Pub Date : 1953-12-01DOI: 10.1017/S0007680500025186
A. S. Goodstein
In the years after the Civil War, American industrial development was rapid. Mushrooming factory towns became, with the exploitation of timber and mineral resources, a characteristic feature even in frontier areas. The Saginaw Valley of Michigan mirrors this phenomenon. A lumberman's frontier, it grew to be a major center of lumber production for the nation. An essential factor in this industrial expansion was the growth of the labor force. In 1850 a single mill of the Valley employed 12 or 14 men; by 1885 it required the services of 75 to 150 men and in some cases of 200. In 1885 over 4,000 men were employed in the mills of the Valley. Such growth of the industry and of the labor force introduced serious problems of labor relations. This article is concerned with a description and analysis of labor relations in the sawmills of the Saginaw Valley from 1865 to 1885. Labor relations rest to a great extent upon attitudes; the attitudes of the employer, of the employee, and in some cases of the rest of the community. Presumably these attitudes have a basis in the conditions under which the industry is operated and under which the labor force works and lives.
{"title":"Labor Relations in the Saginaw Valley Lumber Industry, 1865–1885","authors":"A. S. Goodstein","doi":"10.1017/S0007680500025186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007680500025186","url":null,"abstract":"In the years after the Civil War, American industrial development was rapid. Mushrooming factory towns became, with the exploitation of timber and mineral resources, a characteristic feature even in frontier areas. The Saginaw Valley of Michigan mirrors this phenomenon. A lumberman's frontier, it grew to be a major center of lumber production for the nation. An essential factor in this industrial expansion was the growth of the labor force. In 1850 a single mill of the Valley employed 12 or 14 men; by 1885 it required the services of 75 to 150 men and in some cases of 200. In 1885 over 4,000 men were employed in the mills of the Valley. Such growth of the industry and of the labor force introduced serious problems of labor relations. This article is concerned with a description and analysis of labor relations in the sawmills of the Saginaw Valley from 1865 to 1885. Labor relations rest to a great extent upon attitudes; the attitudes of the employer, of the employee, and in some cases of the rest of the community. Presumably these attitudes have a basis in the conditions under which the industry is operated and under which the labor force works and lives.","PeriodicalId":359130,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Business Historical Society","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125590120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1953-12-01DOI: 10.1017/S0007680500025228
D. Royal
In an industry cursed by periodic overproduction, the employers may be pleased to have their workers go on strike. This is one of the major conclusions of Anita Shafer Goodstein's study of labor relations in the lumber industry of the Saginaw Valley, Michigan, 1865-1885. Mrs. Goodstein, by careful use of the business correspondence of a large lumber producer, illuminates the lumber magnate's attitudes on labor questions. To these executives, the conditions of employment were determined by stern economic laws, which were to be interpreted by the employers themselves. Any employee unwilling to accept the results of this procedure could look elsewhere for work. Mrs. Goodstein shows the numerous influences playing on wages and hours in the Saginaw Valley: competition in the lumber markets with Canadian producers who had lower labor costs than the American firms; the significance of seasonal and cyclical fluctuations in business; the inevitable appearance of company towns in a rapidly expanding frontier region; the removal of the industry elsewhere as the timber resources of the Saginaw Valley were exhausted.
{"title":"Editor's Column","authors":"D. Royal","doi":"10.1017/S0007680500025228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007680500025228","url":null,"abstract":"In an industry cursed by periodic overproduction, the employers may be pleased to have their workers go on strike. This is one of the major conclusions of Anita Shafer Goodstein's study of labor relations in the lumber industry of the Saginaw Valley, Michigan, 1865-1885. Mrs. Goodstein, by careful use of the business correspondence of a large lumber producer, illuminates the lumber magnate's attitudes on labor questions. To these executives, the conditions of employment were determined by stern economic laws, which were to be interpreted by the employers themselves. Any employee unwilling to accept the results of this procedure could look elsewhere for work. Mrs. Goodstein shows the numerous influences playing on wages and hours in the Saginaw Valley: competition in the lumber markets with Canadian producers who had lower labor costs than the American firms; the significance of seasonal and cyclical fluctuations in business; the inevitable appearance of company towns in a rapidly expanding frontier region; the removal of the industry elsewhere as the timber resources of the Saginaw Valley were exhausted.","PeriodicalId":359130,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Business Historical Society","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127000283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1953-12-01DOI: 10.1017/S0007680500025216
Robert W. Lovett
Twenty-one years ago Baker Library, Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, acquired the early records of Pierson & Company, dealers in iron and makers of nails and screws, at Ramapo, New York. But only now has the organization and listing of these materials, dated from 1795 to 1865, been completed. The Piersons began making cut nails in New York City in 1787 or 1788. In 1795 Josiah G. Pierson obtained a patent on a nail-making machine which is reported to have been the first such device “that produced satisfactory results and was generally used.” That same year Pierson established a plant at Ramapo, a village in Rockland County, New York, not far from the New Jersey line. The plant included a rolling and slitting mill; raw materials were received through Haverstraw, and finished goods were shipped by the same route to New York City, where an office and store were maintained at 107 Broad Street. Josiah Pierson died in 1798, and shortly Jeremiah H. and Isaac P. Pierson were carrying on the business under the firm name of Josiah G. Pierson & Brothers.
21年前，哈佛大学工商管理研究生院的贝克图书馆(Baker Library)获得了皮尔逊公司(Pierson & Company)的早期记录，这家公司位于纽约拉马波(Ramapo)，经营铁，生产钉子和螺丝。但直到现在才完成了这些材料的组织和清单，这些材料的日期从1795年到1865年。皮尔逊一家于1787年或1788年在纽约市开始制作剪指甲。1795年，Josiah G. Pierson获得了制钉机的专利，据说这是第一个“产生令人满意的结果并被广泛使用”的装置。同年，皮尔森在离新泽西线不远的纽约州罗克兰县的村庄拉马波建立了一家工厂。该工厂包括一台轧制和分切机;原材料通过Haverstraw接收，制成品通过同样的路线运往纽约市，在Broad街107号有一个办公室和商店。乔赛亚·皮尔森于1798年去世，不久，耶利米·h·和艾萨克·p·皮尔森以乔赛亚·g·皮尔森兄弟公司的名义继续经营着生意。
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Pub Date : 1953-12-01DOI: 10.1017/s0007680500025174
{"title":"BHR volume 27 issue 4 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0007680500025174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500025174","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":359130,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Business Historical Society","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116533427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1953-12-01DOI: 10.1017/S0007680500025198
D. Roover, Florence Edler
The earliest printers in Europe faced financial, storage, and marketing problems not unlike those of new industries today: how to attract operating capital for production and for carrying inventories, where to store a slow-moving and bulky stock, and how to overcome the prejudice against a new product, in order to create an extensive market. These were the three major difficulties that the first printers in Italy as well as elsewhere had to surmount. In the Benedictine monastery, at Subiaco, south of Rome, in 1465, two German printers, Conrad Sweynheym and Arnold Pannartz, had set up a printing press, which two years later they moved to Rome. Other Germans introduced printing into Milan and Venice in 1469 and the following year into Foligno and Trevi. By 1472, Venice had over a half dozen competing printing offices established by German and by French printers. About fifteen other Italian cities had at least one printing office.
{"title":"New Facets on the Financing and Marketing of Early Printed Books","authors":"D. Roover, Florence Edler","doi":"10.1017/S0007680500025198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007680500025198","url":null,"abstract":"The earliest printers in Europe faced financial, storage, and marketing problems not unlike those of new industries today: how to attract operating capital for production and for carrying inventories, where to store a slow-moving and bulky stock, and how to overcome the prejudice against a new product, in order to create an extensive market. These were the three major difficulties that the first printers in Italy as well as elsewhere had to surmount. In the Benedictine monastery, at Subiaco, south of Rome, in 1465, two German printers, Conrad Sweynheym and Arnold Pannartz, had set up a printing press, which two years later they moved to Rome. Other Germans introduced printing into Milan and Venice in 1469 and the following year into Foligno and Trevi. By 1472, Venice had over a half dozen competing printing offices established by German and by French printers. About fifteen other Italian cities had at least one printing office.","PeriodicalId":359130,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Business Historical Society","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127527896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1953-09-01DOI: 10.1017/S0007680500025150
Elder Einsiedel
If one remembers Count Detlev von Einsiedel's character and achievements, as described in the first installment of this article, one will not be surprised that under his leadership a spirit of scientific enlightenment, of restless improvement, and of innovation came to permeate the Lauchhammer Works so that it became one of the leading German iron works. To be sure, genuine primary innovation was rare, as it is by necessity. Only in the case of casting figures and in that of enameling iron utensils was something brought into existence in the Lauchhammer plants that had never existed before. But on top of that, there were numerous derivative innovations, i.e., innovations as far as that particular part of Germany was concerned. Or to put it differently, the elder Count Einsiedel transferred to Saxony achievements made in the most advanced areas of eighteenth-century iron industry. It is from this point of view that the following presentation must be read, a presentation in which the Count's primary innovations, previously described, are not mentioned again.
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Pub Date : 1953-09-01DOI: 10.1017/S0007680500083756
S. Checkland
A good deal has been written about general commerce between Britain and China in the mid-nineteenth century. But little is available to illuminate the problems of trading as they confronted particular persons or commercial Houses. The surviving records of Rathbone, Worthington and Co. make possible a study of the question: what sort of calculation did rational men attempt in order to turn to profit these new and inchoate markets?
{"title":"An English Merchant House in China After 1842","authors":"S. Checkland","doi":"10.1017/S0007680500083756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007680500083756","url":null,"abstract":"A good deal has been written about general commerce between Britain and China in the mid-nineteenth century. But little is available to illuminate the problems of trading as they confronted particular persons or commercial Houses. The surviving records of Rathbone, Worthington and Co. make possible a study of the question: what sort of calculation did rational men attempt in order to turn to profit these new and inchoate markets?","PeriodicalId":359130,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Business Historical Society","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117166192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1953-09-01DOI: 10.1017/s0007680500025137
{"title":"BHR volume 27 issue 3 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0007680500025137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500025137","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":359130,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Business Historical Society","volume":"6 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132871201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1953-09-01DOI: 10.1017/s0007680500025162
Detlev von Einsiedel
Some historians have regarded the Civil War of 1861-1865 as sufficient explanation of the disruption and relative backwardness of the Southern economy. Those who have felt the need for additional analysis have often stopped after pointing to the alleged horrors of Radical Reconstruction or the alleged exploitation of the Southern economy by Northern business interests. J. Carlyle Sitterson, of the history faculty at the University of North Carolina, takes a more comprehensive view in his article on the southern sugar industry from 1850 to 1910. He shows the significance for this industry of factors which did not originate in the United States at all: the rise of new producing areas abroad, the gradual penetration of the new sciences of agronomy and chemistry into the sugar industry. By working chiefly with plantation records, he is able to trace the interaction of production costs, sugar prices, technological changes, marketing methods, problems of recruiting labor and organizing it into an efficient work force. At the center of these interacting forces was the planter-manager, charged with combining all of these functions in such a way that the productive unit would be profitable. Students of business history will note another feature of Professor Sitterson's story. During the late nineteenth century, many American firms, in fields as diverse as manufacturing and retailing, sought survival by means of integration. But in those years the existing integration in the sugar industry was destroyed. Vertical integration decreased as planters began to specialize in the cultivation of sugar cane, while central factories for the production of raw and refined sugar were operated by independent firms. And horizontal concentration also was reduced with the appearance of numerous small farmers and tenants as producers of sugar cane. Dr. Fritz Redlich continues in this issue his account of the Lauchhammer Iron Works, which was begun in the June issue of the BULLETIN. The present installment focuses on the efforts of Count Detlev von Einsiedel and his son to introduce in the Lauchhammer Works the most advanced methods which had been developed in
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Pub Date : 1953-09-01DOI: 10.1017/S0007680500025149
J. C. Sitterson
Historians have properly considered the period of sectional strife to be a germinal source of major determinative forces in American history. Yet, preoccupation with the Civil War and Reconstruction, their causes and consequences, has so dominated the interests of historians of the South that they may well have neglected or misunderstood many of the basic economic developments of the region. Let us be more skeptical of the plausible and widely held assumptions that the war was responsible for the economic institutions of the New South or that radical Reconstruction can be held accountable for many of the major economic problems of the post-Reconstruction era. The primary purpose of this article is to treat in summary fashion the broad developments in one southern industry, developments which in themselves suggest that the time has arrived to study southern economic development for its own sake.
{"title":"Expansion, Reversion, and Revolution in the Southern Sugar Industry: 1850–1910","authors":"J. C. Sitterson","doi":"10.1017/S0007680500025149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007680500025149","url":null,"abstract":"Historians have properly considered the period of sectional strife to be a germinal source of major determinative forces in American history. Yet, preoccupation with the Civil War and Reconstruction, their causes and consequences, has so dominated the interests of historians of the South that they may well have neglected or misunderstood many of the basic economic developments of the region. Let us be more skeptical of the plausible and widely held assumptions that the war was responsible for the economic institutions of the New South or that radical Reconstruction can be held accountable for many of the major economic problems of the post-Reconstruction era. The primary purpose of this article is to treat in summary fashion the broad developments in one southern industry, developments which in themselves suggest that the time has arrived to study southern economic development for its own sake.","PeriodicalId":359130,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Business Historical Society","volume":"229 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116303436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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