The reliable estimation of groundwater recharge is fundamental to the appropriate use of groundwater resources. Shallow groundwater resource quantification for irrigation in highland regions remains challenging. Specifically, in the humid Ethiopian highlands, only limited research has been done on groundwater recharge estimation. Despite the various techniques used to determine recharge, the objective of this study was to better understand natural groundwater recharge using water table fluctuation (WTF) and empirical methods in the sub-humid Ethiopian highlands. The Ene-Chilala watershed was selected for this study. Precipitation, infiltration rate, and piezometric water levels were measured. Precipitation was measured over a 4-year period (2013–2016), whereas infiltration and the groundwater table were measured over a 1-year period (2014). Recharge rates using WTF were determined from the three slope positions and the median of all piezometers for the whole watershed. Infiltration rates on the upslope were greater compared to the mid- and downslopes. The rainfall intensity exceeded the infiltration rate in all slope positions, so the excess rainfall recharged the perched upslope aquifer and eventually drained as interflow to recharge the mid- and downslopes. The estimated groundwater recharge from WTF was less compared to the average of empirical estimations. Surprisingly, from the nine selected empirical equations, the modified Chaturvedi formula had a similar estimation to the WTF method. In conclusion, it is challenging to find long-term seasonal and spatial groundwater-level data. Long-term groundwater data should, therefore, be available in order to arrive at a reliable recharge estimate and for effective groundwater management practices.
{"title":"Groundwater recharge estimation using water table fluctuation and empirical methods","authors":"Meseret B. Addisie","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The reliable estimation of groundwater recharge is fundamental to the appropriate use of groundwater resources. Shallow groundwater resource quantification for irrigation in highland regions remains challenging. Specifically, in the humid Ethiopian highlands, only limited research has been done on groundwater recharge estimation. Despite the various techniques used to determine recharge, the objective of this study was to better understand natural groundwater recharge using water table fluctuation (WTF) and empirical methods in the sub-humid Ethiopian highlands. The Ene-Chilala watershed was selected for this study. Precipitation, infiltration rate, and piezometric water levels were measured. Precipitation was measured over a 4-year period (2013–2016), whereas infiltration and the groundwater table were measured over a 1-year period (2014). Recharge rates using WTF were determined from the three slope positions and the median of all piezometers for the whole watershed. Infiltration rates on the upslope were greater compared to the mid- and downslopes. The rainfall intensity exceeded the infiltration rate in all slope positions, so the excess rainfall recharged the perched upslope aquifer and eventually drained as interflow to recharge the mid- and downslopes. The estimated groundwater recharge from WTF was less compared to the average of empirical estimations. Surprisingly, from the nine selected empirical equations, the modified Chaturvedi formula had a similar estimation to the WTF method. In conclusion, it is challenging to find long-term seasonal and spatial groundwater-level data. Long-term groundwater data should, therefore, be available in order to arrive at a reliable recharge estimate and for effective groundwater management practices.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41418062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To accelerate progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goal on clean water and sanitation, the focus of WASH programming in developing countries has shifted from a traditional infrastructure approach to a more systems-based approach. Greater emphasis on a systems approach has also drawn attention to the significant role played by local leadership in developing sustainable WASH systems. Building on the evidence of the effectiveness of leaders trained through the Civic Champions Program, an innovative leadership development program in Cambodia, this article examines leaders' characteristics and explores how participating in the program affected their capacity, skills, and perceptions of leadership. Crucially, it seeks to understand the extent to which participants in the Civic Champions Program differ from comparable local leaders along these dimensions. By combining survey data with qualitative analysis, the paper identifies how localization enhances the effectiveness of leaders in promoting sanitation, including working through and strengthening pre-existing institutional arrangements and adapting promotion strategies to different audiences. In this way, the article demonstrates how non-prescriptive programs that tap into the legitimizing potential of local leaders may contribute to addressing sanitation challenges and ultimately to WASH system strengthening.
为了加快实现关于清洁水和卫生设施的可持续发展目标的进展，发展中国家的讲卫生计划的重点已从传统的基础设施方法转向更加以系统为基础的方法。更加强调系统方法也使人们注意到地方领导在发展可持续的讲卫生系统方面所发挥的重要作用。通过柬埔寨的创新领导力发展项目“公民冠军项目”(Civic Champions Program)培训的领导者的有效性，本文考察了领导者的特征，并探讨了参与该项目如何影响他们的能力、技能和对领导力的看法。至关重要的是，它试图了解公民冠军计划的参与者与可比的地方领导人在这些方面的差异程度。通过将调查数据与定性分析相结合，本文确定了本地化如何提高领导者在促进卫生设施方面的有效性，包括通过和加强现有的制度安排，并根据不同的受众调整推广策略。通过这种方式，本文展示了利用地方领导人合法化潜力的非规范性方案如何有助于解决卫生挑战，并最终加强WASH系统。
{"title":"Local leadership development and WASH system strengthening: insights from Cambodia","authors":"Tum Nhim, C. Mcloughlin","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.129","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To accelerate progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goal on clean water and sanitation, the focus of WASH programming in developing countries has shifted from a traditional infrastructure approach to a more systems-based approach. Greater emphasis on a systems approach has also drawn attention to the significant role played by local leadership in developing sustainable WASH systems. Building on the evidence of the effectiveness of leaders trained through the Civic Champions Program, an innovative leadership development program in Cambodia, this article examines leaders' characteristics and explores how participating in the program affected their capacity, skills, and perceptions of leadership. Crucially, it seeks to understand the extent to which participants in the Civic Champions Program differ from comparable local leaders along these dimensions. By combining survey data with qualitative analysis, the paper identifies how localization enhances the effectiveness of leaders in promoting sanitation, including working through and strengthening pre-existing institutional arrangements and adapting promotion strategies to different audiences. In this way, the article demonstrates how non-prescriptive programs that tap into the legitimizing potential of local leaders may contribute to addressing sanitation challenges and ultimately to WASH system strengthening.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43592146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The management of water utilities in urban contexts, which are particularly prone to water shortages and where future water security is of the utmost importance, has become a challenging task for the majority of municipal and regional planners. The present study attempts to evaluate how environmental knowledge and values influence possible pro-environmental behavior with respect to household water consumption behavior, attitudes, and habits among 500 (n=313) urban dwellers in an urban setting in Jiangsu Province, China. We adapted the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to elucidate pro-environmental behaviors while exploratory factor and Spearman correlation analysis were applied to datasets elicited from respondents. The study establishes important positive correlations using Spearman's rank (r=0.50) based on the findings of our empirical analysis, which suggest that individuals with strong environmental values and rich environmental knowledge are more likely to exhibit behaviors, attitudes and habits that result in effective household water use and management. Additionally, based on the magnitude of the factor loadings, the key results from principal factor analysis were as follows: efficient household water consumption is contingent on fixing household leaks (0.73) and replacing old shower fixtures and water-using appliances (0.66). Nevertheless, China's water resources are insufficient and require efficient management (0.66), the quality of tap water supplies is compromised and cannot be trusted (0.66) and there has been little to no improvement in water quality and availability in the past 10 years in China (0.69). This research reinforces the role of knowledge in shaping behavior, and has policy effects and could serve as a benchmark for measures to reduce household water use.
在城市环境中，特别容易缺水，而且未来的水安全是最重要的，对这些环境中的供水设施的管理已成为大多数市政和区域规划者的一项具有挑战性的任务。本研究试图评估环境知识和价值观如何影响中国江苏省500名(n=313)城市居民在家庭用水行为、态度和习惯方面可能的亲环境行为。本研究采用计划行为理论(Theory of Planned Behavior, TPB)来解释亲环境行为，并采用探索性因子和Spearman相关分析对调查对象的数据集进行分析。基于我们的实证分析结果，研究使用Spearman秩(r=0.50)建立了重要的正相关关系，这表明具有强烈环境价值观和丰富环境知识的个体更有可能表现出导致有效家庭用水和管理的行为，态度和习惯。此外，根据因子负荷的大小，主因子分析的关键结果如下:有效的家庭用水取决于修复家庭泄漏(0.73)和更换旧的淋浴装置和用水器具(0.66)。然而，中国的水资源不足，需要有效的管理(0.66)，自来水供应的质量受到损害，不可信(0.66)，在过去10年里，中国的水质和可用性几乎没有改善(0.69)。这项研究强化了知识在塑造行为方面的作用，具有政策效应，可以作为减少家庭用水措施的基准。
{"title":"Household behavioral intention, environmental habit and attitude related to efficient water management: an empirical analysis on pro-environmental behavior among urban residents","authors":"K. Sarpong, Gordon Amankwaa","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The management of water utilities in urban contexts, which are particularly prone to water shortages and where future water security is of the utmost importance, has become a challenging task for the majority of municipal and regional planners. The present study attempts to evaluate how environmental knowledge and values influence possible pro-environmental behavior with respect to household water consumption behavior, attitudes, and habits among 500 (n=313) urban dwellers in an urban setting in Jiangsu Province, China. We adapted the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to elucidate pro-environmental behaviors while exploratory factor and Spearman correlation analysis were applied to datasets elicited from respondents. The study establishes important positive correlations using Spearman's rank (r=0.50) based on the findings of our empirical analysis, which suggest that individuals with strong environmental values and rich environmental knowledge are more likely to exhibit behaviors, attitudes and habits that result in effective household water use and management. Additionally, based on the magnitude of the factor loadings, the key results from principal factor analysis were as follows: efficient household water consumption is contingent on fixing household leaks (0.73) and replacing old shower fixtures and water-using appliances (0.66). Nevertheless, China's water resources are insufficient and require efficient management (0.66), the quality of tap water supplies is compromised and cannot be trusted (0.66) and there has been little to no improvement in water quality and availability in the past 10 years in China (0.69). This research reinforces the role of knowledge in shaping behavior, and has policy effects and could serve as a benchmark for measures to reduce household water use.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44541219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Attempts to implement participatory processes are often complicated by realities which make objectives of participation unattainable. Hence, if participation is to mean more than good intentions, it is vital to understand the strategies deployed by international nongovernmental organisations (INGOs) in participatory development. This study employed a qualitative case-study approach to evaluate the participatory processes employed in two WASH projects implemented by WaterAid Nigeria attempting work with Local Government Areas: the Sustainable Total Sanitation project and the HSBC Water programme. WaterAid Nigeria's participatory development approach recognises the responsibility of the various tiers of government for its citizens' wellbeing, especially the need for partnership with the Local Government Area (LGA) towards the delivery of WASH services. The state, as the ‘duty bearer’, is responsible for the provision of WASH services. Thus, both projects centred on government capacity building and community empowerment through the establishment and capacity development of WASH units in LGAs, insistence on counterpart funding and the establishment of water, sanitation and hygiene committees (WASHCOMs). Despite these attempts, findings highlighted the persistence of inefficiencies within the LGA WASH system that rendered partnerships ineffective. At the community level, WASHCOMs were not sustainable. Despite the challenges of implementing partnerships between INGOs and LGAs, such partnership remains a way to improve the provision of WASH services in Nigeria and other low- and middle-income countries. To better work within the participatory model, WASH INGOs should explore how to better use existing LGA arrangements for service delivery. Additionally, the LGA, as a duty bearer, could foster genuine, non-discriminatory spaces for the participation of communities by taking political, socio-economic and cultural differences into account.
{"title":"Working with local governments to increase access to WASH services: a case of WaterAid's participatory approaches in Nigeria","authors":"Y. Tariya, A. Murray, C. Okereke","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.061","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Attempts to implement participatory processes are often complicated by realities which make objectives of participation unattainable. Hence, if participation is to mean more than good intentions, it is vital to understand the strategies deployed by international nongovernmental organisations (INGOs) in participatory development. This study employed a qualitative case-study approach to evaluate the participatory processes employed in two WASH projects implemented by WaterAid Nigeria attempting work with Local Government Areas: the Sustainable Total Sanitation project and the HSBC Water programme. WaterAid Nigeria's participatory development approach recognises the responsibility of the various tiers of government for its citizens' wellbeing, especially the need for partnership with the Local Government Area (LGA) towards the delivery of WASH services. The state, as the ‘duty bearer’, is responsible for the provision of WASH services. Thus, both projects centred on government capacity building and community empowerment through the establishment and capacity development of WASH units in LGAs, insistence on counterpart funding and the establishment of water, sanitation and hygiene committees (WASHCOMs). Despite these attempts, findings highlighted the persistence of inefficiencies within the LGA WASH system that rendered partnerships ineffective. At the community level, WASHCOMs were not sustainable. Despite the challenges of implementing partnerships between INGOs and LGAs, such partnership remains a way to improve the provision of WASH services in Nigeria and other low- and middle-income countries. To better work within the participatory model, WASH INGOs should explore how to better use existing LGA arrangements for service delivery. Additionally, the LGA, as a duty bearer, could foster genuine, non-discriminatory spaces for the participation of communities by taking political, socio-economic and cultural differences into account.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48629251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As part of the humanitarian response to create an enabling environment for children at schools, and to contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1, 3, 4, and 6, UNICEF India envisages improving water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities in schools. In 2019, UNICEF in partnership with the Government of Odisha rolled out a systems approach to WASH for 58,000 schools to improve equitable access to safe WASH facilities in schools and to address any gaps that may exist. Schools were assessed through a digital monitoring application and ranked on 39 benchmarks for WASH facilities and practices. Approximately 13,000 schools were ranked as 1 and 2 stars on a 5-star scale (with 5-star being the best), which necessitated structuring schedules for improvement throughout the year. The systems approach to strengthening key building blocks was followed through including advocacy for policy and planning, infrastructure improvement, leveraging finances, capacity building, behavior change, institutional strengthening, accountability, and monitoring. School Swachhata (cleanliness) Action Plans (SAPs) were developed for more than 5,000 schools, and necessary behavior change is being encouraged by involving school management committees and by instituting child cabinets of student leaders as role models to promote positive WASH behaviors among others. The complex interconnection between stakeholders was assessed using the social network analysis to highlight the level of interaction and stakeholder roles that guided the success of the Odisha WASH program to guide future WASH in school programs in Odisha and other states in India. Overall, the study findings suggest that the Odisha WASH program's success is owed, in part, to a diverse and multi-layered coordination structure between the district, block, and community-level stakeholders.
{"title":"A systems approach to improving access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in schools in Odisha, India","authors":"Narendra Singh Chouhan, Monika Oledzka Nielsen, Pratibha Singh, Swathi Manchikanti, Vivek Pandey, J. Walters, Karishma Kadyan","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.044","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As part of the humanitarian response to create an enabling environment for children at schools, and to contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1, 3, 4, and 6, UNICEF India envisages improving water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities in schools. In 2019, UNICEF in partnership with the Government of Odisha rolled out a systems approach to WASH for 58,000 schools to improve equitable access to safe WASH facilities in schools and to address any gaps that may exist. Schools were assessed through a digital monitoring application and ranked on 39 benchmarks for WASH facilities and practices. Approximately 13,000 schools were ranked as 1 and 2 stars on a 5-star scale (with 5-star being the best), which necessitated structuring schedules for improvement throughout the year. The systems approach to strengthening key building blocks was followed through including advocacy for policy and planning, infrastructure improvement, leveraging finances, capacity building, behavior change, institutional strengthening, accountability, and monitoring. School Swachhata (cleanliness) Action Plans (SAPs) were developed for more than 5,000 schools, and necessary behavior change is being encouraged by involving school management committees and by instituting child cabinets of student leaders as role models to promote positive WASH behaviors among others. The complex interconnection between stakeholders was assessed using the social network analysis to highlight the level of interaction and stakeholder roles that guided the success of the Odisha WASH program to guide future WASH in school programs in Odisha and other states in India. Overall, the study findings suggest that the Odisha WASH program's success is owed, in part, to a diverse and multi-layered coordination structure between the district, block, and community-level stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43492216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expeditious situational analysis of the enabling regulatory environment (ERE) of faecal sludge management (FSM) is vital for strengthening sanitation systems. However, existing diagnostic tools employ broad indicators, neglecting the detailed assessment of the policy, legal and institutional frameworks for each step along the FSM chain. This paper presents a web-based integrated diagnostic tool for evaluating the quality and adequacy of policy in guiding equity, targeting of resources, quality of service, financial considerations and institutional roles and responsibilities. The tool evaluates the legal framework based on laws, standards and regulations emphasizing on means of enforcement. It evaluates the institutional framework based on investors, service providers, regulators and consumers as guided by the literature. Each indicator is assigned a score of 1: green (effective), 0.5: yellow (limited) and 0: red (poor) for the user interface, containment, emptying, transport, treatment, disposal and reuse of faecal sludge. Built on Laravel Framework Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP), the tool links the scores into a single index averaged into terciles as 0–0.33 (poor), 0.34–0.66 (limited) and 0.67–1 (effective). This helps to identify areas of priority in a given context. The tool successfully facilitated a participatory pilot study in Kenya based on individual stakeholders' opinion. However, the tool does not provide the specific details leading to a given score. Therefore, its application should precede a detailed evaluation of each indicator in order to generate specific details per indicator per step of FSM.
{"title":"Scorecard diagnostic tool for the enabling regulatory environment of faecal sludge management","authors":"H. N. Mbogo, P. Home, J. Raude, R. W. Mwangi","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.070","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Expeditious situational analysis of the enabling regulatory environment (ERE) of faecal sludge management (FSM) is vital for strengthening sanitation systems. However, existing diagnostic tools employ broad indicators, neglecting the detailed assessment of the policy, legal and institutional frameworks for each step along the FSM chain. This paper presents a web-based integrated diagnostic tool for evaluating the quality and adequacy of policy in guiding equity, targeting of resources, quality of service, financial considerations and institutional roles and responsibilities. The tool evaluates the legal framework based on laws, standards and regulations emphasizing on means of enforcement. It evaluates the institutional framework based on investors, service providers, regulators and consumers as guided by the literature. Each indicator is assigned a score of 1: green (effective), 0.5: yellow (limited) and 0: red (poor) for the user interface, containment, emptying, transport, treatment, disposal and reuse of faecal sludge. Built on Laravel Framework Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP), the tool links the scores into a single index averaged into terciles as 0–0.33 (poor), 0.34–0.66 (limited) and 0.67–1 (effective). This helps to identify areas of priority in a given context. The tool successfully facilitated a participatory pilot study in Kenya based on individual stakeholders' opinion. However, the tool does not provide the specific details leading to a given score. Therefore, its application should precede a detailed evaluation of each indicator in order to generate specific details per indicator per step of FSM.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44396447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kimbugwe Ceaser, Davis Tim, Goff Fraser, Greggio Ellen, Chanthet Sokhadeva, Kiap Benjamin
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are fundamental human rights, of critical importance to health, education, wellbeing, and economic prosperity. To fulfil these human rights and drive progress towards universal and sustainable access to WASH services, government service-level monitoring processes and data use are vital for effective decision-making and accountability. Despite increasing sector efforts to improve WASH data access, there is limited evidence of this translating into effective data use to inform effective planning for equitable access and budgeting and of the factors affecting this. Four case studies where WaterAid has worked with national government and sector stakeholders to strengthen WASH monitoring processes in Uganda, Cambodia, Papua New Guinea (PNG), and Myanmar were analysed through an analytical framework to understand the impact of different factors and related system-strengthening activities towards outcomes of increased data coordination, timely and relevant data availability and data use to inform decision-making in WASH service delivery. The analysis highlighted that strengthening activities aiming at improving indicators, data collection and analysis, and the type of data collection and visualisation technology have a direct impact on improving WASH sector coordination and timely data availability. However, to ensure strengthening activities support data use for decision-making, they need to be developed from within and adapt to the on-going wider political economy systems evolution, including formal processes such as decentralisation and evolving informal political drivers.
{"title":"Strengthening country-led water and sanitation services monitoring and data use for decision-making: lessons from WaterAid experience in four countries","authors":"Kimbugwe Ceaser, Davis Tim, Goff Fraser, Greggio Ellen, Chanthet Sokhadeva, Kiap Benjamin","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.028","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are fundamental human rights, of critical importance to health, education, wellbeing, and economic prosperity. To fulfil these human rights and drive progress towards universal and sustainable access to WASH services, government service-level monitoring processes and data use are vital for effective decision-making and accountability. Despite increasing sector efforts to improve WASH data access, there is limited evidence of this translating into effective data use to inform effective planning for equitable access and budgeting and of the factors affecting this. Four case studies where WaterAid has worked with national government and sector stakeholders to strengthen WASH monitoring processes in Uganda, Cambodia, Papua New Guinea (PNG), and Myanmar were analysed through an analytical framework to understand the impact of different factors and related system-strengthening activities towards outcomes of increased data coordination, timely and relevant data availability and data use to inform decision-making in WASH service delivery. The analysis highlighted that strengthening activities aiming at improving indicators, data collection and analysis, and the type of data collection and visualisation technology have a direct impact on improving WASH sector coordination and timely data availability. However, to ensure strengthening activities support data use for decision-making, they need to be developed from within and adapt to the on-going wider political economy systems evolution, including formal processes such as decentralisation and evolving informal political drivers.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42962418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Hepworth, T. Brewer, B. D. Brown, M. Atela, J. Katomero, J. Kones, M. Gashaw
This paper reports on a global review of evidence on the outcomes of accountability and advocacy interventions for improved water and sanitation service delivery, water resource management (WRM) sector governance, and the factors which influence their performance. Mapping current knowledge will help guide the community of practice, policy, and research working to strengthen water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) service delivery systems. We summarise the state of the evidence, key insights, and implications. Available evidence is relatively limited (151 papers) and is skewed towards India and East Africa (c. 50%), water service delivery (62%), and social accountability monitoring (54%). Most included articles (80%) associate accountability and advocacy with positive outcomes for sector performance. Positive outcomes are achieved through, for example, improved operational maintenance; access to data; representation and inclusion; political will; changes in policy, law, and process; new investment; and organisational performance. Impact is less frequently reported (32%) and attribution of impacts to interventions is a recurrent challenge. We identify 28 factors that determine the interventions' performance. These are used to populate a theory of change for accountability and advocacy interventions. The results of the review are important for those working on water sector system strengthening. They suggest potential of accountability interventions to accelerate delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on WASH, and provide an organising framework to strengthen intervention design and delivery, and future research.
{"title":"Accountability and advocacy interventions in the water sector: a global evidence review","authors":"N. Hepworth, T. Brewer, B. D. Brown, M. Atela, J. Katomero, J. Kones, M. Gashaw","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.062","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper reports on a global review of evidence on the outcomes of accountability and advocacy interventions for improved water and sanitation service delivery, water resource management (WRM) sector governance, and the factors which influence their performance. Mapping current knowledge will help guide the community of practice, policy, and research working to strengthen water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) service delivery systems. We summarise the state of the evidence, key insights, and implications. Available evidence is relatively limited (151 papers) and is skewed towards India and East Africa (c. 50%), water service delivery (62%), and social accountability monitoring (54%). Most included articles (80%) associate accountability and advocacy with positive outcomes for sector performance. Positive outcomes are achieved through, for example, improved operational maintenance; access to data; representation and inclusion; political will; changes in policy, law, and process; new investment; and organisational performance. Impact is less frequently reported (32%) and attribution of impacts to interventions is a recurrent challenge. We identify 28 factors that determine the interventions' performance. These are used to populate a theory of change for accountability and advocacy interventions. The results of the review are important for those working on water sector system strengthening. They suggest potential of accountability interventions to accelerate delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on WASH, and provide an organising framework to strengthen intervention design and delivery, and future research.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47150916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The availability and access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities in schools have been associated with enhanced learning and nutritional outcomes among children in India and elsewhere. However, there is a limited documentation of successful scaled-up models to improve WASH facilities in schools. This paper describes an innovative ‘transformation campaign’ to strengthen WASH facilities in government-run elementary schools in Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in India. The campaign was launched in 2018 followed by an online monitoring portal using data-informed feedback and role modeling in 2020. A comprehensive baseline assessment was conducted in 114,790 government elementary schools in Uttar Pradesh, during which school focal persons ranked their schools' access to WASH services against the set benchmarks. Concurrently, high-ranking schools were established as ‘learning labs’ for neighboring schools and were provided with on-site capacity building opportunities. More than 150,000 teachers were systematically engaged through regular virtual trainings and automated calls that tracked progress, all parts of a centralized online portal. This champion-led transformation of school (CLTS) approach was adopted by the government to recognize best practices supported by students and teachers. Initiatives of teachers and village-elected representatives (Gram Pradhan), who were identified as ‘champions’, were recognized and disseminated to build an enabling environment that will sustain access and practices. As of July 2021, 65.8% of the assessed schools across 75 districts have improved their basic infrastructure through repairing/retrofitting of defunct facilities and constructions of new ones as per the gaps identified. They become ‘WASH compliant’ and leveraged around INR 45.71 billion of public financing from multiple sources in last 3–4 years. Now, the state is rolling out a similar transformation campaign for 188,997 pre-school centers that will cover 5.6 million children between the ages of 3 and 6 years. The implementation process, challenges and learnings of this campaign can be used to formulate strategies and designing scaled-up interventions to improve WASH facilities in schools.
{"title":"Evidenced transformations: using data to demonstrate improvement in school-based access to water, sanitation and hygiene in Uttar Pradesh, India","authors":"Kumar Bikram, R. Mishra","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.060","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The availability and access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities in schools have been associated with enhanced learning and nutritional outcomes among children in India and elsewhere. However, there is a limited documentation of successful scaled-up models to improve WASH facilities in schools. This paper describes an innovative ‘transformation campaign’ to strengthen WASH facilities in government-run elementary schools in Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in India. The campaign was launched in 2018 followed by an online monitoring portal using data-informed feedback and role modeling in 2020. A comprehensive baseline assessment was conducted in 114,790 government elementary schools in Uttar Pradesh, during which school focal persons ranked their schools' access to WASH services against the set benchmarks. Concurrently, high-ranking schools were established as ‘learning labs’ for neighboring schools and were provided with on-site capacity building opportunities. More than 150,000 teachers were systematically engaged through regular virtual trainings and automated calls that tracked progress, all parts of a centralized online portal. This champion-led transformation of school (CLTS) approach was adopted by the government to recognize best practices supported by students and teachers. Initiatives of teachers and village-elected representatives (Gram Pradhan), who were identified as ‘champions’, were recognized and disseminated to build an enabling environment that will sustain access and practices. As of July 2021, 65.8% of the assessed schools across 75 districts have improved their basic infrastructure through repairing/retrofitting of defunct facilities and constructions of new ones as per the gaps identified. They become ‘WASH compliant’ and leveraged around INR 45.71 billion of public financing from multiple sources in last 3–4 years. Now, the state is rolling out a similar transformation campaign for 188,997 pre-school centers that will cover 5.6 million children between the ages of 3 and 6 years. The implementation process, challenges and learnings of this campaign can be used to formulate strategies and designing scaled-up interventions to improve WASH facilities in schools.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45143398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Morphological studies are vital for water resources management, riverbank development, and flood mitigation. In this study, the sinuosity index and bank erosion were used to detect and quantify morphological changes using Landsat data (1990–2020) in the Barak river, India. The morphological changes were investigated in protected areas to analyze the effectiveness of existing protective structures on bank migration, which helps formulate better riverbank restoration plans. Using monthly discharge data from two stream gauge stations, the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) models were developed. The extensive sediment transportation in the region necessitates studying both the river flow and morphological changes. The developed SARIMA model was used to predict river discharges up to 2025, being trained with data from 2006 to 2015. The validation of the model (2016–2018) shows that the mean absolute percentage error for discharge at two gauging stations is 29.78 and 23.52%, respectively. The analysis shows that the sinuosity index and bank erosion were inversely proportional. The SARIMA model showed that the future monthly discharge in the case study could be substantially higher than the observed series and affect river erosion simultaneously. This approach applies to many other meandering river management and identifies future morphological changes.
{"title":"Meandering rivers’ morphological changes analysis and prediction – a case study of Barak river, Assam","authors":"Apurba Nath, Susmita Ghosh","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Morphological studies are vital for water resources management, riverbank development, and flood mitigation. In this study, the sinuosity index and bank erosion were used to detect and quantify morphological changes using Landsat data (1990–2020) in the Barak river, India. The morphological changes were investigated in protected areas to analyze the effectiveness of existing protective structures on bank migration, which helps formulate better riverbank restoration plans. Using monthly discharge data from two stream gauge stations, the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) models were developed. The extensive sediment transportation in the region necessitates studying both the river flow and morphological changes. The developed SARIMA model was used to predict river discharges up to 2025, being trained with data from 2006 to 2015. The validation of the model (2016–2018) shows that the mean absolute percentage error for discharge at two gauging stations is 29.78 and 23.52%, respectively. The analysis shows that the sinuosity index and bank erosion were inversely proportional. The SARIMA model showed that the future monthly discharge in the case study could be substantially higher than the observed series and affect river erosion simultaneously. This approach applies to many other meandering river management and identifies future morphological changes.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45570550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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