S. Zaman, Pipasa Biswas, Rafiuz Zaman, Md. Shahnul Islam, Md. Nayeem Mehrab, G. Ghosh, Ahsan Habib, T. K. Chakraborty
This study investigated the performance of jute stick charcoal (JSC) as a biosorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from an aqueous solution. The batch adsorption experiment was conducted by influencing various experimental conditions like contact time (5–240 min), pH (2–8), initial Cr(VI) concentration (10–100 mg/L), and JSC dose (2–10 g/L). The study result shows that maximum Cr(VI) removal (99%) was found at pH 2, 20 mg/L of initial Cr(VI) concentration, 8 g/L of the JSC dose, and 150 min of equilibrium contact time. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) were used to characterize the JSC surface characteristics. The Cr(VI) adsorption data of JSC were better described by the Freundlich (R2= 0.995) and Halsey (R2= 0.995) isotherm models. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of JSC was 11.429 mg/g. Kinetic adsorption data of JSC followed the pseudo-second-order model (R2=1.0) as compared with the pseudo-first-order model (R2=0.97) and this adsorption process was controlled by chemisorption with multi-step diffusion. Finally, this study revealed JSC as an effective adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal from an aqueous solution.
{"title":"Jute (Corchorus olitorius) stick charcoal: a potential bioadsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from an aqueous solution","authors":"S. Zaman, Pipasa Biswas, Rafiuz Zaman, Md. Shahnul Islam, Md. Nayeem Mehrab, G. Ghosh, Ahsan Habib, T. K. Chakraborty","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study investigated the performance of jute stick charcoal (JSC) as a biosorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from an aqueous solution. The batch adsorption experiment was conducted by influencing various experimental conditions like contact time (5–240 min), pH (2–8), initial Cr(VI) concentration (10–100 mg/L), and JSC dose (2–10 g/L). The study result shows that maximum Cr(VI) removal (99%) was found at pH 2, 20 mg/L of initial Cr(VI) concentration, 8 g/L of the JSC dose, and 150 min of equilibrium contact time. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) were used to characterize the JSC surface characteristics. The Cr(VI) adsorption data of JSC were better described by the Freundlich (R2= 0.995) and Halsey (R2= 0.995) isotherm models. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of JSC was 11.429 mg/g. Kinetic adsorption data of JSC followed the pseudo-second-order model (R2=1.0) as compared with the pseudo-first-order model (R2=0.97) and this adsorption process was controlled by chemisorption with multi-step diffusion. Finally, this study revealed JSC as an effective adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal from an aqueous solution.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45046700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Access to clean and adequate drinking water supply has a significant contribution to public health and the economies of developing nations. However, leaders in developing countries continue to experience challenges in their attempt to provide citizens access to safe drinking water. This study examines residents’ preferences for improved water service supply attributes in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Using a conjoint experiment survey from 450 residents, the study estimates part-worth valuation for each attribute and shows that preference for future water service is heterogeneous. Finally, the researchers confirmed that the resident is willing to pay up to 75% surcharges on their current bill for improved drinking water supply.
{"title":"Does the urban poor want water service improvement? Residents’ preferences for future water service supply in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia","authors":"Birku Reta Entele","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.031","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Access to clean and adequate drinking water supply has a significant contribution to public health and the economies of developing nations. However, leaders in developing countries continue to experience challenges in their attempt to provide citizens access to safe drinking water. This study examines residents’ preferences for improved water service supply attributes in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Using a conjoint experiment survey from 450 residents, the study estimates part-worth valuation for each attribute and shows that preference for future water service is heterogeneous. Finally, the researchers confirmed that the resident is willing to pay up to 75% surcharges on their current bill for improved drinking water supply.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48700106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nagalapalli Satish, Anmala Jagadeesh, R. K, R. Varma
The successful prediction of the stream or river water quality is gaining the attention of various governmental agencies, and pollution control boards worldwide due to its useful applications in determining watershed health, biodiversity, ecology, and suitability of potable water needs of the river basin. The physically based computational water quality models would require large spatial and temporal information databases of climatic, hydrologic, and environmental variables and solutions of nonlinear, partial differential equations at each grid point in a river basin. These models suffer from estimability, convergence, stability, approximation, dispersion, and consistency issues. In such a problematic modeling scenario, an artificial neural network (ANN) modeling of 22 stream water quality parameters (SWQPs) is performed from easily measurable data of precipitation, temperature, and novel land use parameters obtained from Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis for the Godavari River Basin, India. The ANN models are compared with the more traditional, statistical linear, and nonlinear regression models for accuracy and performance statistics. This study obtains regression coefficients of 0.93, 0.78, 0.83, and 0.74 for electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and nitrate in testing using feedforward ANNs compared with a maximum of 0.45 using linear and nonlinear regressions. Principal component analysis (PCA) is performed to reduce the input data dimension. The subsequent modeling using radial basis function and ANNs is found to improve the overall regression coefficients slightly for the chosen four water quality parameters (WQPs). A closed form equation for electrical conductivity has been derived from MATLAB simulations. The successful modeling results indicate the effectiveness and potential of ANNs over the statistical regression approaches for estimating the highly nonlinear problem of stream water quality distributions.
{"title":"Prediction of stream water quality in Godavari River Basin, India using statistical and artificial neural network models","authors":"Nagalapalli Satish, Anmala Jagadeesh, R. K, R. Varma","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The successful prediction of the stream or river water quality is gaining the attention of various governmental agencies, and pollution control boards worldwide due to its useful applications in determining watershed health, biodiversity, ecology, and suitability of potable water needs of the river basin. The physically based computational water quality models would require large spatial and temporal information databases of climatic, hydrologic, and environmental variables and solutions of nonlinear, partial differential equations at each grid point in a river basin. These models suffer from estimability, convergence, stability, approximation, dispersion, and consistency issues. In such a problematic modeling scenario, an artificial neural network (ANN) modeling of 22 stream water quality parameters (SWQPs) is performed from easily measurable data of precipitation, temperature, and novel land use parameters obtained from Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis for the Godavari River Basin, India. The ANN models are compared with the more traditional, statistical linear, and nonlinear regression models for accuracy and performance statistics. This study obtains regression coefficients of 0.93, 0.78, 0.83, and 0.74 for electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and nitrate in testing using feedforward ANNs compared with a maximum of 0.45 using linear and nonlinear regressions. Principal component analysis (PCA) is performed to reduce the input data dimension. The subsequent modeling using radial basis function and ANNs is found to improve the overall regression coefficients slightly for the chosen four water quality parameters (WQPs). A closed form equation for electrical conductivity has been derived from MATLAB simulations. The successful modeling results indicate the effectiveness and potential of ANNs over the statistical regression approaches for estimating the highly nonlinear problem of stream water quality distributions.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42149368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Sprouse, Anna Liles, R. Cronk, V. Bauza, J. Tidwell, M. Manga
Despite clear evidence of the adverse health impacts of unsafe child feces disposal (CFD), there is little evidence of the effectiveness of interventions targeting the improvement of unsafe CFD practices in this region. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify and evaluate the quality of both behavior change and hardware interventions targeting the improvement of CFD practices in the Asia-Pacific region. A total of 695 articles were screened, and 11 studies were included. The combined hardware and behavior change interventions reported the highest rates of safe CFD (SCFD) post-intervention; however, these interventions were of lower quality. Four interventions focused specifically on improving SCFD practices, while the remaining seven studies evaluated the impacts of large-scale interventions, such as India's MANTRA and Total Sanitation Campaign programs, on unsafe CFD practices. Large-scale programs and hardware interventions are important for providing communities with the infrastructure necessary to improve unsafe CFD practices, but such interventions may be improved by the addition of a behavioral change component. With little evidence available on the effectiveness of behavioral interventions on reducing unsafe CFD in the Asia-Pacific region, future work should focus on how behavior change models combined with hardware interventions impact unsafe CFD.
{"title":"Interventions to address unsafe child feces disposal practices in the Asia-Pacific region: a systematic review","authors":"L. Sprouse, Anna Liles, R. Cronk, V. Bauza, J. Tidwell, M. Manga","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.137","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Despite clear evidence of the adverse health impacts of unsafe child feces disposal (CFD), there is little evidence of the effectiveness of interventions targeting the improvement of unsafe CFD practices in this region. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify and evaluate the quality of both behavior change and hardware interventions targeting the improvement of CFD practices in the Asia-Pacific region. A total of 695 articles were screened, and 11 studies were included. The combined hardware and behavior change interventions reported the highest rates of safe CFD (SCFD) post-intervention; however, these interventions were of lower quality. Four interventions focused specifically on improving SCFD practices, while the remaining seven studies evaluated the impacts of large-scale interventions, such as India's MANTRA and Total Sanitation Campaign programs, on unsafe CFD practices. Large-scale programs and hardware interventions are important for providing communities with the infrastructure necessary to improve unsafe CFD practices, but such interventions may be improved by the addition of a behavioral change component. With little evidence available on the effectiveness of behavioral interventions on reducing unsafe CFD in the Asia-Pacific region, future work should focus on how behavior change models combined with hardware interventions impact unsafe CFD.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48718472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leigh C. Hamlet, V. B. Gutierrez, A. Soto, S. Dickin
Enabling women to be meaningful participants and leaders in rural community-based water and sanitation governance remains a challenge. While the benefits of and barriers to women's participation and leadership have been reported on, there is a limited understanding of the role of empowerment in addressing these challenges. To help bridge this knowledge gap, we used a household survey to measure men and women's empowerment in water and sanitation in the rural Tupiza watershed, Bolivia, and key informant interviews with women leaders to identify barriers to leadership. Overall, among survey respondents, fewer men than women were disempowered. Community-level factors, especially those related to comfort in speaking in community meetings and reporting service problems, contributed more to women's disempowerment, as did household-level factors related to work balance and input into decisions about who participates in community water and sanitation activities. Among interviewed community water leaders, many women felt their positions were costly to their households and reported challenges in obtaining technical training and local government assistance, which not only disempowered them as leaders but also likely tied to poor service delivery and related health outcomes in their communities. We discuss the implications of our findings for rural Bolivia and future research opportunities.
{"title":"Barriers to women's participation, leadership, and empowerment in community-managed water and sanitation in rural Bolivia","authors":"Leigh C. Hamlet, V. B. Gutierrez, A. Soto, S. Dickin","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Enabling women to be meaningful participants and leaders in rural community-based water and sanitation governance remains a challenge. While the benefits of and barriers to women's participation and leadership have been reported on, there is a limited understanding of the role of empowerment in addressing these challenges. To help bridge this knowledge gap, we used a household survey to measure men and women's empowerment in water and sanitation in the rural Tupiza watershed, Bolivia, and key informant interviews with women leaders to identify barriers to leadership. Overall, among survey respondents, fewer men than women were disempowered. Community-level factors, especially those related to comfort in speaking in community meetings and reporting service problems, contributed more to women's disempowerment, as did household-level factors related to work balance and input into decisions about who participates in community water and sanitation activities. Among interviewed community water leaders, many women felt their positions were costly to their households and reported challenges in obtaining technical training and local government assistance, which not only disempowered them as leaders but also likely tied to poor service delivery and related health outcomes in their communities. We discuss the implications of our findings for rural Bolivia and future research opportunities.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44167451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Terra Michaels, Chanmeakara Suong, Chanrith Chi, Lyheang Morm, P. Mab, Justine Denis
By 2030, Sustainable Development Goal 6 aims to ensure universal access to safe drinking water. The Royal Government of Cambodia has, thus, made a significant progress in improving the access to safe water supply in rural areas. However, results show only 26.9% of all poor households in a license area were connected when supported by the Groupe de Recherches et d'Echanges Technologique (GRET) programs compared to 45.6% of all households; nearly half of all poor households are located greater than 70 m or are of unknown location; and 56% of known households are within than 3 km. Logistic regression shows a negative relationship between household connections and increasing distance by 10 m, incremental water tariffs by 0.10 USD, and subsidized connection fees by 10 USD when compared to connections, with odds of connection decreasing in all cases (−23, −8.6, and −1%, respectively). Finally, 37% of unconnected households have never heard of the subsidy programs, indicating insufficient marketing programs. Recommendations include updating subsidies to cover all costs necessary for households to connect within 50 m of the distribution lines (an extra pipe, transaction fees, etc.); ensuring flat-rate connection fees paid by all poor households including all costs remaining 40 USD or less; subsidizing pipe extensions to reach unserved areas while maintaining fair tariffs for poor households and cost recoverability for piped water suppliers; shortening marketing and awareness programs to 3 months or less, with involvement from more local stakeholders; and adding poor household connection requirements to investment program requirements.
{"title":"Increasing access to piped water for poor households: an analysis of water connection subsidy projects implemented by the GRET","authors":"Terra Michaels, Chanmeakara Suong, Chanrith Chi, Lyheang Morm, P. Mab, Justine Denis","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.024","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 By 2030, Sustainable Development Goal 6 aims to ensure universal access to safe drinking water. The Royal Government of Cambodia has, thus, made a significant progress in improving the access to safe water supply in rural areas. However, results show only 26.9% of all poor households in a license area were connected when supported by the Groupe de Recherches et d'Echanges Technologique (GRET) programs compared to 45.6% of all households; nearly half of all poor households are located greater than 70 m or are of unknown location; and 56% of known households are within than 3 km. Logistic regression shows a negative relationship between household connections and increasing distance by 10 m, incremental water tariffs by 0.10 USD, and subsidized connection fees by 10 USD when compared to connections, with odds of connection decreasing in all cases (−23, −8.6, and −1%, respectively). Finally, 37% of unconnected households have never heard of the subsidy programs, indicating insufficient marketing programs. Recommendations include updating subsidies to cover all costs necessary for households to connect within 50 m of the distribution lines (an extra pipe, transaction fees, etc.); ensuring flat-rate connection fees paid by all poor households including all costs remaining 40 USD or less; subsidizing pipe extensions to reach unserved areas while maintaining fair tariffs for poor households and cost recoverability for piped water suppliers; shortening marketing and awareness programs to 3 months or less, with involvement from more local stakeholders; and adding poor household connection requirements to investment program requirements.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49215855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Cox, S. Wolosoff, Clifford Shum, Taraneh Nik-Khah
A constructed in-lake water quality mitigation system has proven itself to be effective at reducing Machado Lake phosphorus (P) levels, but ineffective at reducing nitrogen (N) levels. A combination of lake sediment dredging and capping, oxygenation, and a recirculating wetland have reduced lake water column P levels by nearly 50%, as compared to pre-project levels. Key to this result has been the dampening of seasonal P recycling in the sediments. A new lake water quality numerical model is presented, with applications to both pre- and post-project conditions. Model auditing has revealed very good results with respect to predicting mitigation impacts on P but poor results with respect to predicting the performance, or lack thereof, of the N mitigation system. Model sensitivity analyses indicate that the P reductions are primarily attributable to the sediment dredging and capping. Conversely, seasonal data, supported by modeling, suggest that the poor performance of the N mitigation system may be attributable to incomplete removal, or sequestration, of sediment N mass during dredging and/or a lack of impact from the oxygenation system. Future mitigation efforts for the lake should focus on reducing the substantial watershed nutrient loads to the lake and further in-lake P inactivation.
{"title":"A tale of two contaminants: stark differences in the response of N and P to urban lake mitigation efforts","authors":"T. Cox, S. Wolosoff, Clifford Shum, Taraneh Nik-Khah","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A constructed in-lake water quality mitigation system has proven itself to be effective at reducing Machado Lake phosphorus (P) levels, but ineffective at reducing nitrogen (N) levels. A combination of lake sediment dredging and capping, oxygenation, and a recirculating wetland have reduced lake water column P levels by nearly 50%, as compared to pre-project levels. Key to this result has been the dampening of seasonal P recycling in the sediments. A new lake water quality numerical model is presented, with applications to both pre- and post-project conditions. Model auditing has revealed very good results with respect to predicting mitigation impacts on P but poor results with respect to predicting the performance, or lack thereof, of the N mitigation system. Model sensitivity analyses indicate that the P reductions are primarily attributable to the sediment dredging and capping. Conversely, seasonal data, supported by modeling, suggest that the poor performance of the N mitigation system may be attributable to incomplete removal, or sequestration, of sediment N mass during dredging and/or a lack of impact from the oxygenation system. Future mitigation efforts for the lake should focus on reducing the substantial watershed nutrient loads to the lake and further in-lake P inactivation.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46882771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the depletion of natural resources including land and water as a result of rapid population increase, industrialisation, and urbanisation, effective resource management is essential for long-term development. The Kinnerasani Watershed in Telangana State was chosen for the research based on morphological analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and land use/land cover (LULC) analysis in this study. A catchment's morphometric characteristics, PCA, and LULC analysis can be estimated using geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) approaches. The watershed generated 24 sub-watersheds (SWs) in all (SW1–SW24). SWs were ranked using morphometric features, PCA, and LULC features. To determine the final priority of SWs, several morphometric characteristics, including linear, shape, and relief aspects, have been estimated for each SW and given ranks based on compound parameter values. To prioritise SWs, the PCA was used to extract five parameters from morphometric characteristics. The LULC analysis used four characteristics to prioritise the SWs. SW3, SW9, and SW12 have been prioritised for morphometric analysis; SW2 and SW3 have been prioritised for PCA; and SW17, SW19, SW23, and SW24 have been prioritised for LULC analysis. The common SWs within each priority according to three different methodologies are SW4, SW6, SW10, SW13, SW15, and SW21. The results show that the high-priority locations have greater runoff and soil erosion issues, so it is essential to design and implement watershed management techniques such as check dams, construction of farm ponds, and construction of earthen embankments in these areas. The decision-making authorities might use the findings to plan and implement watershed management initiatives to minimise soil erosion in high-priority locations.
{"title":"Prioritising sub-watersheds using morphometric analysis, principal component analysis, and land use/land cover analysis in the Kinnerasani River basin, India","authors":"Padala Raja Shekar, Aneesh Mathew","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Due to the depletion of natural resources including land and water as a result of rapid population increase, industrialisation, and urbanisation, effective resource management is essential for long-term development. The Kinnerasani Watershed in Telangana State was chosen for the research based on morphological analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and land use/land cover (LULC) analysis in this study. A catchment's morphometric characteristics, PCA, and LULC analysis can be estimated using geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) approaches. The watershed generated 24 sub-watersheds (SWs) in all (SW1–SW24). SWs were ranked using morphometric features, PCA, and LULC features. To determine the final priority of SWs, several morphometric characteristics, including linear, shape, and relief aspects, have been estimated for each SW and given ranks based on compound parameter values. To prioritise SWs, the PCA was used to extract five parameters from morphometric characteristics. The LULC analysis used four characteristics to prioritise the SWs. SW3, SW9, and SW12 have been prioritised for morphometric analysis; SW2 and SW3 have been prioritised for PCA; and SW17, SW19, SW23, and SW24 have been prioritised for LULC analysis. The common SWs within each priority according to three different methodologies are SW4, SW6, SW10, SW13, SW15, and SW21. The results show that the high-priority locations have greater runoff and soil erosion issues, so it is essential to design and implement watershed management techniques such as check dams, construction of farm ponds, and construction of earthen embankments in these areas. The decision-making authorities might use the findings to plan and implement watershed management initiatives to minimise soil erosion in high-priority locations.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46460656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Erratum: H2Open Journal 5 (2), 323–332: Achieving handwashing with Social Art for Behaviour Change: the experience of the Lazos de Agua programme in Latin America, Anna Zisa, Kristina Nilsson, Raisa Mirza and Tania Vachon, https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.029","authors":"","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46797706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shipra Saxena, N. Chouhan, S. Mojumdar, M. O. Nielsen, Swathi Manchikanti, Anindita Mukherjee, N. Agarwal, Megha Rani, Anwesa Dutta, Rajendran Vignesh, J. Walters
Halfway into the sustainable development goal (SDG) period, the rural and urban divide in sanitation persists. As of 2020, less than half of the global rural population has access to safely managed sanitation. In India, the Swachh Bharat (Clean India) Mission – Rural helped over 100 million rural households to construct individual toilets and access at least basic sanitation during 2014–2019. Expectedly, the increase in toilet usage has led to an urgent need for faecal sludge management (FSM). The present paper describes a novel model, rooted in an urban–rural partnership, to increase access to FSM services among rural households. In 2020–2021, we piloted the model in the Dhenkanal district in Odisha, which had a functional urban faecal sludge treatment plant (FSTP) and publicly run desludging trucks. The model adopted a five-step approach that included a data-led situational assessment, model development, stakeholder consultation, legal formalization of urban–rural partnership, and capacity building. Upon its implementation, the partnership transformed the rural sanitation service chain and resulted in the safe collection, conveyance, and treatment of 278 kL of faecal sludge from rural households within the first 5 months of implementation. As rural governments in India and other developing countries strive to achieve safely managed sanitation by 2030, the urban–rural partnership model discussed in the paper can present a viable pathway for rapidly scaling-up FSM services.
{"title":"Bridging the rural–urban divide in sanitation with a cluster-based approach to faecal sludge management: a case study from Dhenkanal district in Odisha, India","authors":"Shipra Saxena, N. Chouhan, S. Mojumdar, M. O. Nielsen, Swathi Manchikanti, Anindita Mukherjee, N. Agarwal, Megha Rani, Anwesa Dutta, Rajendran Vignesh, J. Walters","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2022.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.054","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Halfway into the sustainable development goal (SDG) period, the rural and urban divide in sanitation persists. As of 2020, less than half of the global rural population has access to safely managed sanitation. In India, the Swachh Bharat (Clean India) Mission – Rural helped over 100 million rural households to construct individual toilets and access at least basic sanitation during 2014–2019. Expectedly, the increase in toilet usage has led to an urgent need for faecal sludge management (FSM). The present paper describes a novel model, rooted in an urban–rural partnership, to increase access to FSM services among rural households. In 2020–2021, we piloted the model in the Dhenkanal district in Odisha, which had a functional urban faecal sludge treatment plant (FSTP) and publicly run desludging trucks. The model adopted a five-step approach that included a data-led situational assessment, model development, stakeholder consultation, legal formalization of urban–rural partnership, and capacity building. Upon its implementation, the partnership transformed the rural sanitation service chain and resulted in the safe collection, conveyance, and treatment of 278 kL of faecal sludge from rural households within the first 5 months of implementation. As rural governments in India and other developing countries strive to achieve safely managed sanitation by 2030, the urban–rural partnership model discussed in the paper can present a viable pathway for rapidly scaling-up FSM services.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42352859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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