen the likelihood of unsafe bedsharing practices.

Background: There is an abundance of published literature that describes the short- and long-term effects of breastfeeding for both the infant and mother. Despite the majority of women having good intentions to breastfeed, challenges that they encounter place their breastfeeding journey in jeopardy. Improving breastfeeding rates and durations is a significant public health priority at a local, national and international level.

Aim: This pilot study aimed to identify and describe participating women's breastfeeding experiences in order to better understand why some achieve their breastfeeding goals, despite experiencing challenge and others do not.

Method: A qualitative methodology was chosen to allow these mothers to have their voices heard. Twenty Australian Breastfeeding Association trainee counsellors, who were undertaking the Certificate IV in Breastfeeding Education, gave permission for the examination and analysis of their de-identified reflections on their own breastfeeding experiences. Data was examined and thematically analysed into identified themes.

Results: Participants' breastfeeding experiences were identified into six themes: 1. expectation of breastfeeding, 2. motivation to breastfeed, 3. support to maintain breastfeeding, 4. returning to work, 5. the experience of breastfeeding and 6. social attitude to public breastfeeding. The responses and experiences were varied, with each woman describing a particular event that had a significant impact on her breastfeeding journey.

Conclusion: It is not completely understood why some mothers continue with their breastfeeding journey, whilst others discontinue earlier than they had planned. Women in this pilot study reported that support, acceptability of breastfeeding to their family and social circle, public breastfeeding, issues around infant sleep and maternal fatigue were all significant issues for them as they navigated breastfeeding for the first time.

Findings from this pilot study will be used to inform the development of a larger study which will further explore women's decision making, as well as identify what supports are needed to improve women's experience of breastfeeding.

Introduction: Pharmacists are one of the most accessible and trusted professionals in the Australian health care system and can have a large impact in supporting and encouraging breastfeeding.

Aim: This study aimed to research the knowledge, attitudes and training satisfaction of Australian pharmacists in the area of infant nutrition and breastfeeding.

Design, setting and participants: The mixed method study involved quantitative data collection via an online survey and qualitative data collected via separate semi-structured interviews. All registered pharmacists in the Australian Capital Territory and surrounding regional areas were eligible. Participants were recruited via emailed information sheets and individual onsite recruitment.

Key findings: Positive attitudes towards and a desire to support and advocate for breastfeeding by pharmacists were hampered by a lack of knowledge, confidence, training and education.

Conclusions and future implications: Government or other non-profit organisations can enhance community-based support for breastfeeding, including developing new education and training programs for pharmacy students and pharmacists.

Breast and nipple pain, nipple damage and mastitis are common reasons given by women for their early cessation of breastfeeding. There are a limited number of effective therapies available to support healing of damaged nipples during lactation. Low level laser therapy is a painless treatment, which appears to accelerate wound healing and ease pain. We present two case studies, which demonstrate the use of low level laser therapy in clinical practice.

Objective: This study examined initiation of lactation in primiparous mothers of late preterm infants who had conceived with assisted reproductive technology (ARTC) compared to those who conceived spontaneously (SC).

Method: Milk productions on day 4 (72-96 hours) and day 7 (144-168 hours) postpartum were measured by weighing expressed breastmilk and test weighing breastfeeds in the ARTC (n = 8) and SC (n = 8) groups.

Results: Mean total milk volumes for the ARTC group compared to the SC group were clinically lower on day 4 (191 mL, SD = 110 vs. 285 mL, SD = 225) and on day 7 (374 mL, SD = 238 vs. 601 mL, SD = 243) respectively.

Conclusion: These preliminary observations indicated milk production in the first week was clinically lower in mothers with ARTC, with a range of potential influencing factors identified, suggesting the need for a higher-powered study investigating the effects of ART on the initiation of lactation.

This study aims to examine the relationship between infant-feeding practices and American Indian infants' gut microbiome--laying the foundation of a research program aimed at identifying potential aetiologies of childhood obesity in this population. Previous studies have emphasised the high prevalence of obesity in American Indian infants, but its underlying causes remain unclear. We received funding from the University of Washington to examine attitudes towards breastfeeding and formula feeding in American Indian mothers, their dietary and physical activity habits and the yield, quality and diversity of their infants' gut microbiome. Our study combines the strengths of qualitative and quantitative data with DNA sequencing. Results will be used to propose a larger study aimed at clarifying aetiologies of childhood obesity in this population and to identify prevention strategies. This protocol describes the theoretical basis of the study, rationale for the target population, study design, participant recruitment and data analysis plan.