Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.1142/s1464333219500182
Patricia Ozoike-Dennis, H. Spaling, A. Sinclair, H. Walker
This paper examines the role of participation and learning in Kenyan strategic environmental assessments (SEAs) of urban plans that include a solid waste management (SWM) component. Two SEA cases were studied using 40 semi-structured interviews and two focus groups. Data are analysed qualitatively employing NVivo software. Participation is assessed using ideal conditions of learning derived from Transformative Learning Theory, and operationalised for this study. Strengths of SEA participation are freedom from coercion and equal opportunity to participate. Notable weaknesses include inaccessibility of SEA documents, inadequate participant funding, and lack of feedback and transparency about the SEA findings. Participants exhibited numerous learning outcomes and associated social actions on urban SWM including waste sorting, recycling and composting (instrumental learning), sharing values and community collaborations on cleanup and recycling (communicative learning), and altering conventional viewpoints from ‘waste for disposal’ to ‘waste as a resource’ (transformative learning), including for livelihood opportunities.
{"title":"SEA, Urban Plans and Solid Waste Management in Kenya: Participation and Learning for Sustainable Cities","authors":"Patricia Ozoike-Dennis, H. Spaling, A. Sinclair, H. Walker","doi":"10.1142/s1464333219500182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1464333219500182","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the role of participation and learning in Kenyan strategic environmental assessments (SEAs) of urban plans that include a solid waste management (SWM) component. Two SEA cases were studied using 40 semi-structured interviews and two focus groups. Data are analysed qualitatively employing NVivo software. Participation is assessed using ideal conditions of learning derived from Transformative Learning Theory, and operationalised for this study. Strengths of SEA participation are freedom from coercion and equal opportunity to participate. Notable weaknesses include inaccessibility of SEA documents, inadequate participant funding, and lack of feedback and transparency about the SEA findings. Participants exhibited numerous learning outcomes and associated social actions on urban SWM including waste sorting, recycling and composting (instrumental learning), sharing values and community collaborations on cleanup and recycling (communicative learning), and altering conventional viewpoints from ‘waste for disposal’ to ‘waste as a resource’ (transformative learning), including for livelihood opportunities.","PeriodicalId":35909,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45312491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-11DOI: 10.1142/s1464333219500133
F. Khosravi, T. Fischer, Urmila Jha-Thakur
Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) is a group of analytical approaches allowing us to compare criteria or alternatives when making complex decisions. It can be applied in Strategic Environmental Assessment for supporting the integration of environmental, social and economic aspects into the development of strategies, policies, plan and programme making. This paper reports on an application of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) as one of MCA approaches to assess Gilan Tourism Development Plan in Iran. Here, the Global Sustainable Tourism criteria were weighted by AHP on the basis of experts’ opinions. The extent to which development options for Gilan Tourism Development Plan were likely to be sustainable was assessed using a list of weighted criteria. The evaluation of the findings suggests that the plan has not met all the sub-criteria of sustainable tourism.
{"title":"Multi-criteria Analysis for Rapid Strategic Environmental Assessment in Tourism Planning","authors":"F. Khosravi, T. Fischer, Urmila Jha-Thakur","doi":"10.1142/s1464333219500133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1464333219500133","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) is a group of analytical approaches allowing us to compare criteria or alternatives when making complex decisions. It can be applied in Strategic Environmental Assessment for supporting the integration of environmental, social and economic aspects into the development of strategies, policies, plan and programme making. This paper reports on an application of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) as one of MCA approaches to assess Gilan Tourism Development Plan in Iran. Here, the Global Sustainable Tourism criteria were weighted by AHP on the basis of experts’ opinions. The extent to which development options for Gilan Tourism Development Plan were likely to be sustainable was assessed using a list of weighted criteria. The evaluation of the findings suggests that the plan has not met all the sub-criteria of sustainable tourism.","PeriodicalId":35909,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1142/s1464333219500133","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45276122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.1142/s1464333219010026
D. Geneletti
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"D. Geneletti","doi":"10.1142/s1464333219010026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1464333219010026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35909,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1142/s1464333219010026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46505139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-04DOI: 10.1142/S1464333219500108
Nyandaro Mteki, T. Murayama, Shigeo Nishikizawa
Within the context of infrastructure projects, the capacity of an affected population to cope with, and recover from, the adverse effects of displacement has been barely explored. Using a longitudinal 1 survey, we analysed the strengths of the displaced people in Tanzania through investigating their adaptation strategies. The KJ 2 analysis revealed two major adaptation trends. First, resettlees utilised their residential plots for crop cultivation immediately after relocation. Secondly, they reestablished their trading activities within a few years after they had settled in their new communities. The contextual disparity between the old and new settlements, however, impeded the growth of trading activities in the new settlement. Furthermore, the lack of infrastructure in the new settlement made it impossible for the resettlees to benefit financially from their crops. We argue that development planners should make deliberate efforts to reflect the real livelihoods of the affected people by ensuring that local skills fit into the new environment, thus enhancing the process of adaptation.
{"title":"Adaptation Strategies and Constraints of a Displaced Population in Tanzania: The Case of an Airport Expansion Project","authors":"Nyandaro Mteki, T. Murayama, Shigeo Nishikizawa","doi":"10.1142/S1464333219500108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333219500108","url":null,"abstract":"Within the context of infrastructure projects, the capacity of an affected population to cope with, and recover from, the adverse effects of displacement has been barely explored. Using a longitudinal 1 survey, we analysed the strengths of the displaced people in Tanzania through investigating their adaptation strategies. The KJ 2 analysis revealed two major adaptation trends. First, resettlees utilised their residential plots for crop cultivation immediately after relocation. Secondly, they reestablished their trading activities within a few years after they had settled in their new communities. The contextual disparity between the old and new settlements, however, impeded the growth of trading activities in the new settlement. Furthermore, the lack of infrastructure in the new settlement made it impossible for the resettlees to benefit financially from their crops. We argue that development planners should make deliberate efforts to reflect the real livelihoods of the affected people by ensuring that local skills fit into the new environment, thus enhancing the process of adaptation.","PeriodicalId":35909,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1142/S1464333219500108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64013219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-04DOI: 10.1142/S1464333219500091
F. Swanepoel, F. Retief, A. Bond, A. Bond, Jenny Pope, Jenny Pope, A. Morrison‐Saunders, A. Morrison‐Saunders, Morgan Houptfleisch, M. Fundingsland
Biodiversity is under significant threat globally and therefore the biodiversity input to environmental impact assessment (EIA) is important. The quality of biodiversity inputs needs to be high if biodiversity is to be protected, especially in areas with high biodiversity value. Here, we follow-up quality reviews of biodiversity inputs to EIA reports, through interviews with the biodiversity specialists who authored the biodiversity inputs, in order to find explanations for the quality results. This is the first quality review research to systematically engage with biodiversity specialists in this way. The biodiversity specialists highlighted professional registration as a key factor supporting strengths around professional conduct and gathering of baseline information. Weaknesses identified relate to review areas dealing with alternatives, public participation, prediction, as well as management actions and monitoring arrangements, which seem to be the result of a lack of understanding and/or agreement on the role of the biodiversity specialists in the EIA process. The research results suggest that ideally biodiversity inputs should not be seen as a one-off contribution but rather as an iterative contribution during different stages of the EIA process.
{"title":"Explanations for the Quality of Biodiversity Inputs to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in Areas with High Biodiversity Value","authors":"F. Swanepoel, F. Retief, A. Bond, A. Bond, Jenny Pope, Jenny Pope, A. Morrison‐Saunders, A. Morrison‐Saunders, Morgan Houptfleisch, M. Fundingsland","doi":"10.1142/S1464333219500091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333219500091","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiversity is under significant threat globally and therefore the biodiversity input to environmental impact assessment (EIA) is important. The quality of biodiversity inputs needs to be high if biodiversity is to be protected, especially in areas with high biodiversity value. Here, we follow-up quality reviews of biodiversity inputs to EIA reports, through interviews with the biodiversity specialists who authored the biodiversity inputs, in order to find explanations for the quality results. This is the first quality review research to systematically engage with biodiversity specialists in this way. The biodiversity specialists highlighted professional registration as a key factor supporting strengths around professional conduct and gathering of baseline information. Weaknesses identified relate to review areas dealing with alternatives, public participation, prediction, as well as management actions and monitoring arrangements, which seem to be the result of a lack of understanding and/or agreement on the role of the biodiversity specialists in the EIA process. The research results suggest that ideally biodiversity inputs should not be seen as a one-off contribution but rather as an iterative contribution during different stages of the EIA process.","PeriodicalId":35909,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1142/S1464333219500091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43376870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-04DOI: 10.1142/S1464333219500042
Sophya Geghamyan, K. Pavličková
Many post-Soviet countries are still improving their Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) systems, and Armenia is no exception. In recent years, approximation to and harmonisation with the laws of the European Union has seen Armenia increasingly adopt and apply EU regulations and directives, and this process was supported by adoption of the new law on EIA and Expertise in 2014. The main objectives of this study are to review and analyse the current state of the Armenian EIA system and to assess its legal framework. We applied a method divided into two parts: review and analysis of the legislative aspects of the EIA system in Armenia and the circulation of a survey-questionnaire to EIA experts to establish current practices. The findings of this research provided positive and negative factors which can both be used to improve the assessment system in Armenia. While the most significant EIA strength combines the existence of a systematic law and public involvement in this process, the law has weaknesses in its monitoring, informative and quality control provisions. Moreover, public participation has many weaknesses in practice, including the definition of stakeholders and the lack of guidelines and manuals which challenges expert action. Finally, this paper has explored the major positives and negatives of the Armenian EIA system in practice, and we consider that this should help other Former Soviet Union (FSU) countries define and combat the challenges of their EIA systems.
{"title":"Does the Current State of Environmental Impact Assessment in Armenia Pose a Challenge for the Future?","authors":"Sophya Geghamyan, K. Pavličková","doi":"10.1142/S1464333219500042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333219500042","url":null,"abstract":"Many post-Soviet countries are still improving their Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) systems, and Armenia is no exception. In recent years, approximation to and harmonisation with the laws of the European Union has seen Armenia increasingly adopt and apply EU regulations and directives, and this process was supported by adoption of the new law on EIA and Expertise in 2014. The main objectives of this study are to review and analyse the current state of the Armenian EIA system and to assess its legal framework. We applied a method divided into two parts: review and analysis of the legislative aspects of the EIA system in Armenia and the circulation of a survey-questionnaire to EIA experts to establish current practices. The findings of this research provided positive and negative factors which can both be used to improve the assessment system in Armenia. While the most significant EIA strength combines the existence of a systematic law and public involvement in this process, the law has weaknesses in its monitoring, informative and quality control provisions. Moreover, public participation has many weaknesses in practice, including the definition of stakeholders and the lack of guidelines and manuals which challenges expert action. Finally, this paper has explored the major positives and negatives of the Armenian EIA system in practice, and we consider that this should help other Former Soviet Union (FSU) countries define and combat the challenges of their EIA systems.","PeriodicalId":35909,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1142/S1464333219500042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43091893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-04DOI: 10.1142/S1464333219500066
K. Yıldırım, Murat Önder
The impacts of global warming, environmental pollution and corrective protective policies for climate change have been discussed by scholars for more than half a century. This study elaborates enabling factors for municipalities that have an active role in emission reduction and adaptation in metropolitan cities in Turkey. Annual Action Reports and Strategic Plans of corresponding Turkish metropolitan municipalities in the second period of Kyoto Protocol were examined with document analysis to capture their local climate protection capacities. Secondary data were also gathered mainly from public institutions inventory and reports to determine major external factors on municipal climate initiatives. Ordinary Least Square regression method was used to analyse the extent of enabling factors including socio-economic, emission and vulnerability conditions that have an impact on local climate governance initiatives in metropolitan cities. The findings of the study indicate that emission level and socio-economics capacity of the metropolitan cities in Turkey have a high aspiration for greenhouse gases reduction actions, while vulnerability level of the climate change has no significant effect on municipal decision-makers and practitioners on local climate protection governance.
{"title":"Collaborative Role of Metropolitan Municipalities in Local Climate Protection Governance Strategies: The Case of Turkish Metropolitan Cities","authors":"K. Yıldırım, Murat Önder","doi":"10.1142/S1464333219500066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333219500066","url":null,"abstract":"The impacts of global warming, environmental pollution and corrective protective policies for climate change have been discussed by scholars for more than half a century. This study elaborates enabling factors for municipalities that have an active role in emission reduction and adaptation in metropolitan cities in Turkey. Annual Action Reports and Strategic Plans of corresponding Turkish metropolitan municipalities in the second period of Kyoto Protocol were examined with document analysis to capture their local climate protection capacities. Secondary data were also gathered mainly from public institutions inventory and reports to determine major external factors on municipal climate initiatives. Ordinary Least Square regression method was used to analyse the extent of enabling factors including socio-economic, emission and vulnerability conditions that have an impact on local climate governance initiatives in metropolitan cities. The findings of the study indicate that emission level and socio-economics capacity of the metropolitan cities in Turkey have a high aspiration for greenhouse gases reduction actions, while vulnerability level of the climate change has no significant effect on municipal decision-makers and practitioners on local climate protection governance.","PeriodicalId":35909,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1142/S1464333219500066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45024449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-04DOI: 10.1142/S146433321950008X
Elise Pinto, A. Morrison‐Saunders, A. Bond, J. Pope, F. Retief
Follow-up is an essential component of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) if the success of EIA in improving the sustainability of a project once implemented is to be determined. This paper aims to establish universally-applicable criteria for EIA follow-up to evaluate project performance once assessed and underway. A suite of 24 criteria is derived from EIA follow-up best practice principles published by the International Association for Impact Assessment. The criteria are categorized according to the five dimensions of EIA follow-up: monitoring, evaluation, management, communication and governance. Posed as questions, the criteria support qualitative assessments of EIA follow-up performance for a project. Through application of the criteria to a case study currently under construction (the Shell Cove Marina project in eastern Australia), we found they provided an effective basis for a document review process delivering a short but informative account of the follow-up performance of the case study. The more robust evaluation of some of the criteria, particularly in the governance category, would require supplementary techniques such as interviews.
{"title":"Distilling and Applying Criteria for Best Practice EIA Follow-Up","authors":"Elise Pinto, A. Morrison‐Saunders, A. Bond, J. Pope, F. Retief","doi":"10.1142/S146433321950008X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S146433321950008X","url":null,"abstract":"Follow-up is an essential component of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) if the success of EIA in improving the sustainability of a project once implemented is to be determined. This paper aims to establish universally-applicable criteria for EIA follow-up to evaluate project performance once assessed and underway. A suite of 24 criteria is derived from EIA follow-up best practice principles published by the International Association for Impact Assessment. The criteria are categorized according to the five dimensions of EIA follow-up: monitoring, evaluation, management, communication and governance. Posed as questions, the criteria support qualitative assessments of EIA follow-up performance for a project. Through application of the criteria to a case study currently under construction (the Shell Cove Marina project in eastern Australia), we found they provided an effective basis for a document review process delivering a short but informative account of the follow-up performance of the case study. The more robust evaluation of some of the criteria, particularly in the governance category, would require supplementary techniques such as interviews.","PeriodicalId":35909,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1142/S146433321950008X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42020227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-25DOI: 10.1142/S1464333219500121
Ž. K. Villa, Sunčana Slijepčević
Energy efficiency is an important element of Europe's Climate and Energy scheme to meet the target of a 20% reduction in energy demand by 2020. To achieve this goal, it is essential to transform to low-carbon economy and much of required transformations take place at the local and regional level, while regional authorities have the tools to influence and encourage this process. The paper presents the results of a survey relating to the energy efficiency projects conducted among councilors at the regional level. The paper investigates local councilors' attitudes about the impact of energy efficiency projects, prerequisites for successful implementation of energy efficiency projects and preconditions for efficient public procurement in the field of energy efficiency. Survey results could provide some useful insights for policy recommendations in the field of energy efficiency.
{"title":"Assessment of Local Councillors’ Attitudes Towards Energy Efficiency Projects in Croatia","authors":"Ž. K. Villa, Sunčana Slijepčević","doi":"10.1142/S1464333219500121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333219500121","url":null,"abstract":"Energy efficiency is an important element of Europe's Climate and Energy scheme to meet the target of a 20% reduction in energy demand by 2020. To achieve this goal, it is essential to transform to low-carbon economy and much of required transformations take place at the local and regional level, while regional authorities have the tools to influence and encourage this process. The paper presents the results of a survey relating to the energy efficiency projects conducted among councilors at the regional level. The paper investigates local councilors' attitudes about the impact of energy efficiency projects, prerequisites for successful implementation of energy efficiency projects and preconditions for efficient public procurement in the field of energy efficiency. Survey results could provide some useful insights for policy recommendations in the field of energy efficiency.","PeriodicalId":35909,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1142/S1464333219500121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41974226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.1142/s1464333219010014
D. Geneletti
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"D. Geneletti","doi":"10.1142/s1464333219010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1464333219010014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35909,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44659518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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