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2023 NEA Presidential Address: Economic Research and Policy as Tools for Racial Economic Justice 2023年NEA主席演讲:经济研究和政策作为种族经济正义的工具
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-13 DOI: 10.1177/00346446231154847
Valerie R. Wilson
Statistical analysis often reveals that racial identity is a measurable, significant, and persistent predictor of economic outcomes. Persistent racial disparities in unemployment and wages are defining features of the U.S. labor market and as such, provide some of the most compelling evidence of structural racism in this country. In her 2023 NEA Presidential Address, Wilson discusses decades of data and research in support of this conclusion and identifies some of the institutions that play an important role in facilitating racial economic justice.
统计分析经常显示,种族认同是经济结果的一个可衡量的、重要的和持久的预测因素。失业率和工资方面持续存在的种族差异是美国劳动力市场的特征,因此,提供了这个国家结构性种族主义的一些最令人信服的证据。在她2023年的NEA主席演讲中,威尔逊讨论了几十年的数据和研究来支持这一结论,并指出了一些在促进种族经济公正方面发挥重要作用的机构。
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引用次数: 0
The Political Economy of Subprime Educational Policy: A Critical Analysis of Charter Schools in Black Communities 次级教育政策的政治经济学:对黑人社区特许学校的批判性分析
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-09 DOI: 10.1177/00346446221145933
Rachel E. Williams
In this conceptual paper, the author explores the relationship between the subprime mortgage crisis and charter school expansion. By situating both cases in a structural analysis of race and political economy, this article demonstrates how Jim Crow segregation established the conditions for contemporary symbiotic relationships between segregation and economic exploitation as evidenced by the concentration of subprime mortgages and charters in Black communities. By centering Black communities, this analysis demonstrates the limitations of charters to advance educational opportunity for historically underserved communities if broader political economic contexts are considered.
在这篇概念性论文中,作者探讨了次贷危机与特许学校扩张之间的关系。通过将这两个案例置于种族和政治经济的结构分析中,本文展示了吉姆·克劳隔离制度如何为种族隔离与经济剥削之间的当代共生关系创造了条件,这一点在黑人社区的次级抵押贷款和特许状集中得到了证明。通过以黑人社区为中心,该分析表明,如果考虑到更广泛的政治经济背景,特许学校在为历史上服务不足的社区提供教育机会方面存在局限性。
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引用次数: 0
Weight, Wealth, and Inequality: Nineteenth Century Current Net Nutrition by Race During US Economic Development 体重、财富和不平等:19世纪美国经济发展中按种族划分的净营养
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-03 DOI: 10.1177/00346446231152810
S. Carson
When other economic measurements are scarce or unreliable, height and the body mass index (BMI) are now well accepted measures for cumulative and current net nutrition. However, as the ratio of weight to height, BMI is the ratio of current to cumulative net nutrition, therefore, does not fully isolate changes in current net nutrition. This study uses weight after controlling for height as a measure for current net nutrition and shows that US Black and White weights decreased throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, were higher in the South, and for farmers and unskilled workers. Like stature and BMI, nineteenth century weight was higher in states with greater average wealth and population density and lower in states with greater wealth inequality.
当其他经济指标缺乏或不可靠时,身高和身体质量指数(BMI)是目前公认的衡量累积和当前净营养的指标。然而,由于体重与身高的比值,BMI是当前净营养与累积净营养的比值,因此,并不能完全隔离当前净营养的变化。这项研究使用控制身高后的体重作为衡量当前净营养的指标,结果表明,美国黑人和白人的体重在整个19世纪末和20世纪初都在下降,而在南方、农民和非技术工人的体重则更高。与身高和身体质量指数一样,19世纪的体重在平均财富和人口密度较高的州较高,在财富不平等程度较高的州较低。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of Financial Literacy, Generation, and Socioeconomic Factors on Financial Risk Tolerance: An African American Study 金融知识、世代和社会经济因素对金融风险承受能力的影响:一项非裔美国人的研究
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/00346446231152805
John H. Young
Previous research that considered African Americans as a homogenous group has determined that they are reluctant to invest in equities and corporate debt bonds, resulting in lost opportunities to build wealth. This study explored financial literacy, age and generational cohort identity, and socioeconomic factors as possible limitations to African Americans’ engagement in financial markets to build wealth. Financial risk tolerance is usually measured using three basic approaches: (a) assessing investment portfolio assets; (b) assessing responses to subjective questions; and (c) assessing responses to hypothetical questions with specific scenarios. The third approach was utilized in this study by conducting a multidimensional risk analysis with a 13-item assessment that addressed the constructs of investment risk, risk comfort and experience, and speculative risk. African Americans appear to be no different from any other group of Americans when provided with education to improve their financial literacy and financial risk tolerance levels, which are critical for reaching long-term wealth goals.
先前的研究认为,非洲裔美国人是一个同质群体,结果发现他们不愿意投资股票和公司债券,从而失去了积累财富的机会。本研究探讨了非裔美国人参与金融市场积累财富的金融素养、年龄和世代认同以及社会经济因素可能的限制。金融风险承受能力通常用三种基本方法来衡量:(a)评估投资组合资产;(b)评估对主观问题的反应;(c)评估对特定情景下假设性问题的反应。第三种方法在本研究中使用,通过进行多维风险分析与13项评估,解决投资风险,风险舒适和经验,以及投机风险的结构。非洲裔美国人在接受教育以提高他们的金融知识和金融风险承受能力时,似乎与其他美国群体没有什么不同,这对实现长期财富目标至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Lisa Fe' Saunders 1956–2022 In Memoriam
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-31 DOI: 10.1177/00346446231154000
L. Badgett, Carol Heim, Michael Ash, M. Calás, L. Smircich
Lisa Fe’ Saunders received her undergraduate degree in Business Administration from Old Dominion University and her PhD in Economics from the University of California Berkeley in 1987. She joined the Department of Economics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst where she was promoted to tenured Associate Professor and remained until she retired in 2021, becoming Professor Emerita. She also held visiting appointments at the University of Minnesota and University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Lisa set an outstanding example of how to use research and teaching to make economics a better and more inclusive discipline and to make the world more just. She was devoted to students, teaching courses on the political economy of women and political economy of racism that inspired some students to become economists and encouraged all students to think more critically about economics and the economy. She also taught courses on labor, microeconomics, and research methods and writing in economics. She set high standards for all of her students and especially enjoyed working with students in the Honors Program. She was always interested in discussing pedagogy and willing to offer advice to colleagues on teaching matters. On the wall in her office was a sign saying “assume nothing,” a reminder to her students and herself to keep an open mind about other people. She encouraged her students to practice “step forward, step back”: to speak up if they had been silent in class and allow others a chance to speak if they had already contributed. She also reached out to a wider community through the Center for Popular Economics, where she taught activists, educators, media makers, and others. She was selected to participate in the Lilly Endowment Teaching Fellows Program in 1988–1989 and received a Teaching for Inclusiveness, Diversity, and Equity (TIDE) Faculty Fellowship award for 2018–2019.
Lisa Fe ' Saunders于1987年在Old Dominion University获得工商管理学士学位,并在加州大学伯克利分校获得经济学博士学位。她加入了马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校经济系,在那里她被提升为终身副教授,并一直留任到2021年退休,成为名誉教授。她还曾在明尼苏达大学和伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校访问。丽莎为如何利用研究和教学使经济学成为一门更好、更包容的学科、使世界更公正树立了一个杰出的榜样。她致力于学生,教授妇女政治经济学和种族主义政治经济学的课程,这激励了一些学生成为经济学家,并鼓励所有学生对经济学和经济进行更批判性的思考。她还教授劳动、微观经济学、经济学研究方法和写作方面的课程。她为所有学生设定了高标准,尤其喜欢与荣誉项目的学生一起工作。她总是对讨论教育学感兴趣,并愿意就教学问题向同事提供建议。她办公室的墙上挂着一块牌子,上面写着“什么都不要假设”,提醒她的学生和她自己对他人保持开放的心态。她鼓励她的学生练习“向前一步,后退一步”:如果他们在课堂上沉默,就大声说出来,如果他们已经做出了贡献,就给别人一个发言的机会。她还通过大众经济学中心(Center for Popular Economics)接触到更广泛的社区,在那里她向活动人士、教育工作者、媒体制作人和其他人授课。她于1988-1989年入选礼来捐赠教学研究员计划,并于2018-2019年获得包容性,多样性和公平性教学(TIDE)教师奖学金奖。
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引用次数: 1
Contributing Factors to the Housing Cost Burden of Female-Headed Households 女性户主家庭住房成本负担的成因分析
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-29 DOI: 10.1177/00346446231152809
LaTanya N. Brown-Robertson, Augustin Ntembe
While the United States housing cost burden has reached historically high levels for all households in recent years, female-headed households with children tend to bear a significant portion this burden. This study uses data from the 2015 and 2019 American Housing Survey to explore the disparities in housing cost burdens among female-headed households. In general, the results from the fixed effect model reveal that housing assistance significantly decreases the female-headed household's housing cost burden, while renting tends to increase the female householders’ housing burden compared to owning. The fixed effect parameters suggest that single Black mothers experienced a high housing cost burden in 2015 and 2019, more than any other category of Black female-headed households for both years. Likewise, single Hispanic mothers also face large housing cost burdens, which increased from 2015 to 2019. This finding should guide inquiries into the impact of changes in federal policies on the immigrant status on the rising housing cost burden of the Hispanic female cohort. The study's findings suggest an increase in public housing and rental assistance programs that benefit single black mothers with children and other vulnerable households.
虽然近年来美国所有家庭的住房成本负担都达到了历史最高水平,但有孩子的女户主家庭往往承担了这一负担的很大一部分。本研究使用2015年和2019年美国住房调查的数据来探讨女性户主家庭在住房成本负担方面的差异。总体而言,固定效应模型的结果表明,住房援助显著降低了女性户主家庭的住房成本负担,而租房则倾向于增加女性户主家庭的住房负担。固定效应参数表明,单身黑人母亲在2015年和2019年经历了高昂的住房成本负担,在这两年中都超过了其他任何类别的黑人女性户主家庭。同样,单身西班牙裔母亲也面临着巨大的住房成本负担,从2015年到2019年,这一负担有所增加。这一发现应该指导调查联邦移民政策的变化对西班牙裔女性群体住房成本负担上升的影响。研究结果表明,公共住房和租赁援助项目的增加有利于有孩子的单身黑人母亲和其他弱势家庭。
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引用次数: 0
Black Feminists in the Third Sector: Here Is Why We Choose to use the term Solidarity Economy 第三部门的黑人女权主义者:这就是为什么我们选择使用团结经济这个术语
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-17 DOI: 10.1177/00346446221132319
Caroline Shenaz Hossein, Megan Pearson
Many countries in the Global North use the term “social economy”—also known as the third sector—to describe economies run by citizens rather than by state or business actors. Over the years, many Black feminist scholars that we have worked with also share the view that the concept of the “social economy” is limited to a European understanding. It fails to acknowledge those actors in the third sector who are excluded from interacting with the government or private sector. There is an assumption that the social economy is “socially inclined” and that it is a sector able to “interact” with the state and capitalist firms. What happens when certain groups of people cannot interact with the state or private sectors due to systemic exclusion? We argue that to transform literature on the social economy, we must use the term solidarity economy. Rejecting the sanitized language of the social economy, we use critical discourse and case study analyses to show the worldwide use of the term solidarity. Our work draws on theories of community economy intentional community to argue that the solidarity economy is a site of contestation and a way to push for social change.
全球北方的许多国家使用“社会经济”一词(也称为第三部门)来描述由公民而非国家或商业行为者经营的经济。多年来,我们合作过的许多黑人女权主义学者也都认为,“社会经济”的概念仅限于欧洲人的理解。它没有承认那些被排除在与政府或私营部门互动之外的第三部门行为者。有一种假设认为,社会经济是“有社会倾向的”,它是一个能够与国家和资本主义企业“互动”的部门。当某些群体由于系统性排斥而无法与国家或私营部门互动时,会发生什么?我们认为,要改变关于社会经济的文献,我们必须使用“团结经济”一词。我们摒弃了社会经济的净化语言,使用批判性话语和案例分析来展示团结一词在世界范围内的使用。我们的工作借鉴了社区经济-意向社区的理论,认为团结经济是一个争论的场所,也是推动社会变革的一种方式。
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引用次数: 2
Fiscal Policy and Monetary Integration in the Ecowas Ecowas中的财政政策与货币一体化
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-17 DOI: 10.1177/00346446221094867
Kenneth Onye, O. J. Umoh
Those with dissenting view regarding the structure of monetary union arrangement in ECOWAS often argue that the macroeconomic convergence criteria have hampered the ability of countries in the region to stabilize their economies with appropriate counter-cyclical fiscal policy. We test the empirical merit of this assertion and found no support for this view. Instead, discretionary fiscal policy has actually become counter-cyclical in ECOWAS after the introduction of convergence criteria. In specifics, we found a switch from pro-cyclical fiscal policymaking in the pre-convergence era (1995–2002) to a counter-cyclical fiscal policymaking in the convergence era (2003–2018) in ECOWAS, and that policymakers in the region respond to initial conditions - apparently taking clue from past (initial) debt and past deficit. The policy import of our result is the need to: (i) introduce more flexibility in fiscal policymaking through discretionary fiscal policy that balances the budget (against the constraints imposed by the convergence rules) over the business cycle; and (ii) adopt ‘discretionary fiscal deficit’ to monitor compliance (rather than gross deficit) because it represents effort made to correct excess deficit.
那些对西非经共体货币联盟安排结构持不同意见的人经常辩称,宏观经济趋同标准阻碍了该地区各国通过适当的反周期财政政策稳定经济的能力。我们检验了这一论断的实证价值,没有发现对这一观点的支持。相反,在引入趋同标准后,西非经共体的自由裁量财政政策实际上已经成为反周期的。具体而言,我们发现西非经共体从趋同前时代(1995-2002)的顺周期财政政策制定转向了趋同时代(2003-2018)的反周期财政政策,该地区的政策制定者对初始条件做出了反应——显然是从过去的(初始)债务和过去的赤字中获得了线索。我们的结果的政策意义在于:(i)通过自由裁量的财政政策,在整个商业周期内平衡预算(克服趋同规则施加的限制),在财政决策中引入更大的灵活性;以及(ii)采用“可自由支配的财政赤字”来监督合规性(而不是总赤字),因为它代表了为纠正过度赤字所做的努力。
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引用次数: 0
Attaining Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): New Evidence on Foreign aid and the “Bundling” of Domestic Revenue Mobilization in Sub-Saharan Africa 实现可持续发展目标:撒哈拉以南非洲地区外援与国内收入动员“捆绑”的新证据
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.1177/00346446221145934
O. Folarin, I. Raifu
With the global sustainable development goals, it has become imperative for developing countries, especially sub-Saharan African countries, to think inward on ways to increase domestically mobilized revenue. The recovery of the global economy within the last few years has increased foreign assistance inflow into African countries. However, the direction of its impact on domestic mobilized revenue is unclear. This study revisited the relationship between foreign aid and domestic mobilized revenues for 32 sub-Saharan African countries using a more recent and novel dataset on tax revenue. We employed instrumental fixed effect Quantile regression, a novel technique in aid and tax revenue literature. The study's findings show that the impact of foreign aid varies across tax revenue distribution. We found a negative and significant effect in countries with high tax effort. While the effect is insignificant in countries with low tax effort, sub-Saharan African countries, especially those with low tax revenue, need to use foreign aid to strengthen their tax administration and adopt modern tax revenue collection technologies. As a result, sub-Saharan African countries should request advanced countries or donors to provide technical support in tax revenue mobilization.
随着全球可持续发展目标的实现,发展中国家,特别是撒哈拉以南非洲国家,必须向内思考如何增加国内动员的收入。过去几年全球经济的复苏增加了流入非洲国家的外国援助。然而,其对国内动员收入的影响方向尚不清楚。这项研究使用了一个更新的税收数据集,重新审视了32个撒哈拉以南非洲国家的对外援助和国内动员收入之间的关系。我们采用了工具固定效应Quantile回归,这是援助和税收文献中的一种新技术。研究结果表明,外国援助的影响因税收分配而异。我们发现,在高税收努力的国家,会产生负面和显著的影响。虽然这种影响在低税收国家微不足道,但撒哈拉以南非洲国家,特别是低税收国家,需要利用外国援助来加强税收管理,并采用现代税收征收技术。因此,撒哈拉以南非洲国家应要求发达国家或捐助者在调动税收方面提供技术支持。
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引用次数: 0
Connecting the Threads: Stratification Economics and the Political Economy of W.E.B. Du Bois 承上启下:分层经济学与杜波依斯的政治经济学
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-31 DOI: 10.1177/00346446221132323
J. Stewart
This analysis expands previous research examining the origins of concepts and theoretical frameworks developed by Stratification Economics (SE) practitioners. Linkages between formulations developed by W.E.B. Du Bois and similar SE constructs are analyzed extending the previous recognition of the relevance of his scholarship for SE. Four specific elements of Du Bois's SE-related scholarship are interrogated: (1) Origins and Parameters of Racial Group Identity; (2) Class Differentiation; (3) Capitalism and Racial Stratification; and (4) Democracy and Racial Stratification. Du Bois's predictions regarding future important economic trends are shown to be relevant for guiding SE analyses of contemporary patterns of racial economic stratification. Reasons why Du Bois's scholarship has received limited attention within the Economics profession are discussed in the context of explaining why formalizing Du Bois's role as a SE progenitor is important for the ongoing development of SE.
该分析扩展了以往对分层经济学(SE)从业者开发的概念和理论框架起源的研究。分析了W.E.B.Du Bois开发的公式与类似SE结构之间的联系,扩展了之前对其学术与SE相关性的认识。对Du BoisSE相关学术的四个具体元素进行了质疑:(1)种族群体身份的起源和参数;(2) 阶级分化;(3) 资本主义与种族分层;(4)民主和种族分层。杜波依斯对未来重要经济趋势的预测被证明与指导当代种族经济分层模式的SE分析相关。杜波依斯的学术在经济学界受到有限关注的原因在解释为什么正式确定杜波依s作为SE先驱的角色对SE的持续发展很重要的背景下进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Review of Black Political Economy
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