Pub Date : 2020-07-31DOI: 10.35248/2168-9776.20.9.231
Melkamu Kasaye, Getu Abebe, Abrham Abiyu, M. Wondie, B. Belay
Due to human and livestock population pressure, land degradation is the main problem in many part of Ethiopia. To avert the situation, tree and shrub species selection on degraded lands are valuable tool for ecological restoration. Therefore, the aim of this study was to select the best performing tree and shrub species in three agro-ecological zones of Waglasta area, Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications in highland, mid altitude, and lowland sites. For total experimental setup 21 (seven for lowland, eight for mid altitude and six for highland) tree and shrub species were used. Growth and survival rate data were collected every 3 months interval for one year and every 6 months up to the end of the experiment. The result indicated that L. pallid (2.52 ± 0.19 m) at lowland site, Acacia senegal (1.32±0.23 m) at mid altitude and Acacia decurrens (4.0 ± 0.46 m) at highland site had shown better performance in height. Similarly, Moringa stenopetala at lowland, Jatropha carcus at mid altitude and Acacia saligna at highland site had shown 8.63 ± 2.37 cm, 3.1 ± 0.2 cm and 7.06 ± 0.75 cm performance in root collar diameter, respectively. However, the survival rate was higher for A. senegal (43 ± 7%) and M. stenoptella (44 ± 17%) at lowland site, A. senegal (98 ± 2%) at mid altitude and A. saligna (63.9 ± 20.0%) at highland site. Therefore, to restore degraded lands and to support the on-going land rehabilitation programs of Wag-lasta area, we recommend A. senegal and M. stenoptella for lowland site, A. senegal for mid altitude areas and A. saligna for highland site of Lalibela, Abergele and Sekota and similar agro-climatic zones. However, additional studies regarding soil nutrient dynamics, fostering effect and tree nursing should be integrated to develop sound ecological restoration strategies in the growth corridor as well as in the region.
{"title":"Selection of Different Trees/Shrubs Species for Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands in Wag-Lasta Area, Northeastern Ethiopia","authors":"Melkamu Kasaye, Getu Abebe, Abrham Abiyu, M. Wondie, B. Belay","doi":"10.35248/2168-9776.20.9.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2168-9776.20.9.231","url":null,"abstract":"Due to human and livestock population pressure, land degradation is the main problem in many part of Ethiopia. To avert the situation, tree and shrub species selection on degraded lands are valuable tool for ecological restoration. Therefore, the aim of this study was to select the best performing tree and shrub species in three agro-ecological zones of Waglasta area, Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications in highland, mid altitude, and lowland sites. For total experimental setup 21 (seven for lowland, eight for mid altitude and six for highland) tree and shrub species were used. Growth and survival rate data were collected every 3 months interval for one year and every 6 months up to the end of the experiment. The result indicated that L. pallid (2.52 ± 0.19 m) at lowland site, Acacia senegal (1.32±0.23 m) at mid altitude and Acacia decurrens (4.0 ± 0.46 m) at highland site had shown better performance in height. Similarly, Moringa stenopetala at lowland, Jatropha carcus at mid altitude and Acacia saligna at highland site had shown 8.63 ± 2.37 cm, 3.1 ± 0.2 cm and 7.06 ± 0.75 cm performance in root collar diameter, respectively. However, the survival rate was higher for A. senegal (43 ± 7%) and M. stenoptella (44 ± 17%) at lowland site, A. senegal (98 ± 2%) at mid altitude and A. saligna (63.9 ± 20.0%) at highland site. Therefore, to restore degraded lands and to support the on-going land rehabilitation programs of Wag-lasta area, we recommend A. senegal and M. stenoptella for lowland site, A. senegal for mid altitude areas and A. saligna for highland site of Lalibela, Abergele and Sekota and similar agro-climatic zones. However, additional studies regarding soil nutrient dynamics, fostering effect and tree nursing should be integrated to develop sound ecological restoration strategies in the growth corridor as well as in the region.","PeriodicalId":35920,"journal":{"name":"林业科学研究","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82727651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2168-9776.20.9.233
Melkamu Kasaye, Getu Abebe, G. Nigusie, Mubarak Eshte
The experiment was conducted in lasta woreda Lalibela Debreloza kebele. The main aim of the experiment was to give alternative Eucalyptus species for construction and fuel wood over already adapted and distributed Eucalyptus species to overcome problems of monoculture Eucalyptus cultivation. To do this, the experiment was laid in RCBD with three replications. The species are Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus viminalis. The data was analyzed by ANOVA with SAS Vr.9.3 via growth performance of different species. The result revealed that, two species (Eucalyptus viminalis and Eucalyptus citriodora) had shown good performance in root collar diameter, height growth increment and survival rate. The Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus saligna had shown low performance. Both in root collar diameter and height Eucalyptus citriodora was recorded best height (4.03 m), root collar diameter (6 cm) and have good survival rate (47%) followed by Eucalyptus viminalis, with mean height of 3.8 m, mean RCD 6 cm and survival rate of 38.9%. Thus, Eucalyptus citriodora and Eucalyptus viminalis were survive and have better growth performance in highland parts of Lalibela and similar ecologies for fuel wood and construction material in addition to already exist Eucalyptus species. These species are the alternative energy source and they are environmentally compatible
{"title":"Adaptability of Different Eucalyptus Species in Lasta-Lalibela District Northeastern Highland of Ethiopia","authors":"Melkamu Kasaye, Getu Abebe, G. Nigusie, Mubarak Eshte","doi":"10.35248/2168-9776.20.9.233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2168-9776.20.9.233","url":null,"abstract":"The experiment was conducted in lasta woreda Lalibela Debreloza kebele. The main aim of the experiment was to give alternative Eucalyptus species for construction and fuel wood over already adapted and distributed Eucalyptus species to overcome problems of monoculture Eucalyptus cultivation. To do this, the experiment was laid in RCBD with three replications. The species are Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus viminalis. The data was analyzed by ANOVA with SAS Vr.9.3 via growth performance of different species. The result revealed that, two species (Eucalyptus viminalis and Eucalyptus citriodora) had shown good performance in root collar diameter, height growth increment and survival rate. The Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus saligna had shown low performance. Both in root collar diameter and height Eucalyptus citriodora was recorded best height (4.03 m), root collar diameter (6 cm) and have good survival rate (47%) followed by Eucalyptus viminalis, with mean height of 3.8 m, mean RCD 6 cm and survival rate of 38.9%. Thus, Eucalyptus citriodora and Eucalyptus viminalis were survive and have better growth performance in highland parts of Lalibela and similar ecologies for fuel wood and construction material in addition to already exist Eucalyptus species. These species are the alternative energy source and they are environmentally compatible","PeriodicalId":35920,"journal":{"name":"林业科学研究","volume":"44 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88899165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000225
D. Kulhavy, W. Ross, Sun, D. Unger, I. Hung, R. Conner
We measured resin flow in loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.) pines in stands used by red-cockaded woodpecker, Picoides borealis (Vieillot), in the Angelina and Davy Crockett National Forests in eastern Texas. We also measured resin flow in a mature loblolly pine stand not used by the woodpeckers. Resin flow varied by study area, species, and stand position. In woodpecker stands, pines experiencing low levels of competition seemed better able to tolerate the continual resin drainage associated with red-cockaded woodpecker resin well pecking. In the Angelina National Forest, all new cavity trees excavated during the study were on forest edges. In the non-woodpecker stand, edge trees had significantly better resin flow. These results indicate that the woodpeckers choose trees most likely to be good resin producers. They also indicate that silviculture in loblolly and shortleaf pine stands should favor edge and an open stand habit when red-cockaded woodpeckers are a major management consideration and that potential resin production can be measured in both cavity pines, and pines being considered for red-cockaded woodpecker introduction.
{"title":"Resin Flow in Loblolly and Shortleaf Pines Used by Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers","authors":"D. Kulhavy, W. Ross, Sun, D. Unger, I. Hung, R. Conner","doi":"10.4172/2168-9776.1000225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9776.1000225","url":null,"abstract":"We measured resin flow in loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.) pines in stands used by red-cockaded woodpecker, Picoides borealis (Vieillot), in the Angelina and Davy Crockett National Forests in eastern Texas. We also measured resin flow in a mature loblolly pine stand not used by the woodpeckers. Resin flow varied by study area, species, and stand position. In woodpecker stands, pines experiencing low levels of competition seemed better able to tolerate the continual resin drainage associated with red-cockaded woodpecker resin well pecking. In the Angelina National Forest, all new cavity trees excavated during the study were on forest edges. In the non-woodpecker stand, edge trees had significantly better resin flow. These results indicate that the woodpeckers choose trees most likely to be good resin producers. They also indicate that silviculture in loblolly and shortleaf pine stands should favor edge and an open stand habit when red-cockaded woodpeckers are a major management consideration and that potential resin production can be measured in both cavity pines, and pines being considered for red-cockaded woodpecker introduction.","PeriodicalId":35920,"journal":{"name":"林业科学研究","volume":"65 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75758582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000224
S. Talukdar
The purpose of this research is to explain, one of the reasons behind environmental damage when economic activities are less, even related with economic situation: This research discusses role of economic sector in environmental damage for recession. The work discusses trend situation of Air pollution. Result: Wrong use of Agriculture land should be responsible for it. A tax on middle income situation suggested taking care of both tail of economic situation to have environment friendly circle.
{"title":"Global Warming: Recession Agriculture Forest Atmosphere (RAA)","authors":"S. Talukdar","doi":"10.4172/2168-9776.1000224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9776.1000224","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research is to explain, one of the reasons behind environmental damage when economic activities are less, even related with economic situation: This research discusses role of economic sector in environmental damage for recession. The work discusses trend situation of Air pollution. Result: Wrong use of Agriculture land should be responsible for it. A tax on middle income situation suggested taking care of both tail of economic situation to have environment friendly circle.","PeriodicalId":35920,"journal":{"name":"林业科学研究","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77918810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-23DOI: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000218
C. Cam, S. Rep, S. Ac, Sanjinez-Argandoña Ej
Bocaiuva (Acrocomia aculeata) fruit pulp has high potential for food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications and in the biofuel industry. The main hindrance for these applications is the availability of pulp in sufficient quantity. The pulp of this fruit is usually supplied by rural communities where the processors use manual pulping, which is not only time-consuming but yields product of low quality. The objective of this work was to design, fabricate and evaluate the efficiency of an experimental bench device for pulping bocaiuva fruits. The bench device was designed to be compact and easy to operate, with intermittent operation and pulping performed by shearing. The performance evaluation of the machine was carried out with fruit dehydrated at 70°C and different times of dehydration (6, 12 and 24 hours). The pulp weight was evaluated every 15 seconds during the pulping process period (150 seconds). The highest pulping efficiency (96%) was obtained with fruits that were dehydrated for 24 hours, with a 120-second pulping, which resulted in a production rate of 5.5 kg h-1 This high efficiency makes this mechanized prototype effective for pulping bocaiuva fruits and, thus, it can replace manual pulping, especially in rural communities involved with the bocaiuva production chain.
博caiuva (Acrocomia acleata)果肉在食品、制药和化妆品以及生物燃料工业中具有很高的应用潜力。这些应用的主要障碍是获得足够数量的纸浆。这种水果的果肉通常由农村社区提供，那里的加工商使用人工制浆，这不仅耗时，而且产品质量低。本工作的目的是设计，制造和评价一个实验台装置的纸浆番石榴果的效率。该装置结构紧凑，操作方便，采用间歇式操作，通过剪切进行制浆。对70℃脱水的水果进行性能评价，脱水时间分别为6、12、24小时。在制浆过程中(150秒)每15秒评估一次纸浆重量。在脱水24小时，120秒制浆的情况下，获得了最高的制浆效率(96%)，制浆率为5.5 kg h-1，这一高效率使得该机械化原型有效地制浆了桦树果实，因此，它可以取代人工制浆，特别是在涉及桦树生产链的农村社区。
{"title":"Development of a Device to Pulping Fruits of Bocaiuva (Acrocomia aculeate sp.) for the Communities that Practice Sustainable Strativism","authors":"C. Cam, S. Rep, S. Ac, Sanjinez-Argandoña Ej","doi":"10.4172/2168-9776.1000218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9776.1000218","url":null,"abstract":"Bocaiuva (Acrocomia aculeata) fruit pulp has high potential for food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications and in the biofuel industry. The main hindrance for these applications is the availability of pulp in sufficient quantity. The pulp of this fruit is usually supplied by rural communities where the processors use manual pulping, which is not only time-consuming but yields product of low quality. The objective of this work was to design, fabricate and evaluate the efficiency of an experimental bench device for pulping bocaiuva fruits. The bench device was designed to be compact and easy to operate, with intermittent operation and pulping performed by shearing. The performance evaluation of the machine was carried out with fruit dehydrated at 70°C and different times of dehydration (6, 12 and 24 hours). The pulp weight was evaluated every 15 seconds during the pulping process period (150 seconds). The highest pulping efficiency (96%) was obtained with fruits that were dehydrated for 24 hours, with a 120-second pulping, which resulted in a production rate of 5.5 kg h-1 This high efficiency makes this mechanized prototype effective for pulping bocaiuva fruits and, thus, it can replace manual pulping, especially in rural communities involved with the bocaiuva production chain.","PeriodicalId":35920,"journal":{"name":"林业科学研究","volume":"517 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77145849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000223
Divakara Bn, S. Viswanath, Nikhitha Cu, S. Kumar
Sandalwood (Santalum album L., Family: Santalaceae) is one of the most important economic tree species harvested mainly for its heartwood and oil. Sandalwood referred to as “Chandana” in Sanskrit and is commercially known as “East Indian Sandalwood” and its essential oil known as “East Indian Sandalwood Oil”. The oil extracted from the sandalwood trees are considered to be unique and is preferred over other regions for the preparations of perfumes, formulations, flavors, cosmetics, toiletries, beauty aids and medicines. Despite the policy amendments and government support to cultivate sandalwood on farm lands, there is lot of skepticism on the economic aspect of sandalwood cultivation especially due to long gestation period in accruing returns and high investment required for protection. Study on economic viability of sandalwood cultivation would be extremely useful to different stakeholders like farmers to know the relative profitability of sandalwood cultivation. Also, for financial institutions involved in advancing farm loans to sandalwood cultivators, the economics of cultivation at discounted rates is an essential aspect. For calculation of cost of raising sandalwood plantation, information on various inputs and resources at different stages of cultivation, harvesting, processing, transportation and marketing was collected from cultivators. Data related to recent price of sandalwood heartwood and sapwood was collected from Karnataka Soaps and Detergent Limited (KSDL). For financial analysis indicator like Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-cost ratio (B/C ratio), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Equivalent Annual Income (EAI) and Land Expectation Value (LEV) were used. Sandalwood cultivated in combination with red-gram showed B/C ratio of 1.93 and IRR of 29%, compared to growing sandalwood alone with B/C ratio and IRR values of 2.58 and 26% respectively. Though the inter-cultivation (sandalwood+tur dal) have slightly lower NPV, B/C ratio and LEV, but higher EAI (annual NVP) when compared to pure sandalwood plantations however, the possibility of yielding Pigeon pea/Tur dal/Red gram (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) in inter-cultivation makes farmers comparatively more attractive as it gives some income every year.
檀香(Santalum album L.，科:檀香科)是最重要的经济树种之一，主要收获其心材和油。檀香在梵语中被称为“Chandana”，商业上被称为“东印度檀香”，其精油被称为“东印度檀香油”。从檀香木树中提取的油被认为是独特的，比其他地区更适合用于香水、配方、香料、化妆品、洗漱用品、美容辅助和药物的制备。尽管政策修订和政府支持在农田种植檀香，但对檀香种植的经济方面仍有很多怀疑，特别是由于积累回报的酝酿期长，以及保护所需的高投资。研究檀香种植的经济可行性对不同的利益相关者(如农民)了解檀香种植的相对盈利能力非常有用。此外，对于参与向檀香种植者提供农业贷款的金融机构来说，以贴现率进行种植的经济学是一个重要方面。为了计算檀香种植的成本，从栽培者那里收集了栽培、收获、加工、运输和销售不同阶段的各种投入和资源信息。有关檀香心材和边材最近价格的数据是从卡纳塔克肥皂和洗涤剂有限公司(KSDL)收集的。财务分析采用净现值(NPV)、效益成本比(B/C ratio)、内部收益率(IRR)、等效年收入(EAI)和土地预期价值(LEV)等指标。与单独栽培相比，与红革组合栽培的檀香的B/C比为1.93,IRR为29%，其B/C比和IRR分别为2.58和26%。虽然与纯檀香人工林相比，间作(檀香+扁豆)的净现值(NPV)、B/C比和LEV略低，但EAI(年NVP)较高，但生产鹰嘴豆/扁豆/红克(Cajanus cajan (L.))的可能性较大。由于每年都有一定的收入，因此对农民的吸引力相对更大。
{"title":"Economics of Santalum album L. Cultivation Under Semiarid Tropics of Karnataka, India","authors":"Divakara Bn, S. Viswanath, Nikhitha Cu, S. Kumar","doi":"10.4172/2168-9776.1000223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9776.1000223","url":null,"abstract":"Sandalwood (Santalum album L., Family: Santalaceae) is one of the most important economic tree species harvested mainly for its heartwood and oil. Sandalwood referred to as “Chandana” in Sanskrit and is commercially known as “East Indian Sandalwood” and its essential oil known as “East Indian Sandalwood Oil”. The oil extracted from the sandalwood trees are considered to be unique and is preferred over other regions for the preparations of perfumes, formulations, flavors, cosmetics, toiletries, beauty aids and medicines. Despite the policy amendments and government support to cultivate sandalwood on farm lands, there is lot of skepticism on the economic aspect of sandalwood cultivation especially due to long gestation period in accruing returns and high investment required for protection. Study on economic viability of sandalwood cultivation would be extremely useful to different stakeholders like farmers to know the relative profitability of sandalwood cultivation. Also, for financial institutions involved in advancing farm loans to sandalwood cultivators, the economics of cultivation at discounted rates is an essential aspect. For calculation of cost of raising sandalwood plantation, information on various inputs and resources at different stages of cultivation, harvesting, processing, transportation and marketing was collected from cultivators. Data related to recent price of sandalwood heartwood and sapwood was collected from Karnataka Soaps and Detergent Limited (KSDL). For financial analysis indicator like Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-cost ratio (B/C ratio), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Equivalent Annual Income (EAI) and Land Expectation Value (LEV) were used. Sandalwood cultivated in combination with red-gram showed B/C ratio of 1.93 and IRR of 29%, compared to growing sandalwood alone with B/C ratio and IRR values of 2.58 and 26% respectively. Though the inter-cultivation (sandalwood+tur dal) have slightly lower NPV, B/C ratio and LEV, but higher EAI (annual NVP) when compared to pure sandalwood plantations however, the possibility of yielding Pigeon pea/Tur dal/Red gram (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) in inter-cultivation makes farmers comparatively more attractive as it gives some income every year.","PeriodicalId":35920,"journal":{"name":"林业科学研究","volume":"37 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82044942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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