The People’s Republic of China is the world’s second largest economy. Beginning in the 1980s, substantial economic growth combined with political and regulatory changes led to a dramatic increase in non-performing loans. By the turn of the century, 1/4 of loans held by Chinese banks were overdue. This article examines how China managed its non-performing loans, discusses bad debt in China today, and provides suggestions for how it should tailor its non-performing loan strategy as its economy continues to slow.
{"title":"China's Non-Performing Loans: History, Current Infrastructure, and the Future of Bad Debt in China","authors":"Paul Kossof","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2505450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2505450","url":null,"abstract":"The People’s Republic of China is the world’s second largest economy. Beginning in the 1980s, substantial economic growth combined with political and regulatory changes led to a dramatic increase in non-performing loans. By the turn of the century, 1/4 of loans held by Chinese banks were overdue. This article examines how China managed its non-performing loans, discusses bad debt in China today, and provides suggestions for how it should tailor its non-performing loan strategy as its economy continues to slow.","PeriodicalId":356075,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Law eJournal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128067611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-09-30DOI: 10.1016/J.GEOFORUM.2013.01.011
S. Blandy, Feng Wang
{"title":"Curbing the Power of Developers? Law and Power in Chinese and English Gated Urban Enclaves","authors":"S. Blandy, Feng Wang","doi":"10.1016/J.GEOFORUM.2013.01.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOFORUM.2013.01.011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":356075,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Law eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126233394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The recent case of Opes Asia Development Ltd consolidates and contributes to understanding of the emergent shareholder right to inspection in Hong Kong. This article seeks to analyze the decision and its implications for shareholders. While noting that the court is moving in the right direction, this article points to the need for a more generous interpretation of the right.
{"title":"Right to Shareholder Inspection in Hong Kong","authors":"A. Fong","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2206636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2206636","url":null,"abstract":"The recent case of Opes Asia Development Ltd consolidates and contributes to understanding of the emergent shareholder right to inspection in Hong Kong. This article seeks to analyze the decision and its implications for shareholders. While noting that the court is moving in the right direction, this article points to the need for a more generous interpretation of the right.","PeriodicalId":356075,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Law eJournal","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133318349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The introduction of the franchising concept by the fast food franchising pioneers was a necessary step in the development of franchising in China but not the only step. The concept of franchising was unknown to the law and, without official recognition or a regulatory framework, franchising could not develop as a distinct and specialised business contract. The development of the legal and regulatory regime for franchising has been highly influential in the development of the franchising sector. This chapter reviews the development of the regulatory regime for franchising in China and examines the impact of the 2007 Franchise Regulation. It addresses franchise contract dispute cases and examines the application and interpretation of the 2007 Franchise Regulation by the courts.
{"title":"Franchise Law in China: The Interpretation and Application of the 2007 Franchise Regulation","authors":"Z. Wang, A. Terry","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3418680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3418680","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of the franchising concept by the fast food franchising pioneers was a necessary step in the development of franchising in China but not the only step. The concept of franchising was unknown to the law and, without official recognition or a regulatory framework, franchising could not develop as a distinct and specialised business contract. The development of the legal and regulatory regime for franchising has been highly influential in the development of the franchising sector. This chapter reviews the development of the regulatory regime for franchising in China and examines the impact of the 2007 Franchise Regulation. It addresses franchise contract dispute cases and examines the application and interpretation of the 2007 Franchise Regulation by the courts.","PeriodicalId":356075,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Law eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129118320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Editorial of the Journal of Chinese Tax and Policy, Vol. 1, No. 2, February 2012.
《中国税收与政策》,2012年2月第1卷第2期。
{"title":"The Journal of Chinese Tax and Policy (Editorial)","authors":"Eva Huang","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2199246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2199246","url":null,"abstract":"Editorial of the Journal of Chinese Tax and Policy, Vol. 1, No. 2, February 2012.","PeriodicalId":356075,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Law eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130059637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A comprehensive body of case law developed in the immediate postwar years which interpreted and applied Proclamation No. 15 - Landlord and Tenant (1945) and this article probes it with reference to the precepts of "the relative autonomy of law" which was proposed by a number of theorists in the 1960s and 1970s.The BMA’s policy rent control and preservation of residential tenure were realized by a sympathetic predisposition towards tenants in the Tenancy Tribunal on natural justice grounds which, on appeal, the District Court shored up by reference to the legal requirements of the Proclamation. In the major cases when the landlord prevailed in the District Court, it is notable that the Tribunal was, in one case, admonished for not having a sufficiently hard-headed reason for it siding with the tenant (Ching Sum Co) and, in the other, the landlord won because the Tribunal made a factual error in relation to the bona fides of the tenant (Re On Lok Co). A closer examination of the case law shows that the District Court permitted the executive’s pro-tenant policy to prevail if the reasons for decision in a tenant’s favor in the Tenancy Tribunal could be dressed up in legal terms and the tenant was not so repulsive as to make a finding of their bona fides impossible. This note argues that judicial independence was proclaimed in Hong Kong by the Bench in exceptional cases while the trend of decisions indicates nothing short of loyalty to the executive.
{"title":"The Autonomy of Law and a Case of Judicial Exceptionalism in Post-War Hong Kong","authors":"R. Price","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1982466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1982466","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive body of case law developed in the immediate postwar years which interpreted and applied Proclamation No. 15 - Landlord and Tenant (1945) and this article probes it with reference to the precepts of \"the relative autonomy of law\" which was proposed by a number of theorists in the 1960s and 1970s.The BMA’s policy rent control and preservation of residential tenure were realized by a sympathetic predisposition towards tenants in the Tenancy Tribunal on natural justice grounds which, on appeal, the District Court shored up by reference to the legal requirements of the Proclamation. In the major cases when the landlord prevailed in the District Court, it is notable that the Tribunal was, in one case, admonished for not having a sufficiently hard-headed reason for it siding with the tenant (Ching Sum Co) and, in the other, the landlord won because the Tribunal made a factual error in relation to the bona fides of the tenant (Re On Lok Co). A closer examination of the case law shows that the District Court permitted the executive’s pro-tenant policy to prevail if the reasons for decision in a tenant’s favor in the Tenancy Tribunal could be dressed up in legal terms and the tenant was not so repulsive as to make a finding of their bona fides impossible. This note argues that judicial independence was proclaimed in Hong Kong by the Bench in exceptional cases while the trend of decisions indicates nothing short of loyalty to the executive.","PeriodicalId":356075,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Law eJournal","volume":"433 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116692827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, using hand-collected data on FDI for more than 200 cities, the authors examine whether the Lucas paradox of capital exists within the PRC by adopting the dynamic panel data generalized method of moments (GMM) framework to avoid the potential endogeneity issue. Using both provincial- and city-level data, the empirical results show that FDI flows to the PRC, as proxied by total GDP and per capita GDP, favor rich regions over poor regions. They also find that regional economic growth has no significant impact on FDI. These findings support the existence of the Lucas paradox in the PRC.
{"title":"Governance Infrastructure and Location of Foreign Direct Investment in the People’s Republic of China","authors":"Jia He, Oliver M. Rui, Xiaolei Zha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1964087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1964087","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, using hand-collected data on FDI for more than 200 cities, the authors examine whether the Lucas paradox of capital exists within the PRC by adopting the dynamic panel data generalized method of moments (GMM) framework to avoid the potential endogeneity issue. Using both provincial- and city-level data, the empirical results show that FDI flows to the PRC, as proxied by total GDP and per capita GDP, favor rich regions over poor regions. They also find that regional economic growth has no significant impact on FDI. These findings support the existence of the Lucas paradox in the PRC.","PeriodicalId":356075,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Law eJournal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121177255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the more recent phenomenon of China's outward direct investment (ODI), which has surged since 2004 to make China the world's largest developing economy investor and fifth largest investor after United States, France, Japan and Germany. Wang and Wang focus on the ODI of China's manufacturing substanitially different from the world that faced multinational corporations (MNCs) decades ago. As such, their motivations and competitive advantages are also quite different, with the majority of Chinese firms seek technology, rather than cheap labour, and with the support of a range of preferential policies under the central government's "going out" strategy. This (often non transparent) government support poses the fairly unique problem facing Chinese firms in the global markets: that of convincing host-country political parties, lobby groups, competitors, communities and the media that "ODI with Chinese characteristics" is not something to be feared.
{"title":"Chinese Manufacturing Firms’ Overseas Direct Investment (ODI): Patterns, Motivations and Challenges","authors":"Bijiun Wang, Huiyao Wang","doi":"10.22459/RC.06.2011.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/RC.06.2011.07","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the more recent phenomenon of China's outward direct investment (ODI), which has surged since 2004 to make China the world's largest developing economy investor and fifth largest investor after United States, France, Japan and Germany. Wang and Wang focus on the ODI of China's manufacturing substanitially different from the world that faced multinational corporations (MNCs) decades ago. As such, their motivations and competitive advantages are also quite different, with the majority of Chinese firms seek technology, rather than cheap labour, and with the support of a range of preferential policies under the central government's \"going out\" strategy. This (often non transparent) government support poses the fairly unique problem facing Chinese firms in the global markets: that of convincing host-country political parties, lobby groups, competitors, communities and the media that \"ODI with Chinese characteristics\" is not something to be feared.","PeriodicalId":356075,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Law eJournal","volume":"35 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134127083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The long awaited first Act of China Private International Law, Law of Application of Law for Foreign-related Civil Relations of People’s Republic of China (LALFCR), was adopted on October 28 2010, and will come into force on April 1 2011. Unprecedented, the legislation of China expresses its protective attitude of private international law to consumer evidenced by Article 42 of LALFCR. There is one special article for consumer contract’s applicable rule among all the 52 articles, which is the first protective choice of law rule in China legislative history.This article introduces the background of this new legislation and applicable rules of Cross-border Consumer Contracts.
{"title":"Reform on Private International Law for Consumer Contract in China","authors":"Ying Yu","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2574148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2574148","url":null,"abstract":"The long awaited first Act of China Private International Law, Law of Application of Law for Foreign-related Civil Relations of People’s Republic of China (LALFCR), was adopted on October 28 2010, and will come into force on April 1 2011. Unprecedented, the legislation of China expresses its protective attitude of private international law to consumer evidenced by Article 42 of LALFCR. There is one special article for consumer contract’s applicable rule among all the 52 articles, which is the first protective choice of law rule in China legislative history.This article introduces the background of this new legislation and applicable rules of Cross-border Consumer Contracts.","PeriodicalId":356075,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Law eJournal","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128324217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The United States (“U.S.”) Federal Reserve (“Fed”) categorized the China Investment Corporation (“CIC”) and Central Huijin Investment Limited (“Huijin”) as Bank Holding Companies under U.S. financial law, and granted CIC and Huijin some important conditional exemptions. Exemptions, such as non-banking restrictions, are key for the CIC and the Huijin to perform their functions and are consistent with the prior practice of the U.S. Fed. Legal and factual analyses show that currently the CIC does not have an intention to apply for Financial Holding Company status. Nevertheless, the CIC should pay close attention to regulatory principles such as the system-wide supervisory approach and the source of strength doctrine. In order to ease the widespread misgivings the international community harbors against the CIC, China should enhance transparency, and join the global effort to govern and streamline the Sovereign Wealth Fund (“SWF”) in seeking mutual trust and cooperation.
{"title":"Demystifying the Chinese Sovereign Wealth Fund","authors":"Li Guo","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1641628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1641628","url":null,"abstract":"The United States (“U.S.”) Federal Reserve (“Fed”) categorized the China Investment Corporation (“CIC”) and Central Huijin Investment Limited (“Huijin”) as Bank Holding Companies under U.S. financial law, and granted CIC and Huijin some important conditional exemptions. Exemptions, such as non-banking restrictions, are key for the CIC and the Huijin to perform their functions and are consistent with the prior practice of the U.S. Fed. Legal and factual analyses show that currently the CIC does not have an intention to apply for Financial Holding Company status. Nevertheless, the CIC should pay close attention to regulatory principles such as the system-wide supervisory approach and the source of strength doctrine. In order to ease the widespread misgivings the international community harbors against the CIC, China should enhance transparency, and join the global effort to govern and streamline the Sovereign Wealth Fund (“SWF”) in seeking mutual trust and cooperation.","PeriodicalId":356075,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Law eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116977219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}