Journal of Food and Drug Analysis最新文献

Erinacines derived from Hericium erinaceus have been shown to possess various health benefits including neuroprotective effect against neurodegenerative diseases, yet the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here we found that erinacine S enhances neurite outgrowth in a cell autonomous fashion. It promotes post-injury axon regeneration of PNS neurons and enhances regeneration on inhibitory substrates of CNS neurons. Using RNA-seq and bioinformatic analyses, erinacine S was found to cause the accumulation of neurosteroids in neurons. ELISA and neurosteroidogenesis inhibitor assays were performed to validate this effect. This research uncovers a previously unknown effect of erinacine S on raising the level of neurosteroids.

Recently, cannabidiol (CBD), one of the major components of the Cannabis species, has been a focus in the cannabis industry due to its various pharmacological effects. Interestingly, CBD can be converted into several psychoactive cannabinoids, such as 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) and its structural isomers, under acidic reaction conditions. In this study, chemical transformation of CBD in ethanol solution was conducted with variation in pH at 2.0, 3.5, and 5.0 by addition of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl). These resulting solutions were derivatized with trimethylsilyl (TMS) reagent and analyzed using GC/MS-scan mode. Time profiles of CBD degradation and transformation of products were examined according to variations in pH and temperature. Several transformed products produced after the acidic reaction of CBD were identified by matching retention times and mass spectra to authentic standards. Regarding the identification of products without authentic standards, the EI-mass spectra of such cannabinoid-OTMS derivatives were interpreted according to structural class, suggesting mass fragmentation pathways. From the GC/MS data, Δ⁹-THC, CBC, and ethoxy-hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) analogs were shown to be major components, and THC isomers (Δ⁸- and Δ¹⁰-THCs) and 9-hydroxy-HHC were observed as minor components. Using time profile data, the acidity of the reaction solution was an important factor in degradation of CBD. Degradation of CBD and formation of THC rarely occurred at pH 5.0, even at 70 °C with a long process time of 24 h. In contrast, degradation of CBD occurred readily at pH 3.5 and 30 °C over a short process time and was further accelerated by lowering pH, increasing temperature, and lengthening the process time. Based on profile data and identified transformed products, formation pathways from the degradation of CBD under acidic reaction conditions are suggested. Among the transformed products, seven components are known to have psychoactive effects. Thus, industrial CBD manufacturing processes in food and cosmetic products should be carefully controlled. These results will provide important guidelines on the control of manufacturing processes, storage, fermentation processes, and new regulation in industrial applications of CBD.

Glycidyl esters (GEs) and 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol esters (MCPDEs) are emerging process-generated food contaminants known as possible carcinogens. Herein, a direct method is developed and validated for the first time to simultaneously quantify seven GEs and twenty-four MCPDE congeners of processed foods using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in a single sequence without ester cleavage or derivatisation, thereby allowing for the simultaneous analysis of numerous food matrices with high accuracy and precision. Our results show levels of GEs varying from

Guilu Erxian Jiao (GEJ) is a commonly used nutritional supplement due to its rich content of amino acids. It is also a traditional herbal medicine for improving degenerative joint. This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of GEJ water extract (GEJ-WE) on skeletal muscle in C2C12 myotubes and C57BL/6J mice. Analysis of GEJ-WE were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprinting with chemical standards. Protein expression, mRNA level, glycogen content, mitochondria activity and ATP level were evaluated by western blots, real-time PCR, PAS staining, MTT and ATP bioluminescence assay, respectively. Skeletal muscle strength was evaluated by grip strength. Skeletal muscle volume, mass and fiber types were evaluated by micro computed tomography, histological analysis and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Motor function was evaluated by rotarod performance and locomotor activity. In C2C12 myotubes, GEJ-WE significantly enhanced myogenic differentiation and myotube growth, protein synthesis signaling IGF-1/IGF-1R/IRS-1/Akt, Glut4 translocation, glycogen content, mitochondrial biogenesis signaling PGC-1α/NRF1/TFAM, mitochondrial activity and ATP production. However, IGF-1R antagonist AG1024 and PI3K inhibitor wortmannin reduced GEJ-WE-induced protein expression of MyHC, p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-GSK-3β, Glut4 translocation and glycogen content. In C57BL/6J mice, GEJ-WE not only upregulated protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis signaling, but it also increased muscle volume, relative muscle weight, cross-sectional area of myofibers, glycogen content and transition of fast-to-slow type fibers of skeletal muscles. Moreover, GEJ-WE enhanced grip strength and motor activity of mice. In conclusion, the upregulation of protein synthesis, myogenic differentiation, glucose homeostasis, mitochondrial biogenesis and slow-twitch fibers contributes to the mechanisms of GEJ-WE on the enhancement of skeletal muscle mass and motor function.

New psychoactive substances (NPS) have been rapidly emerged as legal alternatives to controlled drugs, which raised severe public health issue. The detection and monitoring of its intake by complete metabolic profiling is an urgent and vital task. Untargeted metabolomics approach has been applied for several NPS metabolites studies. Although the number of such works is relatively limited but with a rapidly growing need. The present study aimed to propose a procedure that includes liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis and a signal selection software, MetaboFinder, programed as a web tool. The comprehensive metabolites profile of one kind of NPS, 4-methoxy-α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (4-MeO-α-PVP), was studied by using this workflow. In this study, two different concentrations of 4-MeO-α-PVP along with as blank sample were incubated with human liver S9 fraction for the conversion to their metabolites and followed by LC-MS analysis. After retention time alignment and feature identification, 4640 features were obtained and submitted to statistical analysis for signal selection by using MetaboFinder. A total of 50 features were considered as 4-MeO-α-PVP metabolite candidates showing significant changes (p < 0.00001 and fold change >2) between the two investigated groups. Targeted LC-MS/MS analysis was conducted focusing on these significantly expressed features. Assisted by chemical formula determination according to high mass accuracy and in silico MS² fragmentation prediction, 19 chemical structure identifications were achieved. Among which, 8 metabolites have been reported derived from 4-MeO-α-PVP in a previous literature while 11 novel 4-MeO-α-PVP metabolites were identified by using our strategy. Further in vivo animal experiment confirmed that 18 compounds were 4-MeO-α-PVP metabolites, which demonstrated the feasibility of our strategy for screening the 4-MeO-α-PVP metabolites. We anticipate that this procedure may support and facilitate traditional metabolism studies and potentially being applied for routine NPS metabolites screening.

Lipid oxidations products (LOPs) are reactive mutagenic and carcinogenic species known to be generated in thermally stressed culinary oils. Mapping the evolution of LOPs in culinary oils exposed to standard frying practices - both continuous and discontinuous thermo-oxidation - at 180 °C is vital to our understanding of these processes, and to the development of scientific solutions for their effective suppression. Modifications in the chemical compositions of the thermo-oxidised oils were analysed using a high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) technique. Research findings acquired showed that polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich culinary oils were the most susceptible to thermo-oxidation. Consistently, coconut oil, which has a very high saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, was highly resistant to the thermo-oxidative methods employed. Furthermore, continuous thermo-oxidation produced greater substantive changes in the oils evaluated than discontinuous episodes. Indeed, for 120 min thermo-oxidation durations, both continuous and discontinuous methods exerted a unique impact on the contents and levels of aldehydic LOPs formed in the oils. This report exposes daily used culinary oils to thermo-oxidation, and therefore, it permits assessments of their peroxidative susceptibilities. It also serves as a reminder to the scientific community to investigate approaches for suppressing toxic LOPs generation in culinary oils exposed to these processes, most notably those involving their reuse.

This study developed a simple and rapid strategic technique to detect ractopamine (chemical growth-promoting agent) in pork. Two highly sensitive and specific gold nanoparticle-based portable sensors, i.e., localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensors, and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) strips were developed to detect veterinary drug residues in food products, that have detrimental effects on humans. Optimization studies were conducted on several sensor devices to improve sensitivity. Each sensor comprised functionalized gold nanoparticles conjugated with ractopamine antibodies. The LSPR sensor chip achieved excellent detection sensitivity = 1.19 fg/mL and was advantageous for quantitative analysis due to its wide dynamic range. On the other hand, LFIA strips provided visual test confirmation and achieved 2.27 ng/mL detection sensitivity, significantly less sensitive than LSPR. The complementary sensors help overcome each other's shortcomings with both the techniques offering ease of use, affordability and rapid diagnosis. Thus, these sensors can be applied on-site for routine screening of harmful drug residues in pork meat. They also provide useful direction for advanced technologies to enhance assay performance for detecting various other food drug contaminants.