Pub Date : 1953-09-01DOI: 10.1017/S0007680500025204
F. Redlich
The profits of and the amount of capital sunk in the Lauchhammer Iron Works are not revealed in the Festschrift, the history of that firm which has served as the main source of this article. (The omission is hardly surprising, since this company was owned by noblemen, one of whom was the most powerful official in the Kingdom of Saxony, and since its history was written by the general manager of the Works and was published in 1825.) But profits must have been considerable. Otherwise the Works' continuous improvement and expansion, described earlier in this article, would have been impossible. In 1818, the Lauchhammer Iron Works was even able to lend to the Gröditz plant the funds it needed to expand into an integrated iron enterprise. Whether the Works had any bank connection prior to 1825 is not known; none is mentioned in the history, but that fact is not conclusive. Cash holdings were probably rather large; this, however, was not the case in 1776 (see the inventory on page 233). It seems certain that both expansion and improvement in the eras of both Einsiedels were financed by ploughing back profits.
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Pub Date : 1953-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S0007680500025071
D. L. Kemmerer
Where did the owners of early Illinois industries get the capital and the funds to start their factories? What was the background of these early manufacturers? The evidence that will be presented here suggests that the typical Illinois manufacturer of the nineteenth century was a self-financed man who was born and raised in Europe or on the eastern seaboard. Let us begin with the basic thesis of Frederick Jackson Turner, Wisconsin and Harvard historian of the last generation, who reinterpreted the history of this country. Turner's thesis, enunciated at the Chicago meeting of the American Historical Association in 1893, was that society was reborn on every new frontier. Its character was influenced not only by heredity but even more by its new environment. Thus the American economy reflected not only European, especially Anglo-Saxon customs and institutions brought across the Atlantic, but it also reflected the pioneer's adaptation to primitive frontier conditions. By the second, third, and fourth generation, Americans had forgotten or abandoned certain European ways because these were not adapted to survival in the New World.
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Pub Date : 1953-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S000768050002506X
A. G. Eighteenth, Woldemar Freiherr
In connection with some research on the beginnings of German business history the author of this paper has drawn attention to what is probably the earliest firm history ever written. This history of an iron works, entitled Geschichte und Feyer des Ersten Jahrhunderts des Eisenwerks Lauchhammer, was compiled by the Works' general manager, Johann Friedrich Trautscholdt, and privately printed in Dresden in 1825. Of the literally thousands of firm histories which have been issued in Europe and America since that time, only a few can bear comparison with this very first one, a truly remarkable performance. It is typically what the Germans call a Festschrift, i.e., a publication to celebrate an anniversary. This article, based thereon, will show what a mine of information that early firm history is; but hard work was necessary to bring the gold to the surface.
结合对德国商业史起源的一些研究，本文作者提请注意可能是有史以来最早的公司史。这部铁厂的历史，名为《Geschichte und Feyer des Ersten Jahrhunderts des Eisenwerks Lauchhammer》，由工厂总经理约翰·弗里德里希·特劳特肖尔特(Johann Friedrich Trautscholdt)编纂，并于1825年在德累斯顿私下印刷。从那时起，在欧洲和美国出版的成千上万本坚定的历史书中，只有少数能与这第一部相比，这是一部真正了不起的作品。这是典型的德国人所说的Festschrift，即庆祝周年纪念的出版物。在此基础上，本文将展示早期公司历史是一个多么丰富的信息宝库;但要想把金子挖出来，还需要艰苦的工作。
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Pub Date : 1953-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S0007680500025095
Robert W. Lovett
In many small New England towns during the nineteenth century, and even into the twentieth, all the business activities, centered usually about the general store, would be carried on by members of one family. Such a situation may be studied by means of a collection, comprising the records of the W. G. Sargent Co., of Sargentville, Maine, recently received by the Manuscript Division, Baker Library. The village of Sargentville, a part of the town of Sedgwick, is on the coast, east of Bucksport, and separated by a channel (now spanned by a bridge) from Deer Isle. Once there was a flourishing wharf (now demolished), where bait, fish, lime, ice, and granite were shipped up and down the coast, in return for products handled by the country stores in the vicinity. The Sargents, who seem to have given their name to the community about 1879, were at the center of this activity, building ships, arranging for their loads, and distributing the return goods, either as wholesalers or through stores they controlled.
{"title":"Storekeeping in a Maine Seacoast Town: Records of the W. G. Sargent Company","authors":"Robert W. Lovett","doi":"10.1017/S0007680500025095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007680500025095","url":null,"abstract":"In many small New England towns during the nineteenth century, and even into the twentieth, all the business activities, centered usually about the general store, would be carried on by members of one family. Such a situation may be studied by means of a collection, comprising the records of the W. G. Sargent Co., of Sargentville, Maine, recently received by the Manuscript Division, Baker Library. The village of Sargentville, a part of the town of Sedgwick, is on the coast, east of Bucksport, and separated by a channel (now spanned by a bridge) from Deer Isle. Once there was a flourishing wharf (now demolished), where bait, fish, lime, ice, and granite were shipped up and down the coast, in return for products handled by the country stores in the vicinity. The Sargents, who seem to have given their name to the community about 1879, were at the center of this activity, building ships, arranging for their loads, and distributing the return goods, either as wholesalers or through stores they controlled.","PeriodicalId":359130,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Business Historical Society","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126082857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1953-06-01DOI: 10.1017/s0007680500025113
D. L. Kemmerer
The source of management and capital for business enterprises is the subject of two articles appearing in the present issue of the BULLETIN. These articles illustrate the diversity of the beginnings of our modern industrial system. The first article, "A German Eighteenth-Century Iron Works during its First Hundred Years," deals with beginnings and operations for a hundred years under the leadership of successive generations of members of the German landed aristocracy. A main source for this article is historically important in itself, a history of the iron works written by its general manager early in the nineteenth century. This article (to appear in three installments) is a part of a larger study of the business leadership provided by the European artistocracy which is being made by Dr. Fritz Redlich under the Research Center in Entrepreneurial History at Harvard University. In "Financing Illinois Industry, 1830-1880," Donald L. Kemmerer introduces some significant questions concerning the source of capital for new manufacturing establishments in the United States in the nineteenth century. Historians have provided much information about the movement of capital from Europe into American transportation and from American mercantile fortunes into transportation and manufacture. Mr. Kemmerer's article deals with another, obviously very important, source, the savings of the small man and the ploughing back of his earnings into his enterprise. The author is a Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Illinois. Employee welfare plans, of which so much has been heard in recent years, are not a recent invention. In the article, "Company-sponsored Welfare Plans in the Anthracite Industry before 1900," Ray Ginger describes a number of programs which could be cited as precedents for several features of the United Mine Workers Welfare and Retirement Fund of 1946. The general significance of those early efforts lies in the fact that under them compensation for occupational injuries was regarded as a legitimate cost of producing coal. The author, Assistant Professor of Economics at Western Reserve University, in the present year holds the Business History Fellowship at the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration.
商业企业的管理和资金来源是本期《公报》两篇文章的主题。这些文章说明了我们现代工业体系起源的多样性。第一篇文章，“18世纪德国第一个百年的铁厂”，论述了在德国土地贵族连续几代成员的领导下，这个工厂的开始和百年来的运作。这篇文章的一个主要来源本身就具有重要的历史意义，这是一部由总经理在19世纪早期撰写的铁厂历史。这篇文章(分三期发表)是哈佛大学创业史研究中心弗里茨·雷德利希博士(Dr. Fritz Redlich)对欧洲贵族的商业领导力进行的一项更大规模研究的一部分。在《伊利诺伊州工业融资，1830-1880》一书中，Donald L. Kemmerer介绍了一些关于19世纪美国新制造业资本来源的重要问题。历史学家提供了很多关于资本从欧洲流向美国运输业和美国商业财富流向运输业和制造业的信息。凯默勒先生的文章涉及到另一个显然非常重要的来源，那就是小个子男人的储蓄和把赚来的钱投入到自己的事业中。本文作者是美国伊利诺伊大学经济系教授。员工福利计划近年来已被广泛提及，但它并不是最近才出现的。Ray Ginger在文章《1900年前无烟煤行业公司赞助的福利计划》中描述了一些可以作为1946年联合煤矿工人福利和退休基金的几个特点的先例的计划。这些早期努力的一般意义在于，在这些努力中，对职业伤害的赔偿被视为生产煤炭的一项合法费用。作者是西储大学经济学助理教授，今年在哈佛大学工商管理研究生院获得商业历史奖学金。
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Pub Date : 1953-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S0007680500025083
Ray Ginger
A recent survey by the U. S. Chamber of Commerce reported that so-called “fringe benefits” are now taking 16.4 per cent of the payrolls of American industry as a whole. Probably the best-known of these welfare programs is the United Mine Workers Welfare and Retirement Fund, which was started in May, 1946, by agreement between the union and the Department of the Interior, then operating the mines, and which was accepted by the operators when the industry returned to private hands. The Fund is financed by a royalty on every ton of coal produced. The royalty was originally 5 cents a ton, but it has risen every year until it is now 50 cents a ton. The revenues of the Fund up to June 30, 1952, were $476,000,000; its expenditures in the same period were $387,000,000. These disbursements went to finance several different types of benefits—pensions for retired miners, hospital and medical care, rehabilitation of the disabled, maintenance of men who were permanently and totally disabled, and death benefits and maintenance aid for miners' families. The Fund is administered by three trustees: one named by the United Mine Workers, one by the operators, and one designated jointly.
美国商会(us Chamber of Commerce)最近的一项调查报告称，所谓的“附加福利”目前占美国工业整体就业人数的16.4%。这些福利项目中最有名的可能是联合煤矿工人福利和退休基金，它是在1946年5月由工会和当时经营煤矿的内政部达成协议成立的，当该行业回到私人手中时，该基金被运营商接受。该基金的资金来自每生产一吨煤的特许权使用费。特许权使用费最初是每吨5美分，但每年都在增加，直到现在每吨50美分。截至1952年6月30日，基金的收入为4.76亿美元;其同期支出为3.87亿美元。这些支出用于资助几种不同类型的福利:退休矿工养恤金、医院和医疗、残疾人康复、永久和完全残废男子的赡养费、死亡抚恤金和矿工家属的赡养费。基金由三名受托人管理:一名由联合矿工指定，一名由经营者指定，另一名由联合指定。
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Pub Date : 1953-06-01DOI: 10.1017/s0007680500025101
The dedication of the Ford Motor Company Archives on May 7, 1953, marks a milestone in research in the history of business in the United States. As far as the Editor of the Bulletin knows, this is the first time a large American corporation has established a separate organization not only to preserve and handle its historical records but also to make them available to scholars for research. To one whose memory goes back to the days when it was nearly impossible to gain access even to old records of business concerns, this event has a very special significance. Access by scholars to company records is, of course, not uncommon today Several companies have deposited their historical records in public depositories, a notable example being the records of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad in the Newberry Library in Chicago. Others have admitted scholars to their offices for research in their records. The Ford Motor Company has gone still further in that it has established a central depository, with a trained archival staff, which is open to accredited scholars.
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Pub Date : 1953-06-01DOI: 10.1017/s0007680500025058
F. Redlich, D. L. Kemmerer, Robert W. Lovett
{"title":"BHR volume 27 issue 2 Cover and Front matter","authors":"F. Redlich, D. L. Kemmerer, Robert W. Lovett","doi":"10.1017/s0007680500025058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500025058","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":359130,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Business Historical Society","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114260645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1953-06-01DOI: 10.1017/s0007680500025125
{"title":"Executive Secretary's Announcements","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0007680500025125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500025125","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":359130,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Business Historical Society","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129678316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1953-03-01DOI: 10.1017/S0007680500025022
Allan G. Bogue
During the last quarter of the nineteenth century the financial milieu of the United States was enlivened by the appearance of farm mortgage companies whose agents scoured the northeastern states, proclaiming the discovery of an investors' mother Iode, the western farm mortgage. To the experienced investor the farm mortgage was no innovation of course, but the mortgage companies were to bring the mortgage market to a new peak of organization and their investors ultimately to a state of frustration compounded. This paper deals with the history of one western mortgage company.
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