Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.1177/00346446231212129
Glenda Maluleke, NM Odhiambo, Sheilla Nyasha
The study examined the crowding in or out effect of public investment on private investment in Botswana from 1980 to 2018 using the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach. The findings of the study indicate that infrastructure public investment negatively affects private investment while non-infrastructure public investment has a positive impact on private investment in the short run. The study concluded that infrastructure public investment crowd out private investment while non-infrastructure public investment crowds in private investment only in the short run. The recommendation emanating from the study is that the government should spend more on non-infrastructure public investment in order to crowd in private investment, especially in the short run, and introduce more initiatives to promote the role of the private sector in growing the economy.
{"title":"The Impact of Public Investment on Private Investment in Botswana: A Disaggregated Approach","authors":"Glenda Maluleke, NM Odhiambo, Sheilla Nyasha","doi":"10.1177/00346446231212129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346446231212129","url":null,"abstract":"The study examined the crowding in or out effect of public investment on private investment in Botswana from 1980 to 2018 using the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach. The findings of the study indicate that infrastructure public investment negatively affects private investment while non-infrastructure public investment has a positive impact on private investment in the short run. The study concluded that infrastructure public investment crowd out private investment while non-infrastructure public investment crowds in private investment only in the short run. The recommendation emanating from the study is that the government should spend more on non-infrastructure public investment in order to crowd in private investment, especially in the short run, and introduce more initiatives to promote the role of the private sector in growing the economy.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135476053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.1177/00346446231212130
Franklin G. Mixon, Kamal P. Upadhyaya
This study examines citation patterns associated with the research being done by the current generation of economists affiliated with America's historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs). In terms of mean citations, we report that the economics department at Bethune-Cookman University ranks first, followed by South Carolina State University and Tennessee State University. In terms of total citations, we find that Howard University ranks first, followed by North Carolina A&T State University and Tennessee State University. Our study is also the first to examine the relative impact of individual economists across the HBCU landscape. In doing so, we report that Elizabeth Asiedu of Howard University ranks first, followed by Ekanayake Ekanayake of Bethune-Cookman University and Faridul Islam of Morgan State University. Lastly, a separate analysis reveals a strong positive correlation between the relative sizes of the economics departments at HBCUs and the research impact of those economics departments. Thus, it appears as though institutions that commit a greater proportion of their resources (i.e., faculty lines) to economics have more influential economists.
{"title":"The Relative Impact of Historically Black College and University Economics Departments and Economists: Has the Hierarchy Changed Since the Turn of the Century?","authors":"Franklin G. Mixon, Kamal P. Upadhyaya","doi":"10.1177/00346446231212130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346446231212130","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines citation patterns associated with the research being done by the current generation of economists affiliated with America's historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs). In terms of mean citations, we report that the economics department at Bethune-Cookman University ranks first, followed by South Carolina State University and Tennessee State University. In terms of total citations, we find that Howard University ranks first, followed by North Carolina A&T State University and Tennessee State University. Our study is also the first to examine the relative impact of individual economists across the HBCU landscape. In doing so, we report that Elizabeth Asiedu of Howard University ranks first, followed by Ekanayake Ekanayake of Bethune-Cookman University and Faridul Islam of Morgan State University. Lastly, a separate analysis reveals a strong positive correlation between the relative sizes of the economics departments at HBCUs and the research impact of those economics departments. Thus, it appears as though institutions that commit a greater proportion of their resources (i.e., faculty lines) to economics have more influential economists.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135821325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1177/00346446231206486
Ely Melchior Fair
The Freedman's Savings Bank, founded in 1865, was established with the express purpose of providing safe banking access for newly freed black Americans. Despite a charter dedicated to low-risk banking, the boot-strap mythology expounded by Congress was undermined by rampant fraud. Nine years after its founding, the Bank folded, swallowing 1.2 million dollars in deposits (approximately 29.6 million today) spread among roughly 61,000 individuals. The Freedman's Bank offers policy makers and social justice advocates an under-explored opportunity. Despite the near universal recognition that the fault for the institution's collapse lies with Federal mismanagement, a majority of the deposits were never compensated. Both the power to restitute and the culpability rest with the same party. Further, the record keeping of the bank ensures reasonably clean lines of inheritance for compensation. Combined these factors make a return of Freedman's Savings deposits politically viable in the rhetoric of contemporary America. This article provides the historical and data research necessary to arm policy makers in the restitution of the victim's deposits. It is not the intention of this policy to supplant the more ambitious effort of reparations, but instead to build a rhetorical position squarely within the liberalist market tradition, which also mitigates harm.
{"title":"Responsibility and Restitution in the Freedman's Bank Crisis","authors":"Ely Melchior Fair","doi":"10.1177/00346446231206486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346446231206486","url":null,"abstract":"The Freedman's Savings Bank, founded in 1865, was established with the express purpose of providing safe banking access for newly freed black Americans. Despite a charter dedicated to low-risk banking, the boot-strap mythology expounded by Congress was undermined by rampant fraud. Nine years after its founding, the Bank folded, swallowing 1.2 million dollars in deposits (approximately 29.6 million today) spread among roughly 61,000 individuals. The Freedman's Bank offers policy makers and social justice advocates an under-explored opportunity. Despite the near universal recognition that the fault for the institution's collapse lies with Federal mismanagement, a majority of the deposits were never compensated. Both the power to restitute and the culpability rest with the same party. Further, the record keeping of the bank ensures reasonably clean lines of inheritance for compensation. Combined these factors make a return of Freedman's Savings deposits politically viable in the rhetoric of contemporary America. This article provides the historical and data research necessary to arm policy makers in the restitution of the victim's deposits. It is not the intention of this policy to supplant the more ambitious effort of reparations, but instead to build a rhetorical position squarely within the liberalist market tradition, which also mitigates harm.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136068372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-10DOI: 10.1177/00346446231206485
B. V. E. Hyde
{"title":"Book Review: <i>The New Age of Empire: How Racism and Colonialism Still Rule the World</i> by Kehinde Andrews","authors":"B. V. E. Hyde","doi":"10.1177/00346446231206485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346446231206485","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136358498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.1177/00346446231204534
Larry Mishel, Valerie Wilson
Dr. William E. Spriggs, chief economist of the AFL-CIO and economics professor at Howard University passed away unexpectedly in June 2023. In honor of his memory, the authors discuss his many professional accomplishments and share personal reflections on the economist, mentor, colleague and friend they and others knew simply as Bill.
{"title":"Personal Reflections on the Life and Legacy of Bill Spriggs","authors":"Larry Mishel, Valerie Wilson","doi":"10.1177/00346446231204534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346446231204534","url":null,"abstract":"Dr. William E. Spriggs, chief economist of the AFL-CIO and economics professor at Howard University passed away unexpectedly in June 2023. In honor of his memory, the authors discuss his many professional accomplishments and share personal reflections on the economist, mentor, colleague and friend they and others knew simply as Bill.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135597249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We analyze the risk attitude of women and men entrepreneurs in the micro and small enterprises (MSEs) and investigate the factors that influence the risk attitude of MSE owners. The empirical analysis of the study consists of two parts. First, we use a moment-based approach to estimate the risk preferences of male and female entrepreneurs. Second, we estimate a regression model to understand the correlates of risk attitude and decompose the gender difference in risk aversion using the Oaxaca-Blinder technique. The results indicate that MSE entrepreneurs are risk-averse, with a relative risk premium of 1.5%. We also find that females are slightly more risk-averse than male entrepreneurs. Our regression estimates show that entrepreneurs’ risk attitude is significantly correlated with the age and experience of the entrepreneur, marital status, education level and financial literacy, wealth, sector, and business form. Furthermore, the predictor variables significantly explain the gender difference in risk aversion, while the unexplained component is insignificant. This suggests that the gender difference in risk aversion is due to disparities in socioeconomic factors than a biological difference in risk preference.
{"title":"Entrepreneurial Risk Attitude in Micro and Small Enterprises: Evidence From Urban Ethiopia","authors":"Araar Abdelkerim, Yesuf Awel, Jonse Boka, Hiwot Menkir, Ajebush Shafi, Eleni Yitbarek, Mulatu Zerihun","doi":"10.1177/00346446231200655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346446231200655","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the risk attitude of women and men entrepreneurs in the micro and small enterprises (MSEs) and investigate the factors that influence the risk attitude of MSE owners. The empirical analysis of the study consists of two parts. First, we use a moment-based approach to estimate the risk preferences of male and female entrepreneurs. Second, we estimate a regression model to understand the correlates of risk attitude and decompose the gender difference in risk aversion using the Oaxaca-Blinder technique. The results indicate that MSE entrepreneurs are risk-averse, with a relative risk premium of 1.5%. We also find that females are slightly more risk-averse than male entrepreneurs. Our regression estimates show that entrepreneurs’ risk attitude is significantly correlated with the age and experience of the entrepreneur, marital status, education level and financial literacy, wealth, sector, and business form. Furthermore, the predictor variables significantly explain the gender difference in risk aversion, while the unexplained component is insignificant. This suggests that the gender difference in risk aversion is due to disparities in socioeconomic factors than a biological difference in risk preference.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134958783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-16DOI: 10.1177/00346446231190659
Naomi Zewde, Raz Edwards, Erinn Bacchus
The centrality of home equity to the balance sheets of American households, and the oppressive legacy of racial exclusion from mortgage markets, compel the design of intentionally anti-racist housing policy capable of building lasting wealth for Black families. In this study, we compare the home-mortgage terms offered to middle-income Whites in the New Deal era, with a contemporary New York City policy offered in formerly redlined districts. The city's Housing Development Fund Corporation policy is for limited-income households but does not limit down payments nor qualify for federal home loans. Using mined listing data and the 2017 Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we find more than 80% of income-eligible urban Black households lack the wealth to purchase the median listing, versus 51% of Whites. Moreover, the policy's market exclusions preclude access to what is now substantial accumulated equity. Unit owners face wide-scale housing-code violations and property seizure, highlighting the limitations of “limited equity” ownership, which counteracts wealth creation. We draw two primary lessons. First, anti-racist policy cannot demand substantial financial assets. Second, financing schemes for building improvement or climate-responsive adaptation, in addition to initial purchase, should be well-tailored to family budgets and designed to deliver equity to the formerly excluded.
房屋净值在美国家庭资产负债表中的核心地位，以及抵押贷款市场中种族排斥的压迫性遗产，迫使有意设计反种族主义的住房政策，为黑人家庭创造持久的财富。在这项研究中，我们比较了新政时期提供给中等收入白人的住房抵押贷款条款，以及当代纽约市在以前的红线地区提供的政策。纽约市住房发展基金公司(Housing Development Fund Corporation)的政策适用于收入有限的家庭，但不限制首付款，也不限制申请联邦住房贷款的资格。使用挖掘的房源数据和2017年收入动态小组研究，我们发现超过80%的符合收入条件的城市黑人家庭缺乏购买中位数房源的财富，而白人家庭的这一比例为51%。此外，该政策的市场排除排除了获得目前已积累的大量股本的途径。住房业主面临着大规模违反住房法规和财产被没收的问题，这凸显了“有限股权”所有权的局限性，它会抵消财富创造。我们得出了两个主要教训。首先，反种族主义政策不能要求大量金融资产。其次，除了初始购买外，用于改善建筑或适应气候变化的融资计划还应根据家庭预算量身定制，并旨在为以前被排除在外的群体提供公平待遇。
{"title":"Erasing the Red Line? National Lessons from a New York Homeowner Policy","authors":"Naomi Zewde, Raz Edwards, Erinn Bacchus","doi":"10.1177/00346446231190659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346446231190659","url":null,"abstract":"The centrality of home equity to the balance sheets of American households, and the oppressive legacy of racial exclusion from mortgage markets, compel the design of intentionally anti-racist housing policy capable of building lasting wealth for Black families. In this study, we compare the home-mortgage terms offered to middle-income Whites in the New Deal era, with a contemporary New York City policy offered in formerly redlined districts. The city's Housing Development Fund Corporation policy is for limited-income households but does not limit down payments nor qualify for federal home loans. Using mined listing data and the 2017 Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we find more than 80% of income-eligible urban Black households lack the wealth to purchase the median listing, versus 51% of Whites. Moreover, the policy's market exclusions preclude access to what is now substantial accumulated equity. Unit owners face wide-scale housing-code violations and property seizure, highlighting the limitations of “limited equity” ownership, which counteracts wealth creation. We draw two primary lessons. First, anti-racist policy cannot demand substantial financial assets. Second, financing schemes for building improvement or climate-responsive adaptation, in addition to initial purchase, should be well-tailored to family budgets and designed to deliver equity to the formerly excluded.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135307119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1177/00346446231168810
Rodney Green, C. Kenrick Hunte
The many contributions and service of the late Dr. Ransford W. Palmer to academia and the community are recounted with a deep appreciation for a life well lived.
已故的Ransford W. Palmer博士对学术界和社区的许多贡献和服务，都是对他美好生活的深刻赞赏。
{"title":"In Memoriam: A Tribute to the Late Dr. Ransford W. Palmer (1932–2023)","authors":"Rodney Green, C. Kenrick Hunte","doi":"10.1177/00346446231168810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346446231168810","url":null,"abstract":"The many contributions and service of the late Dr. Ransford W. Palmer to academia and the community are recounted with a deep appreciation for a life well lived.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135048103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1177/00346446231190657
Kathleen E. Lee, Hayley M. D. Cleary
Associate's degree completion is billed as the quickest way to upskill the workforce and a ticket to the middle class. Yet 35 million Americans leave college without a degree. Black and Hispanic students are more likely than White and Asian students to leave college. We examined whether economic benefits differ between those whose highest level of education is “some college, no degree (SCND)” compared to an associate's degree by analyzing interaction effects among race/ethnicity, sex, citizenship, and nativity. Using data from the Current Population Survey 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, we employed regressions to examine heterogeneity in economic rewards. We also used propensity score matching to estimate causal treatment effects using observational data. On average, associate's workers reaped more economic rewards than SCND workers. In almost every category, the advantage of completing the associate's degree was lost when the worker held at least one socially disadvantaged identity. Economic disadvantage was multiplied for some workers who had more than one disadvantaged identity. Our findings support the economic value of completing an associate's degree and unmask the disparate labor market outcomes for workers of diverse races/ethnicities, sexes, and nationalities.
{"title":"Are the Tickets for Everyone? Heterogeneity of Economic Rewards for Associate's Degree Completion","authors":"Kathleen E. Lee, Hayley M. D. Cleary","doi":"10.1177/00346446231190657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346446231190657","url":null,"abstract":"Associate's degree completion is billed as the quickest way to upskill the workforce and a ticket to the middle class. Yet 35 million Americans leave college without a degree. Black and Hispanic students are more likely than White and Asian students to leave college. We examined whether economic benefits differ between those whose highest level of education is “some college, no degree (SCND)” compared to an associate's degree by analyzing interaction effects among race/ethnicity, sex, citizenship, and nativity. Using data from the Current Population Survey 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, we employed regressions to examine heterogeneity in economic rewards. We also used propensity score matching to estimate causal treatment effects using observational data. On average, associate's workers reaped more economic rewards than SCND workers. In almost every category, the advantage of completing the associate's degree was lost when the worker held at least one socially disadvantaged identity. Economic disadvantage was multiplied for some workers who had more than one disadvantaged identity. Our findings support the economic value of completing an associate's degree and unmask the disparate labor market outcomes for workers of diverse races/ethnicities, sexes, and nationalities.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44852448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-16DOI: 10.1177/00346446231182335
Jeannette Wicks-Lim
This article examines trends in racial earnings disparities to observe how the socially constructed concept of race impacts the U.S. labor market for men from 1981 to 2008. I develop a racial earnings gap measure that accounts for the labor market experience of the nonemployed using Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) Completed Gold Standard data produced by the U.S. Census Bureau. This data set includes administrative earnings data from the Internal Revenue Service and the Social Security Administration merged with SIPP household survey data. Conventional measures that do not account for the nonemployed miss the impact of an increasing number of nonemployed, prime working-age men, particularly Black men, and the accelerating incarceration rate during the 1980s-1990s. An unadjusted estimate of the White earnings premium indicates a large racial earnings gap that fluctuates between about 140% and 150% over 1981-2008. This suggests that labor market conditions and policies may be limiting, but not reducing, racial earnings inequality. The adjusted White earnings premium averages 28 percentage points higher over the time period of this study. The premium also rises further, more quickly, and sustains this higher level longer. The adjusted measure suggests that labor market conditions and policies continue to produce growing levels of racial earnings inequality.
{"title":"Revising the Racial Wage Gap Among Men in the United States: The Role of Nonemployment, Underemployment, and Incarceration","authors":"Jeannette Wicks-Lim","doi":"10.1177/00346446231182335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346446231182335","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines trends in racial earnings disparities to observe how the socially constructed concept of race impacts the U.S. labor market for men from 1981 to 2008. I develop a racial earnings gap measure that accounts for the labor market experience of the nonemployed using Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) Completed Gold Standard data produced by the U.S. Census Bureau. This data set includes administrative earnings data from the Internal Revenue Service and the Social Security Administration merged with SIPP household survey data. Conventional measures that do not account for the nonemployed miss the impact of an increasing number of nonemployed, prime working-age men, particularly Black men, and the accelerating incarceration rate during the 1980s-1990s. An unadjusted estimate of the White earnings premium indicates a large racial earnings gap that fluctuates between about 140% and 150% over 1981-2008. This suggests that labor market conditions and policies may be limiting, but not reducing, racial earnings inequality. The adjusted White earnings premium averages 28 percentage points higher over the time period of this study. The premium also rises further, more quickly, and sustains this higher level longer. The adjusted measure suggests that labor market conditions and policies continue to produce growing levels of racial earnings inequality.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43836051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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