Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.17576/jem-2023-5701-02
{"title":"Consumers’ Valuation on Food Safety Attributes","authors":"","doi":"10.17576/jem-2023-5701-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jem-2023-5701-02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35929,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135673132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.17576/jem-2023-5701-10
{"title":"Role of Oil Prices in Financial Instability, Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Evidence from ASEAN Countries","authors":"","doi":"10.17576/jem-2023-5701-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jem-2023-5701-10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35929,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135673131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.17576/jem-2023-5701-06
{"title":"Ketidaksamaan di Malaysia: Adakah Dasar Ekonomi Berasaskan-Etnik Relevan?","authors":"","doi":"10.17576/jem-2023-5701-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jem-2023-5701-06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35929,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135673134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.17576/jem-2022-5603-11
M. Asadullah
{"title":"Inequality and Public Policy in Asia","authors":"M. Asadullah","doi":"10.17576/jem-2022-5603-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jem-2022-5603-11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35929,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84730611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.17576/jem-2022-5603-07
Siapa yang Mendapat, Manfaat daripada, Pengurangan Saiz Kelas, Satu Lagi, Pandangan Fenomena
In Malaysia, while the achievement gap between rural and urban schools is flattening over time, the gender achievement gap is widening. This study therefore re- examines the phenomenon of “Lost Boys” u sing data from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). Gender differences in disru ptive behaviour and disciplinary challenges may widen boy-girl academic performance difference and, if so, differential exposure to crowded classrooms can play a role. Alongside other hypothesis, therefore, we specifically explore the gender differentiated effects of class sizes on student achievement. Methodologically, we employ the two-step least squares and quantile regression methods. Findings show that decrease in class size statistically does not have a positive effect on student scores in mathematics and science regardless of gender. If anything, there is evidence that only high-achieving female students particularly from urban schools and advantaged socioeconomic backgrounds may benefit from reduction in class size incentive. While improving the quality of current teachers and certain school infrastructure such as school buildings, lightning systems, and classrooms as well as granting teacher incentives appears to improve boys’ achievement scores, on the balance, it is unlikely that the boy-girl difference in maths and science test scores in Malaysia can be primarily explained by school level factors. We conclude by discussing alternative explanations related to our findings on class size as well as other cost-effective policy responses and non-school factors to tackling the “Lost Boys” phenomenon.
{"title":"Who Gains from Class Size Reduction? Another Look at Malaysia’s “Lost Boys Phenomenon” in Student Achievement","authors":"Siapa yang Mendapat, Manfaat daripada, Pengurangan Saiz Kelas, Satu Lagi, Pandangan Fenomena","doi":"10.17576/jem-2022-5603-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jem-2022-5603-07","url":null,"abstract":"In Malaysia, while the achievement gap between rural and urban schools is flattening over time, the gender achievement gap is widening. This study therefore re- examines the phenomenon of “Lost Boys” u sing data from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). Gender differences in disru ptive behaviour and disciplinary challenges may widen boy-girl academic performance difference and, if so, differential exposure to crowded classrooms can play a role. Alongside other hypothesis, therefore, we specifically explore the gender differentiated effects of class sizes on student achievement. Methodologically, we employ the two-step least squares and quantile regression methods. Findings show that decrease in class size statistically does not have a positive effect on student scores in mathematics and science regardless of gender. If anything, there is evidence that only high-achieving female students particularly from urban schools and advantaged socioeconomic backgrounds may benefit from reduction in class size incentive. While improving the quality of current teachers and certain school infrastructure such as school buildings, lightning systems, and classrooms as well as granting teacher incentives appears to improve boys’ achievement scores, on the balance, it is unlikely that the boy-girl difference in maths and science test scores in Malaysia can be primarily explained by school level factors. We conclude by discussing alternative explanations related to our findings on class size as well as other cost-effective policy responses and non-school factors to tackling the “Lost Boys” phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":35929,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87209838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.17576/jem-2022-5603-10
{"title":"The Adoption of the Multidimensional Poverty Index in Developing Asia: Implications for Social Program Targeting and Inequality Reduction","authors":"","doi":"10.17576/jem-2022-5603-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jem-2022-5603-10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35929,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85486378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.17576/jem-2022-5603-09
{"title":"Gig Economy, Social Protection and Labour Market Inequality: Lessons from Malaysia","authors":"","doi":"10.17576/jem-2022-5603-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jem-2022-5603-09","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35929,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90770115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.17576/jem-2022-5603-03
Selim Raihan
This paper presents an analysis of the trend and patterns of the share of labour in GDP, the gap between wage and productivity, and inequality with a focus on Asia-Pacific countries for the period between 2004 and 2017. Descriptive analysis confirms a downward trend in labour income shares during the study period in most of the countries in the Asia-Pacific. Our analysis also shows that majority of the Asia-Pacific countries additionally witnessed a rise in the gap between labour productivity and wage, defined as the shortfall of wage from labour productivity as a percentage of wage. Furthermore, inequality, measured through the income Gini index also increased in these countries. Panel econometric regression results suggest that trade openness and FDI have a negative association with the labour share in GDP in the Asia-Pacific countries while being positively associated with the gap. Economic growth and structural transformation processes have also not been favourable in raising the labour share in GDP. Among other findings, technological development has not been labour-friendly in most of these countries. Non-agricultural employment share in total employment has a negative association with the labour share in GDP and is positively associated with the gap. Yet our analyses have confirmed that the reduction in labour share in income is associated with rising inequality in the Asia-Pacific countries. We conclude by discussing the role of two related major instruments of government policies -- revenue generation, and public expenditure on social sectors -- for addressing challenges related to widening inequality in the region.
{"title":"What Does Data on Functional Income Distribution tell us about Trends in and Correlates of Income Inequality in The Asia-Pacific?","authors":"Selim Raihan","doi":"10.17576/jem-2022-5603-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jem-2022-5603-03","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an analysis of the trend and patterns of the share of labour in GDP, the gap between wage and productivity, and inequality with a focus on Asia-Pacific countries for the period between 2004 and 2017. Descriptive analysis confirms a downward trend in labour income shares during the study period in most of the countries in the Asia-Pacific. Our analysis also shows that majority of the Asia-Pacific countries additionally witnessed a rise in the gap between labour productivity and wage, defined as the shortfall of wage from labour productivity as a percentage of wage. Furthermore, inequality, measured through the income Gini index also increased in these countries. Panel econometric regression results suggest that trade openness and FDI have a negative association with the labour share in GDP in the Asia-Pacific countries while being positively associated with the gap. Economic growth and structural transformation processes have also not been favourable in raising the labour share in GDP. Among other findings, technological development has not been labour-friendly in most of these countries. Non-agricultural employment share in total employment has a negative association with the labour share in GDP and is positively associated with the gap. Yet our analyses have confirmed that the reduction in labour share in income is associated with rising inequality in the Asia-Pacific countries. We conclude by discussing the role of two related major instruments of government policies -- revenue generation, and public expenditure on social sectors -- for addressing challenges related to widening inequality in the region.","PeriodicalId":35929,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74269757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.17576/jem-2022-5603-04
M. Bruni
This paper revisits the debate over between-country inequality with a focus on demographic factors. We argue that population growth has played an important role in facilitating per capita income convergence of middle- and high-income countries while leaving low-income countries behind relative to both the global average and the high-income countries. According to our assessment, the exceptional economic performance of China, in contrast to India, is the result not only of an extremely high rate of GDP growth but also of a very limited increase of total population. The second part of the paper suggests that the demographic transition process, affecting the three major age groups in their natural order, generates several interlinked challenges -- the education challenge, the employment challenge, and the migration challenge. And it is the capacity to successfully confront these challenges that partly explains the differential economic performance of the two Asian giants - China and India -- as well as a number of Low-Income Countries and High-Income Countries. In the next decades, the demographic transition will create a “demographic polarization” between rich countries, leaving them in a structural shortage of labour. On the other hand, poor countries will be affected by a structural excess of labour making mass migration unavoidable. Whether these contrasting forthcoming demographic shifts widen between-country gap per capita income gap will critically depend on the global governance of migration flows.
{"title":"Between-Country Global Inequality and Demographic Change","authors":"M. Bruni","doi":"10.17576/jem-2022-5603-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jem-2022-5603-04","url":null,"abstract":"This paper revisits the debate over between-country inequality with a focus on demographic factors. We argue that population growth has played an important role in facilitating per capita income convergence of middle- and high-income countries while leaving low-income countries behind relative to both the global average and the high-income countries. According to our assessment, the exceptional economic performance of China, in contrast to India, is the result not only of an extremely high rate of GDP growth but also of a very limited increase of total population. The second part of the paper suggests that the demographic transition process, affecting the three major age groups in their natural order, generates several interlinked challenges -- the education challenge, the employment challenge, and the migration challenge. And it is the capacity to successfully confront these challenges that partly explains the differential economic performance of the two Asian giants - China and India -- as well as a number of Low-Income Countries and High-Income Countries. In the next decades, the demographic transition will create a “demographic polarization” between rich countries, leaving them in a structural shortage of labour. On the other hand, poor countries will be affected by a structural excess of labour making mass migration unavoidable. Whether these contrasting forthcoming demographic shifts widen between-country gap per capita income gap will critically depend on the global governance of migration flows.","PeriodicalId":35929,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74295278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.17576/jem-2022-5603-01
A. K. L. Siah
Within-country inequality is on the rise in many Asian countries despite rapid educational expansion, poverty reduction and export-driven macroeconomic growth. This trend raises questions about the role and effectiveness of governments in redistributing income and wealth. Therefore, our study re-examines the effects of trade openness and educational attainment on income inequality while additionally investigating the role of governance on several dimensions. The study is conducted on nineteen Asian economies for the period 1990-2019. Methodologically, we follow Generalised Methods of Moments using dynamic panel procedures to improve previous efforts to examine the trade-inequality relationship. We hypothesize that good institutions can generate better distributional outcomes in terms of foreign trade and educational attainment. To test this, aggregate measures of institutions on five dimensions of governance - government stability, corruption, law and order, democratic accountability, and bureaucratic quality are incorporated into the empirical model. Our empirical results reveal that controlling for the country's income level, increasing trade openness and overall improvements in institutional quality contribute to reducing income inequality in the Asia-Pacific region. However, educational attainment has an inequality-widening effect during our period of study. We conclude by discussing other possible explanations for rising inequality in the region, and in that context, the role of public policy in ensuring equitable distributions.
{"title":"The Resurgence of Income Inequality in Asia-Pacific: The Role of Trade Openness, Educational Attainment and Institutional Quality","authors":"A. K. L. Siah","doi":"10.17576/jem-2022-5603-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jem-2022-5603-01","url":null,"abstract":"Within-country inequality is on the rise in many Asian countries despite rapid educational expansion, poverty reduction and export-driven macroeconomic growth. This trend raises questions about the role and effectiveness of governments in redistributing income and wealth. Therefore, our study re-examines the effects of trade openness and educational attainment on income inequality while additionally investigating the role of governance on several dimensions. The study is conducted on nineteen Asian economies for the period 1990-2019. Methodologically, we follow Generalised Methods of Moments using dynamic panel procedures to improve previous efforts to examine the trade-inequality relationship. We hypothesize that good institutions can generate better distributional outcomes in terms of foreign trade and educational attainment. To test this, aggregate measures of institutions on five dimensions of governance - government stability, corruption, law and order, democratic accountability, and bureaucratic quality are incorporated into the empirical model. Our empirical results reveal that controlling for the country's income level, increasing trade openness and overall improvements in institutional quality contribute to reducing income inequality in the Asia-Pacific region. However, educational attainment has an inequality-widening effect during our period of study. We conclude by discussing other possible explanations for rising inequality in the region, and in that context, the role of public policy in ensuring equitable distributions.","PeriodicalId":35929,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81822620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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