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Air temperature as a determinant of the forest line in the Tatras 气温是塔特拉山脉森林线的决定因素
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/ffp-2021-0021
J. Baranowski, Stanisław Kędzia
Abstract The forest line has been widely studied by a number of scientists representing various research disciplines. Changes in its position are an indicator of climate change. However, despite numerous studies, it is not always known what has the greatest influence on the position of the forest line. In the Tatras, which are Alpine moun-tains, the position of the forest line in places not disturbed by human activity or slope processes mainly depends on the annual mean air temperature and the number of days with negative temperature and its value in the warm season. The most unfavourable thermal conditions are found at the bottoms of concave landforms, just above the forest line. This thermal barrier effectively limits the upward movement of the forest line, even if the average annual temperature increases. Small concave landforms may have a higher vertical temperature gradient and lower air temperature values at their bottoms than larger and higher-lying forms.
森林线已被代表不同研究学科的许多科学家广泛研究。其位置的变化是气候变化的一个指标。然而,尽管进行了大量的研究,人们并不总是知道什么对森林线的位置影响最大。在塔特拉山脉属于高山山脉,在不受人类活动或斜坡过程干扰的地方,森林线的位置主要取决于年平均气温和暖季负温日数及其数值。最不利的热条件出现在凹形地貌的底部,就在森林线上方。即使年平均气温上升,这个热障也有效地限制了森林线的向上移动。较小的凹地形可能比较大和较高的地形具有较高的垂直温度梯度和较低的底部空气温度值。
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引用次数: 1
Slope aspect and altitude effect on selected soil organic matter characteristics in Beskid Mountains forest soils 坡向和海拔对贝斯基山森林土壤有机质特征的影响
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/ffp-2021-0022
Karolina Staszel, E. Błońska, J. Lasota
Abstract In the era of dynamic climate change, it is important to have knowledge on the interactions between climatic factors and processes occurring in the soil environment. The present study aimed to determine how slope aspect and altitude above sea level influence carbon and nitrogen accumulation and dehydrogenases activity of forest soils. The study was conducted in the Beskid Żywiecki in the south-facing part of Poland. Soils of the same texture, with similar vegetation species composition, in different altitude variants (600, 800, 1000 and 1200 m above sea level) and different north-facing and south-facing slope aspect were selected for the study. For each height and slope aspect variant, samples were collected from the surface horizons of soils for further analyses. The basic chemical properties and dehydrogenases activity of the soil samples were determined. Carbon and nitrogen stocks in the surface horizons of the soils were calculated. The analyses confirmed the influence of location conditions on the carbon and nitrogen stocks in mountain forest soils. The stock of carbon and nitrogen increased with the height up to 1000 m a.s.l. In the soils at the highest altitude, the reserve of carbon and nitrogen decreased regardless of the slope aspect variant. There were no statistically significant differences in carbon and nitrogen stocks between slope aspect variant. The highest dehydrogenases activity was associated with the organic horizons of the soils at the lowest altitude in height gradient. In our study, higher dehydrogenases activity was observed in the north-facing slope soils, and this finding can be explained by more stable thermal conditions.
在气候动态变化时代,了解气候因子与土壤环境过程之间的相互作用是非常重要的。研究了坡向和海拔高度对森林土壤碳氮积累和脱氢酶活性的影响。这项研究是在波兰朝南的Beskid Żywiecki进行的。选择不同海拔(海拔600、800、1000和1200 m)、不同北向和南向坡向、质地相同、植被种类组成相似的土壤进行研究。对于每个高度和坡度变化,从土壤的表面层收集样本进行进一步分析。测定了土壤样品的基本化学性质和脱氢酶活性。计算了土壤表层的碳和氮储量。分析证实了区位条件对山地森林土壤碳氮储量的影响。在海拔最高1000m的土壤中,碳氮储量随海拔高度的增加而增加,在海拔最高的土壤中,无论坡向如何变化,碳氮储量都呈下降趋势。不同坡向间碳氮储量差异无统计学意义。脱氢酶活性在高度梯度上与最低海拔土壤有机层有关。在我们的研究中,在朝北的斜坡土壤中观察到更高的脱氢酶活性,这一发现可以用更稳定的热条件来解释。
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引用次数: 2
Current state and productivity of age-old experimental plantations of prof. V.D. Ogievsky in the northeastern part of Ukraine 乌克兰东北部V.D. Ogievsky教授的古老实验种植园的现状和生产力
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/ffp-2021-0020
M. Zhezhkun, L. Demianenko
Abstract This research is aimed at determining the health condition and productivity of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands created during 1906–1908 on the initiative of Prof. V. D. Ogievsky. The scheme of silvicultural experiments included: determining the influence of different widths and directions of clear felling on the natural regeneration, testing of pine plantations of pure and mixed composition and the choice of methods for their creation. In terms of health condition, 103–105-year-old artificial pine stands are weakened and their health condition is slightly worse compared to the aged pines of natural origin. The productivity of age-old linden-pine plantations is higher than of pure pine plantations, and the stock of stem wood in plantations created by seed sowing and marketability is higher compared to the plantations created by planting seedlings.
摘要本研究旨在确定苏格兰松(Pinus sylvestris L.)的健康状况和生产力在1906年至1908年期间创建的教授v.d. Ogievsky。造林试验方案包括:确定不同砍伐宽度和方向对自然更新的影响,测试纯成分和混合成分的松树人工林及其创造方法的选择。在健康状况方面,103 ~ 105年龄人工松林的健康状况较天然老松有所弱化,且略差。老椴松人工林的生产力高于纯松树人工林,种子播种人工林的茎材蓄积量和适销性高于种苗人工林。
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引用次数: 1
Planktonic communities in a small post-peat reservoir (Ustka Forest District, Poland) 一个小型泥炭后水库的浮游生物群落(波兰Ustka林区)
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/ffp-2021-0026
K. Rychert, Magdalena Wielgat-Rychert, Anna Matviikiv, Y. Kryvoshei, A. Parfeniuk
Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the present state of a small (area of 0.2 ha), shallow (mean depth of 2 m) and approximately 30-year-old post-peat reservoir located in Bruskowskie Bagno, a Baltic raised mire in northern Poland. The study was conducted during all seasons of the year (August 2019–July 2020). The reservoir was characterised by a yellow to brown water colour, low pH (5.4) and quite low conductivity (40.4 μS cm-1), which are the main features of dystrophic water bodies. Similar to natural, dystrophic lakes and ponds, the phytoplankton was mainly composed of mixotrophic species like Dinobryon sp. and Gonyostomum semen. The only numerous non-flagellate group within the phytoplankton was desmids, which indicated that the water was influenced by the mire. The reservoir was characterised by a high abundance of ciliates (annual mean of 55.6 cells ml-1) and a very high abundance of rotifers (annual mean of 3.72 ind. ml-1). Among ciliates, the most important were prostomatids, accounting for 53% of the mean annual ciliate abundance. The results of our study indicate that artificial, approximately 30-year-old, post-peat reservoir resembled a natural dystrophic water body.
本研究的目的是评估位于波兰北部波罗的海隆起沼泽Bruskowskie Bagno的一个小(面积0.2 ha)、浅(平均深度2 m)、大约30年的后泥炭储层的现状。该研究在一年中的所有季节(2019年8月至2020年7月)进行。水库水体呈黄褐色,pH值低(5.4),电导率低(40.4 μS cm-1),是营养不良水体的主要特征。与天然的营养不良的湖泊和池塘类似,浮游植物主要由混合营养物种组成,如Dinobryon sp.和Gonyostomum semen。浮游植物中唯一数量众多的非鞭毛虫群是desmids,这表明水体受到了泥沼的影响。水库的特征是高丰度的纤毛虫(年平均55.6个细胞/ ml-1)和非常高丰度的轮虫(年平均3.72个细胞/ ml-1)。在纤毛虫中,最重要的是原口虫,占年平均纤毛虫丰度的53%。研究结果表明,近30年的人工后泥炭储层类似于天然的营养不良水体。
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引用次数: 1
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) reaction to climate change in the provenance tests in the north of the Russian plain 俄罗斯平原北部苏格兰松(Pinus sylvestris L.)对气候变化的反应
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/ffp-2021-0015
E. Nakvasina, N. Prozherina
Abstract Species with continuous distribution area will be impacted by climate change in different ways. That is related to the population’s geographical position and climate features of the population formation. Short-term response of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was studied with taken into consideration intraspecies features of populations. Provenance tests in the Arkhangelsk (62.60 N, 39.98 E) and Vologda (62.60 N, 39.98E) regions located in the north of the Russian Plain were used. Provenances collection (23 provenances from the northern, middle, and southern taiga subzones and mixed forest zone) from areas with different climate characteristics was considered. Clinal variability and a reaction norm of vegetative and generative response to various levels of temperature change and seed transfer were studied. Average actual height and diameter values for 31-year provenances and calculated values for provenances were compared using ‘latitudinal growth coefficient’ proposed by I.V. Volosevich (1984) for the north of the Russian Plain. Provenance reproductive ability response was assessed using seed-bearing trees’ numbers in provenances of the 1st class of age. Pine growing in the north of the Russian Plain would respond to warming by productivity increasing more significantly than pine growing in the south. Response of pine from the northern and middle taiga subzones on climate warming can be expected on 1.01 m and 1.12 cm to temperature rise by 100°C for height and diameter, and 0.85 m and 0.93 cm for seeds transfer to 1 degree of northern latitude to southward. Probable reaction norm for pine reproduction potential under temperature change by 100°C of the sum of the temperatures above 10ºС and seed transfer by 1 degree of northern latitude can be expected about 6%.
具有连续分布区域的物种受气候变化影响的方式不同。即与人口的地理位置和气候特征有关的人口形成。在考虑种群种内特征的情况下,对苏格兰松(Pinus sylvestris L.)的短期反应进行了研究。在俄罗斯平原北部的阿尔汉格尔斯克(北纬62.60度,东经39.98度)和沃洛格达(北纬62.60度,东经39.98度)地区进行了种源试验。考虑了不同气候特征地区的种源采集(来自北、中、南针叶林亚区和混交林带的23个种源)。研究了不同温度变化和种子转移对植物营养和生殖反应的临床变异性和反应规范。使用I.V. Volosevich(1984)为俄罗斯平原北部提出的“纬度增长系数”对31年种源的平均实际高度和直径值与种源的计算值进行了比较。利用种源1级树龄的结籽树数评价种源生殖能力响应。生长在俄罗斯平原北部的松树比生长在南部的松树对气候变暖的反应更显著。北部和中部针叶林亚区松树在1.01 m和1.12 cm高度对升温100°C的响应,种子在0.85 m和0.93 cm高度向南移至北纬1度。温度变化100°C时,10ºС以上温度和北纬1度的种子转移之和对松木繁殖潜力的可能反应规范可预期为6%左右。
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引用次数: 1
State of in situ forest genetic resources of broadleaved tree species in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine 乌克兰右岸森林草原阔叶树种原位森林遗传资源现状
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/ffp-2021-0010
I. Neyko, V. Monarkh, Svitlana Poznyakova, M. Matusyak
Abstract Forest genetic resources (FGRs) are an important source of biodiversity conservation and forest restoration. Today, more than 600 genetic reserves (GRs) of more than 30 main forest tree species have been allocated in Ukraine. The main aim of the work is to reveal the features of the distribution, environmental condition and the trends of state of in situ gene sources of broadleaved tree species in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Based on the research results, it has been established that the share of FGR in situ is only 0.3–0.5% of the total forest area of the region. The predominant species of forest stands of the region are English oak (Quercus robur L.) – 37.7%, European beach (Fagus sylvatica L.) – 26.8% and Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) – 7.6%. The in situ locations of Black alder (Alnus incana L.), Sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.), English oak and Common ash are characterized by the highest average annual temperature (8.1–8.2°С), the accumulated temperatures for the growing season (3111.9–3237.1°С). Stands with the European beech predominance are allocated in better moisture conditions by the precipitation-temperatures ratio (Selianinov Hydrothermal Index (HTI) – 1.769–1.802; climatic index by Vorobyov – 2.707–2.951). The in situ gene pool conservation units are defined by 12 soil types that are included in the 7 main groups according to the FAO international classification. The largest number of sites, 67 (56.8%), is concentrated on grey and dark-grey forest soils (Haplic Greyzems) (47%). According to the research results, GRs are not evenly distributed, they do not fully reflect the environmental diversity, and their area is negligible. We indicated the unsatisfactory condition of most genetic reserves. It was caused by reducing the share of main tree species, decrease in relative stocking density of stands and tree-breeding structure and deterioration of tree stands condition. This requires the development and implementation of an integration strategy based on the established concept of developing a national ecological network on both national and pan-European levels.
森林遗传资源是生物多样性保护和森林恢复的重要资源。今天,乌克兰已分配了30多种主要森林树种的600多个遗传保护区。本文的主要目的是揭示乌克兰右岸森林草原阔叶树种的分布特征、环境条件和原位基因源状况的变化趋势。研究结果表明,原生林面积仅占全区森林总面积的0.3 ~ 0.5%。林分优势种为英国栎(Quercus robur L.)占37.7%,欧洲海滩(Fagus sylvatica L.)占26.8%,普通白蜡(Fraxinus excelsior L.)占7.6%。黑桤木(Alnus incana L.)、无柄栎(Quercus petaea (Matt.))的原位位置),英国橡木和普通灰的特点是最高的年平均温度(8.1-8.2°С),生长季节的积温(3111.9-3237.1°С)。降水-温度比(Selianinov热液指数(HTI) - 1.769-1.802)使欧洲山毛榉优势林分处于较好的湿度条件下;气候指数(Vorobyov - 2.707-2.951)。原位基因库保护单元由12种土壤类型定义,根据粮农组织国际分类,这些土壤类型被列入7个主要类别。最多的地点,67个(56.8%),集中在灰色和深灰色森林土壤(Haplic Greyzems)(47%)。研究结果表明,GRs分布不均匀,不能充分反映环境多样性,其面积可以忽略不计。我们指出,大多数遗传储备状况不理想。主要原因是主要树种占比减少、林分相对蓄积量和林木繁殖结构减少以及林分状况恶化。这就需要根据在国家和泛欧两级发展国家生态网络的既定概念,制定和实施一项一体化战略。
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引用次数: 2
European silver fir – an alternative for the dying Norway spruce in Białowieża Forest? 欧洲银杉——Białowieża森林中垂死的挪威云杉的替代品?
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/ffp-2021-0016
A. Marozau, Miłosz Mielcarek, G. Krok, R. Paluch, Krzysztof Chiliński
Abstract The condition of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) in the Białowieża Forest is categorized as a crisis. It is believed that due to the cooling in the Holocene, the then-relict species of the forest, silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), disappeared from its ecosystems and then spruce appeared. Today’s climate change presents challenges to our civilization, including to forestry. However, there is no information at all about how this affected the silver fir in the Białowieża Forest. In the Polish part of the forest (subcompartment 498 Сi, Białowieża Forest District), for the first time a comprehensive study has been carried out on the condition of mature fir trees planted by man and on their progeny. The results indicate high forestry-taxation indicators of trees, resistance to the abiotic factor and competitiveness. Their constitution corresponds to local environmental conditions. However, the disproportionately small number of adult natural regeneration of old firs indicated some kind of malfunction in the mechanism of natural generational change.
挪威云杉(Picea abies (L.))的生长条件喀斯特)在Białowieża森林被归类为危机。据信,由于全新世的变冷,当时的森林孑遗物种银杉(冷杉)从其生态系统中消失,然后出现了云杉。今天的气候变化给我们的文明带来挑战,包括对林业的挑战。然而,没有任何关于这是如何影响Białowieża森林中的银杉的信息。在森林的波兰部分(Białowieża林区498分区Сi),首次对人工种植的成熟冷杉树及其后代的状况进行了全面研究。结果表明,林税指标高,对非生物因素的抗性强,竞争力强。它们的构造与当地的环境条件相适应。然而,老杉木成虫自然再生数量过少,说明自然代际变化机制存在一定的故障。
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引用次数: 3
Plasticity and stability of hybrid aspen clones in 14 field trials over Sweden, Finland and north-west Russia 在瑞典、芬兰和俄罗斯西北部进行的14个大田试验中,杂交白杨无性系的可塑性和稳定性
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/ffp-2021-0018
A. Fedorkov, L. Stener, P. Pulkkinen
Abstract The study aimed at estimating the genotype × environment (G × E) interaction, stability and plasticity parameters for height growth and survival of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × Populus tremuloides Michx.) clones. A set of 17 hybrid aspen clones were studied at age four in 11 field trials (series 1) and a set of 12 clones were studied at age 12 in three field trials (series 2) in Sweden, Finland and north-west Russia. There was an intermediate and significant correlation between height ranks at four and 12 years, showing modest G × E interaction for tree height. The corresponding correlation for survival was weak and insignificant, indicating a stronger G × E interaction than for height. The stability parameter (S) for height showed large differences among clones. The plasticity index (PI) values for height ranged from 0.6 to 0.8 among clones, demonstrating high levels of phenotypic plasticity.
摘要本研究旨在评估杨树(Populus tremula L.)杂交无性系(Populus tremuloides Michx.)高生长和存活的基因型×环境(G × E)互作、稳定性和可塑性参数。在瑞典、芬兰和俄罗斯西北部对17个4岁时的杂交白杨无性系进行了11次大田试验(系列1),对12个12岁时的无性系进行了3次大田试验(系列2)。树高在4年和12年之间呈中等显著相关,表现出适度的G × E交互作用。与存活率的相关性较弱且不显著,表明G × E相互作用强于身高。无性系间高度稳定性参数(S)差异较大。无性系间高度的可塑性指数(PI)在0.6 ~ 0.8之间,表现出较高的表型可塑性。
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引用次数: 1
Illuminance under canopy in different types of forest in the northern taiga 北方针叶林不同类型林冠下照度的研究
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/ffp-2021-0012
P. Feklistov, A. Sobolev, O. Barzut, N. Neverov
Abstract The illumination under the canopy in different types of pine and spruce forests is considered. The research was carried out in different points of the Northern taiga of the Arkhangelsk region. Illumination was measured using a luxmeter in different directions: at the level of the moss-lichen layer, at the level of the grass-shrub layer and at a height of 1.3 m; at different distances from the tree trunk; at different distances from the edge of the forest. Illumination in pine forests at the level of the moss-lichen layer is 2.3 times higher than in spruce forests. Under the canopy of spruce forests, it is 1–3%, and in the pine forests, 3–9% of the illumination in the open. Illumination from tree trunks to the edge increases in pine and spruce forests equally. The lowest illumination is observed at the level of the moss-lichen layer, then it increases to the grass-shrub layer, and then practically does not change. However, the difference between pine and spruce forests is consistently high 47%. The decrease in illumination in the tree stand as it moves away from the edge in blueberry pine forests is observed up to a distance of 10 m from the edge, and in blueberry spruce forests up to 6 m.
摘要对不同类型松云林林冠下光照进行了研究。该研究是在阿尔汉格尔斯克地区北部针叶林的不同地点进行的。利用亮度计测量不同方向的照度:苔藓层水平、草-灌木层水平和海拔1.3 m处;在离树干不同距离处;在离森林边缘不同距离的地方。松林的地衣层照度是云杉林的2.3倍。云杉林林冠下为1-3%,松林为3-9%。在松林和云杉林中,从树干到边缘的光照同样增加。地衣层的照度最低,然后增加到草灌丛层,之后基本没有变化。然而,松林和云杉林之间的差异始终高达47%。在蓝莓松林中,当树木远离边缘时,在距离边缘10米的地方观察到树木的光照减少,在蓝莓云杉林中达到6米。
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引用次数: 0
Distribution and natural regeneration of Tilia cordata Mill. in Ukrainian plain forests in a changing climate 天麻的分布与自然再生。在气候变化的乌克兰平原森林中
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/ffp-2021-0014
M. Rumiantsev, V. Luk’yanets, Oleksii Kobets, Iryna Obolonyk, Oksana Tarnopilska, Svitlana Poznіakova, S. Musienko, Olha Tupchii
Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the current state of small-leaved lime stands under climate change, as well as to identify optimal conditions for the occurrence and further growth of natural lime regeneration under the stand canopy to grow productive and sustainable mixed stands. The areas of small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) stands in plain Ukrainian forests and mixed stands with English oak (Quercus robur L.) were defined according to reference materials (as of 2016). Growth and liveability peculiarities of natural regeneration of lime under the canopy of oak-lime stands in climate change were identified. The main stand characteristics contributing to maximal appearance and further development of advance growth of lime, such as composition, age and relative density of stocking, were determined. It was found that the lime stands of vegetative origin occupy the largest part of the lime forests’ area, being less resilient and productive than those originated from seeds. Small-leaved lime is the best associated species in mixed oak stands. The presence of lime improves health, assortment composition, and productivity of oak stands and increases their resistance against pests and diseases. In the future, lime can play an important role in the adaptation of forests to climate change due to its biological and forest properties and adaptability to a sustainable existence in a relatively wide range of environmental conditions. A summary of the studies complements a system of knowledge about the current state of lime stands as well as peculiarities of their regeneration and growth. The data obtained can be used as a theoretical base for forest management to promote natural regeneration and maintain the sustainability of these forests.
摘要本研究旨在评估气候变化下小叶石灰林分的现状,并确定林冠下石灰自然再生的发生和进一步生长的最佳条件,以形成高产可持续的混合林分。根据参考资料(截至2016年)定义了乌克兰平原森林中的小叶石灰(Tilia cordata Mill.)林和英国橡树(Quercus robur L.)混交林的面积。研究了气候变化条件下栎树林冠下石灰自然再生的生长和宜居性特点。确定了有利于石灰提前生长的林分组成、树龄和相对密度等主要特征。结果表明,营养来源的石灰林占石灰林面积的大部分,但弹性和生产力低于种子来源的石灰林。小叶石灰是混交林中最好的伴生树种。石灰的存在改善了橡树林的健康、品种组成和生产力,并增强了它们对病虫害的抵抗力。在未来,由于石灰的生物和森林特性以及在相对广泛的环境条件下可持续生存的适应性,它可以在森林适应气候变化中发挥重要作用。研究总结补充了关于石灰林现状及其再生和生长特性的知识体系。所获得的数据可以作为森林管理的理论基础,以促进这些森林的自然更新和保持可持续性。
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引用次数: 1
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Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A
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