Froggi VanRiper, K. Russel, Daniel Tillias, J. Tilt, Jessica Laporte
Health, sanitation, and livelihoods are interrelated human rights and essential components of community wellbeing. Despite the United Nations recognizing the human right to sanitation, one-third of the world's population lack access to improved sanitation. Furthermore, in many low- and middle-income countries, urban latrines are excavated manually without physical or regulatory protections. Container-based sanitation (CBS) has promise as a component of Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) in densely populated, low-resource environments. Before investing in CBS, however, governments and funders require evidence of user acceptance, public demand, and labor aspects of service delivery. To provide this evidence base, we completed 633 interviews with active and former users of EkoLakay, a CBS service in Cap Haïtien, Haiti, creating a profile of the user base and their motivations for subscribing. We also compiled and analyzed secondary data to determine the impacts of widespread CBS expansion in northern Haiti. Results reveal that CBS presently serves a geographical subset of Haiti's most resource-insecure residents, and that CBS significantly reduces handling of untreated excreta in Haiti's Nord Department, while doubling livelihood opportunities through safe and dignified jobs. Given its cost-effectiveness, this provides an opportunity to achieve widespread sanitation coverage by integrating and cross-subsidizing CBS within a CWIS strategy.
{"title":"Container-based sanitation in urban Haiti: how can it improve human rights as a component of citywide inclusive sanitation?","authors":"Froggi VanRiper, K. Russel, Daniel Tillias, J. Tilt, Jessica Laporte","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.037","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Health, sanitation, and livelihoods are interrelated human rights and essential components of community wellbeing. Despite the United Nations recognizing the human right to sanitation, one-third of the world's population lack access to improved sanitation. Furthermore, in many low- and middle-income countries, urban latrines are excavated manually without physical or regulatory protections. Container-based sanitation (CBS) has promise as a component of Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) in densely populated, low-resource environments. Before investing in CBS, however, governments and funders require evidence of user acceptance, public demand, and labor aspects of service delivery. To provide this evidence base, we completed 633 interviews with active and former users of EkoLakay, a CBS service in Cap Haïtien, Haiti, creating a profile of the user base and their motivations for subscribing. We also compiled and analyzed secondary data to determine the impacts of widespread CBS expansion in northern Haiti. Results reveal that CBS presently serves a geographical subset of Haiti's most resource-insecure residents, and that CBS significantly reduces handling of untreated excreta in Haiti's Nord Department, while doubling livelihood opportunities through safe and dignified jobs. Given its cost-effectiveness, this provides an opportunity to achieve widespread sanitation coverage by integrating and cross-subsidizing CBS within a CWIS strategy.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45468047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"H2Open Journal (2022) 5 (1): 26–42: Beyond inclusion: practical lessons on striving for gender and disability transformational changes in WASH systems in Cambodia and Timor-Leste. Chelsea Huggett, Livia Da Costa Cruz, Fraser Goff, Pharozin Pheng, Doeurn Ton https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.039","authors":"","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.000","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41655007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the major problems confronting public water utilities in Nigeria is how to realise effective piped water tariff revenues collection. This study was therefore conducted to identify the major factors constraining household willingness to pay for piped water tariffs in Nigeria, using Ekiti State as a case study, and possible interventions which might help to improve the situation from the perspective of piped water customers. A tested survey has been used through a representative sampling process. The research findings were checked with additional data from relevant literature and legal documents. Findings revealed that political promise, availability of other water sources, lack of recognition of drinking water as a human right, inadequate method of collecting tariff revenues, and poor response to complaints were the major factors constraining household willingness to pay for piped water tariffs in the studied case in Nigeria. The suggested major possible interventions which might help to improve the situation include the installation of water meters, instituting a customer consultative forum, as well as putting in place improved customer relations. To be effective, it is crucial that public water utilities in Nigeria incorporate these factors into piped water supply decision-making and policy measures.
{"title":"Factors constraining household willingness to pay for piped water tariffs: the case of Ekiti State, Nigeria","authors":"O. Adeoti, B. Fati","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.135","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 One of the major problems confronting public water utilities in Nigeria is how to realise effective piped water tariff revenues collection. This study was therefore conducted to identify the major factors constraining household willingness to pay for piped water tariffs in Nigeria, using Ekiti State as a case study, and possible interventions which might help to improve the situation from the perspective of piped water customers. A tested survey has been used through a representative sampling process. The research findings were checked with additional data from relevant literature and legal documents. Findings revealed that political promise, availability of other water sources, lack of recognition of drinking water as a human right, inadequate method of collecting tariff revenues, and poor response to complaints were the major factors constraining household willingness to pay for piped water tariffs in the studied case in Nigeria. The suggested major possible interventions which might help to improve the situation include the installation of water meters, instituting a customer consultative forum, as well as putting in place improved customer relations. To be effective, it is crucial that public water utilities in Nigeria incorporate these factors into piped water supply decision-making and policy measures.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43346873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Communities in South Africa employ a diverse range of strategies to actively claim their right to water. This paper examines two rights claiming strategies – protest and litigation – through the lens of two case studies. The first case study examines the struggles of the residents of Makhanda, a small town in the predominantly rural Eastern Cape Province, who formed a coalition to advocate for the dissolution of the municipal council for failing to fulfil its constitutional mandate to provide basic services. The second case examines the struggles of the residents of Marikana, an informal settlement in the City of Cape Town, where residents are forced to live in unlit, unhygienic and undignified conditions as a result of inadequate services provision. Although access to water is a justiciable right in South Africa, there is a curious paucity of legal rights mobilisation, with only one court case reaching the Constitutional Court. The article presents the following findings. First, communities employ different methods to claim their water rights, including engagement with government through formal channels, mobilisation, protest, litigation and self-supply. Water is a justiciable human right. Second, litigation is a valuable component of rights-claiming but is most effective if used alongside other strategies like community organisation and protest. Third, water rights can be achieved alongside struggles to secure other rights, like the right to housing, or holding local government accountable. In the two case studies, the legal tools of land expropriation and provincial intervention were employed to indirectly gain access to water services. Finally, community mobilisation, combined with strategic partnerships, plays a critical role in sustaining long-term efforts to claim water rights.
{"title":"Fighting for water in South Africa: public participation, water rights claiming and strengthening governance","authors":"Thato Masiangoako, Kelebogile Khunou, A. Potter","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Communities in South Africa employ a diverse range of strategies to actively claim their right to water. This paper examines two rights claiming strategies – protest and litigation – through the lens of two case studies. The first case study examines the struggles of the residents of Makhanda, a small town in the predominantly rural Eastern Cape Province, who formed a coalition to advocate for the dissolution of the municipal council for failing to fulfil its constitutional mandate to provide basic services. The second case examines the struggles of the residents of Marikana, an informal settlement in the City of Cape Town, where residents are forced to live in unlit, unhygienic and undignified conditions as a result of inadequate services provision. Although access to water is a justiciable right in South Africa, there is a curious paucity of legal rights mobilisation, with only one court case reaching the Constitutional Court. The article presents the following findings. First, communities employ different methods to claim their water rights, including engagement with government through formal channels, mobilisation, protest, litigation and self-supply. Water is a justiciable human right. Second, litigation is a valuable component of rights-claiming but is most effective if used alongside other strategies like community organisation and protest. Third, water rights can be achieved alongside struggles to secure other rights, like the right to housing, or holding local government accountable. In the two case studies, the legal tools of land expropriation and provincial intervention were employed to indirectly gain access to water services. Finally, community mobilisation, combined with strategic partnerships, plays a critical role in sustaining long-term efforts to claim water rights.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41718000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anya Sherman, Walter Alejandro Guardado Mejia, Natasha Ramos Padilla, Corey M. G. Carpenter, Stephanie L. Rich, Erika Alejandra Tenorio Moncada, D. Helbling
The objective of this research was to explore biocide occurrence in drinking water resources of Honduras. We collected 46 samples from seven drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in Honduras during eight sampling events between October 2018 and August 2019. We used high-resolution mass spectrometry to quantify the concentrations of 55 target biocides and estimate the abundance of four priority suspect biocides and five additional high-abundance biocides. We measured 30 of the target biocides, one of the priority suspect biocides, and all five of the high-abundance biocides in at least one of the samples. No correlation was observed between the overall extent of agriculture and biocide occurrence. However, bean production was strongly and significantly correlated with the biocide mixture complexity, as well as with concentrations of aminobenzimidazole and abscisic acid. Biocide mixture complexity was higher during the rainy season than during the dry season, but biocide concentrations were lower during the rainy season. Finally, we found that existing DWTPs are not consistently effective at removing the target biocides. These data represent the first known broad survey of bioicides in drinking water resources of Honduras and demonstrate the need for further study to better understand and manage biocide occurrence.
{"title":"Target and suspect screening for biocides in drinking water resources of Honduras","authors":"Anya Sherman, Walter Alejandro Guardado Mejia, Natasha Ramos Padilla, Corey M. G. Carpenter, Stephanie L. Rich, Erika Alejandra Tenorio Moncada, D. Helbling","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.140","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The objective of this research was to explore biocide occurrence in drinking water resources of Honduras. We collected 46 samples from seven drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in Honduras during eight sampling events between October 2018 and August 2019. We used high-resolution mass spectrometry to quantify the concentrations of 55 target biocides and estimate the abundance of four priority suspect biocides and five additional high-abundance biocides. We measured 30 of the target biocides, one of the priority suspect biocides, and all five of the high-abundance biocides in at least one of the samples. No correlation was observed between the overall extent of agriculture and biocide occurrence. However, bean production was strongly and significantly correlated with the biocide mixture complexity, as well as with concentrations of aminobenzimidazole and abscisic acid. Biocide mixture complexity was higher during the rainy season than during the dry season, but biocide concentrations were lower during the rainy season. Finally, we found that existing DWTPs are not consistently effective at removing the target biocides. These data represent the first known broad survey of bioicides in drinking water resources of Honduras and demonstrate the need for further study to better understand and manage biocide occurrence.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49667829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 2010 legal recognition of the human rights to water and sanitation (UNGA 2010) shaped approaches of many actors working to improve access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). Persistent challenges of poor WASH sustainability, scale and inclusion are increasingly being tackled through systems thinking and system strengthening. However, little has been written about how participatory system analysis and monitoring can equip and empower WASH actors to apply systems thinking, self-assess and course-correct in their own work to improve sustainable WASH for all. WaterAid's Sustainable WASH Services at Scale (SusWASH) programme applies a systems approach, underpinned by human rights principles. In this paper, we share perceptions of local stakeholders, engaged in empowerment evaluation in Cambodia and Uganda, and lessons learned for future initiatives that seek to catalyse WASH system improvements for the realisation of the human rights to water and sanitation. We argue that a systems approach, underpinned by human rights principles, can help advance progress towards inclusive and sustainable WASH for all. Working in this way fosters inclusive, locally led decision-making about how system blockages can be overcome, strengthening local ownership of a shared vision for change and the capacities and skills required to achieve it.
{"title":"Practical systems approaches to realise the human rights to water and sanitation: results and lessons from Uganda and Cambodia","authors":"C. Kimbugwe, S. Sou, H. Crichton-Smith, F. Goff","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.040","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The 2010 legal recognition of the human rights to water and sanitation (UNGA 2010) shaped approaches of many actors working to improve access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). Persistent challenges of poor WASH sustainability, scale and inclusion are increasingly being tackled through systems thinking and system strengthening. However, little has been written about how participatory system analysis and monitoring can equip and empower WASH actors to apply systems thinking, self-assess and course-correct in their own work to improve sustainable WASH for all. WaterAid's Sustainable WASH Services at Scale (SusWASH) programme applies a systems approach, underpinned by human rights principles. In this paper, we share perceptions of local stakeholders, engaged in empowerment evaluation in Cambodia and Uganda, and lessons learned for future initiatives that seek to catalyse WASH system improvements for the realisation of the human rights to water and sanitation. We argue that a systems approach, underpinned by human rights principles, can help advance progress towards inclusive and sustainable WASH for all. Working in this way fosters inclusive, locally led decision-making about how system blockages can be overcome, strengthening local ownership of a shared vision for change and the capacities and skills required to achieve it.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43987655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeffery Ezennia, L. Schmidt, Lauren Blacker, R. Vargas, C. McCulloch, A. Patel
Over half of U.S. adults visit parks regularly. Thus, it is important to understand how park drinking water sources affect visitors’ water consumption. In this cross-sectional study of 30 San Francisco Bay Area parks, 4 day-long direct observations of visitors’ drinking water and other beverages were conducted, along with audits of sugar-sweetened beverage access and drinking water source conditions, including flow, appeal, and obstructions. Outcomes were log-transformed to account for skewness, and results were analyzed using mixed-effects regression models to account for matching and clustering by park and observation day. A greater proportion of water sources in low-income parks were unappealing (57.14 vs. 25.00%, P=0.01) or in a poor condition (69.70 vs. 43.24%, P=0.03). A lower proportion of visitors drank water from park fountains that were unappealing (−31%), had poor flow (−22%), or had obstructions (−58%) than those without these conditions. Although only obstructions to the source and water intake were significantly related after adjustment, we observed important effects on water intake by water source appeal and flow. As park water source conditions contribute to water intake, cities should consider installing appealing, functional, and easy to access water sources in parks, particularly those in lower-income neighborhoods.
{"title":"Association of park drinking water source characteristics and water intake in San Francisco Bay Area parks","authors":"Jeffery Ezennia, L. Schmidt, Lauren Blacker, R. Vargas, C. McCulloch, A. Patel","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.132","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Over half of U.S. adults visit parks regularly. Thus, it is important to understand how park drinking water sources affect visitors’ water consumption. In this cross-sectional study of 30 San Francisco Bay Area parks, 4 day-long direct observations of visitors’ drinking water and other beverages were conducted, along with audits of sugar-sweetened beverage access and drinking water source conditions, including flow, appeal, and obstructions. Outcomes were log-transformed to account for skewness, and results were analyzed using mixed-effects regression models to account for matching and clustering by park and observation day. A greater proportion of water sources in low-income parks were unappealing (57.14 vs. 25.00%, P=0.01) or in a poor condition (69.70 vs. 43.24%, P=0.03). A lower proportion of visitors drank water from park fountains that were unappealing (−31%), had poor flow (−22%), or had obstructions (−58%) than those without these conditions. Although only obstructions to the source and water intake were significantly related after adjustment, we observed important effects on water intake by water source appeal and flow. As park water source conditions contribute to water intake, cities should consider installing appealing, functional, and easy to access water sources in parks, particularly those in lower-income neighborhoods.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46778857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kelantan river (Sungai Kelantan in Malaysia) basin is one of the essential catchments as it has a history of flood events. Numerous studies have been conducted in river basin modelling for the prediction of flow and mitigation of flooding events as well as water resource management. Therefore, having multi-step-ahead forecasting for river flow (RF) is of important research interest in this regard. This study presents four different approaches for multi-step-ahead forecasting for the Kelantan RF, using NARX (nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous inputs) neural networks and deep learning recurrent neural networks called LSTM (long short-term memory). The dataset used was obtained in monthly record for 29 years between January 1988 and December 2016. The results shows that two recursive methods using NARX and LSTM are able to do multi-step-ahead forecasting on 52 series of test datasets with NSE (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient) values of 0.44 and 0.59 for NARX and LSTM, respectively. For few-step-ahead forecasting, LSTM with direct sequence-to-sequence produces promising results with a good NSE value of 0.75 (in case of two-step-ahead forecasting). However, it needs a larger data size to have better performance in longer-step-ahead forecasting. Compared with other studies, the data used in this study is much smaller.
吉兰丹河(Sungai Kelantan in Malaysia)盆地是一个重要的集水区，因为它有洪水事件的历史。在河流流域建模方面进行了大量研究，以预测流量和减轻洪水事件以及水资源管理。因此，对河流流量进行多步超前预测是这方面的重要研究方向。本研究提出了四种不同的多步超前预测吉兰丹RF的方法，使用NARX(非线性自回归外源性输入)神经网络和称为LSTM(长短期记忆)的深度学习递归神经网络。使用的数据集是1988年1月至2016年12月间29年的月度记录。结果表明，基于NARX和LSTM的递归方法能够对52组测试数据集进行多步超前预测，NARX和LSTM的NSE值分别为0.44和0.59。对于少步提前预测，直接序列到序列的LSTM产生了很好的结果，NSE值为0.75(在两步提前预测的情况下)。然而，它需要更大的数据量才能在更长的步进预测中有更好的表现。与其他研究相比，本研究使用的数据要少得多。
{"title":"Multi-step-ahead prediction of river flow using NARX neural networks and deep learning LSTM","authors":"G. Hayder, M. Iwan Solihin, M. N. Najwa","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.134","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Kelantan river (Sungai Kelantan in Malaysia) basin is one of the essential catchments as it has a history of flood events. Numerous studies have been conducted in river basin modelling for the prediction of flow and mitigation of flooding events as well as water resource management. Therefore, having multi-step-ahead forecasting for river flow (RF) is of important research interest in this regard. This study presents four different approaches for multi-step-ahead forecasting for the Kelantan RF, using NARX (nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous inputs) neural networks and deep learning recurrent neural networks called LSTM (long short-term memory). The dataset used was obtained in monthly record for 29 years between January 1988 and December 2016. The results shows that two recursive methods using NARX and LSTM are able to do multi-step-ahead forecasting on 52 series of test datasets with NSE (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient) values of 0.44 and 0.59 for NARX and LSTM, respectively. For few-step-ahead forecasting, LSTM with direct sequence-to-sequence produces promising results with a good NSE value of 0.75 (in case of two-step-ahead forecasting). However, it needs a larger data size to have better performance in longer-step-ahead forecasting. Compared with other studies, the data used in this study is much smaller.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43674206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Huggett, Livia Da Costa Cruz, F. Goff, Pharozin Pheng, Doeurn Ton
Women and girls, and people with disabilities are often excluded from governance systems and decision-making on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) at all levels – from household to the national level. This paper analyses inclusion and empowerment outcomes for these two groups in three WASH system-strengthening programmes in Cambodia and Timor-Leste. The analysis used WaterAid's ‘Equality and Inclusion Framework’ to assess the quality of inclusion and empowerment outcomes at different levels of WASH systems. The review found that household gender equality changes in Timor-Leste were empowering because they shifted women's and men's roles, relationships and attitudes. It found that women's leadership and disability-inclusive approaches in Cambodia achieved inclusive outcomes because they enhanced women's critical consciousness and increased WASH leaders' awareness of the importance of disability inclusion. There was evidence of either individual/self-empowerment changes or changes to the enabling environment; however, no intervention achieved a comprehensive combination of both. The authors conclude that both individual and environmental outcomes contribute to empowerment outcomes in WASH systems at different levels that can shift gender norms, redistribute power and benefit women and people with disabilities. These findings will enable WASH practitioners to better understand empowerment outcomes and how to integrate them with system-strengthening approaches.
{"title":"Beyond inclusion: practical lessons on striving for gender and disability transformational changes in WASH systems in Cambodia and Timor-Leste","authors":"C. Huggett, Livia Da Costa Cruz, F. Goff, Pharozin Pheng, Doeurn Ton","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.039","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Women and girls, and people with disabilities are often excluded from governance systems and decision-making on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) at all levels – from household to the national level. This paper analyses inclusion and empowerment outcomes for these two groups in three WASH system-strengthening programmes in Cambodia and Timor-Leste. The analysis used WaterAid's ‘Equality and Inclusion Framework’ to assess the quality of inclusion and empowerment outcomes at different levels of WASH systems. The review found that household gender equality changes in Timor-Leste were empowering because they shifted women's and men's roles, relationships and attitudes. It found that women's leadership and disability-inclusive approaches in Cambodia achieved inclusive outcomes because they enhanced women's critical consciousness and increased WASH leaders' awareness of the importance of disability inclusion. There was evidence of either individual/self-empowerment changes or changes to the enabling environment; however, no intervention achieved a comprehensive combination of both. The authors conclude that both individual and environmental outcomes contribute to empowerment outcomes in WASH systems at different levels that can shift gender norms, redistribute power and benefit women and people with disabilities. These findings will enable WASH practitioners to better understand empowerment outcomes and how to integrate them with system-strengthening approaches.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46914546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raymond Tu, Hayley Elling, N. Behnke, J. Tseka, H. Kafanikhale, I. Mofolo, I. Hoffman, R. Cronk
The burden of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) is greater in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. Inadequate environmental health (EH) conditions and work systems contribute to HAIs in countries like Malawi. We collected qualitative data from 48 semi-structured interviews with healthcare workers (HCWs) from 45 healthcare facilities (HCFs) across Malawi and conducted a thematic analysis. The facilitators of infection prevention and control (IPC) practices in HCFs included disinfection practices, patient education, and waste management procedures. HCWs reported barriers such as lack of IPC training, bottlenecks in maintenance and repair, hand hygiene infrastructure, water provision, and personal protective equipment. This is one of the most comprehensive assessments to date of IPC practices and environmental conditions in Malawian HCFs in relation to HCWs. A comprehensive understanding of barriers and facilitators to IPC practices will help decision-makers craft better interventions and policies to support HCWs to protect themselves and their patients.
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