In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the best management practices (BMPs) in poorly degraded and economically fragile watershed area in Shivalik hills, Northern India. A scenario-based approach has been followed to evaluate the existing BMPs and a few hypothetically implemented BMPs based on SWAT modeling. A regionalization approach was adopted for calibrating the SWAT model for ungauged micro-watersheds within the study area. After successful calibration, soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was simulated for several BMPs that are in practice such as Check dams, vegetation and fencing so as to learn about their effectiveness in controlling sediment and nutrient yield. Other hypothetically installed BMPs, such as contouring, terracing, grassed waterways and filter strips were also evaluated in untreated micro and sub-watersheds. The cost–benefit analysis of these hypothetical BMPs revealed that the average reduction in nutrients was maximum for grassed waterways and minimum for terracing. Overall, the scenario-based analysis revealed that conservation practices, in the otherwise degraded watershed, can prove to be beneficial for sustainability of its natural resources.
{"title":"A scenario-based analysis of selected best management practices for reduced sediment and nutrient yield in the watershed located in the Shivalik hills, India","authors":"Sushma Walia, Richa Babbar, Sarbjit Singh","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2023.033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2023.033","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the best management practices (BMPs) in poorly degraded and economically fragile watershed area in Shivalik hills, Northern India. A scenario-based approach has been followed to evaluate the existing BMPs and a few hypothetically implemented BMPs based on SWAT modeling. A regionalization approach was adopted for calibrating the SWAT model for ungauged micro-watersheds within the study area. After successful calibration, soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was simulated for several BMPs that are in practice such as Check dams, vegetation and fencing so as to learn about their effectiveness in controlling sediment and nutrient yield. Other hypothetically installed BMPs, such as contouring, terracing, grassed waterways and filter strips were also evaluated in untreated micro and sub-watersheds. The cost–benefit analysis of these hypothetical BMPs revealed that the average reduction in nutrients was maximum for grassed waterways and minimum for terracing. Overall, the scenario-based analysis revealed that conservation practices, in the otherwise degraded watershed, can prove to be beneficial for sustainability of its natural resources.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47065782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Floods and their associated impacts are topics of concern in land development planning and management, which call for efficient flood forecasting and warning systems. The performance of flood warning systems is affected by uncertainty in water level forecasts, which is due to their inability to measure or calculate a modeled value accurately. Predictive uncertainty is an emerging type of uncertainty modeling technique that emphasizes total uncertainty quantified as a probability distribution conditioned on all available knowledge. Predictive uncertainty analysis was done using quantile regression (QR) for machine learning-based flood models – Hybrid Wavelet Artificial Neural Network model (WANN) and Hybrid Wavelet Support Vector Machine model (WSVM) for different lead times. Comparing QR models of WANN and WSVM revealed that the slope, intercept, spread of forecast, and width of confidence band of the WANN model are more for each quantile indicating more uncertainty as compared to the WSVM model. In both models, with an increase in lead time, uncertainty has shown an increasing trend as well. The performance evaluation of inference obtained from QR models was evaluated using uncertainty statistics such as prediction interval coverage probability, average relative interval length (ARIL), and mean prediction interval (MPI).
{"title":"Predictive uncertainty assessment in flood forecasting using quantile regression","authors":"Amina M. K., C. N. R.","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2023.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2023.040","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Floods and their associated impacts are topics of concern in land development planning and management, which call for efficient flood forecasting and warning systems. The performance of flood warning systems is affected by uncertainty in water level forecasts, which is due to their inability to measure or calculate a modeled value accurately. Predictive uncertainty is an emerging type of uncertainty modeling technique that emphasizes total uncertainty quantified as a probability distribution conditioned on all available knowledge. Predictive uncertainty analysis was done using quantile regression (QR) for machine learning-based flood models – Hybrid Wavelet Artificial Neural Network model (WANN) and Hybrid Wavelet Support Vector Machine model (WSVM) for different lead times. Comparing QR models of WANN and WSVM revealed that the slope, intercept, spread of forecast, and width of confidence band of the WANN model are more for each quantile indicating more uncertainty as compared to the WSVM model. In both models, with an increase in lead time, uncertainty has shown an increasing trend as well. The performance evaluation of inference obtained from QR models was evaluated using uncertainty statistics such as prediction interval coverage probability, average relative interval length (ARIL), and mean prediction interval (MPI).","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48420759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ghulam Zakir-Hassan, S. Akhtar, G. Shabir, F. Hassan, Hadeed Ashraf, Muhammad Sultan
Assessing groundwater recharge is crucial for managing and governing water resources in any region. Indus River Basin (IRB) is an area that relies heavily on canal and groundwater irrigation. The replenishment of groundwater is largely dependent on surface water supplies. The purpose of this research is to determine the amount of groundwater recharge from various sources in Rachna Doab. The study employed the water budget method to calculate seasonal groundwater recharge during the Rabi (October–March) and Kharif (April–September) (Summer) periods from 2005 to 2011. The main components of the recharge were rainfall, water conveyed through channels, and irrigation water applied to cultivated fields. Conversely, the extraction of water from private and public tube wells was the discharge component of the study. Groundwater levels increased during the Kharif season but decreased during the Rabi season. Average recharge contribution from rainfall was 45 and 14% during the Kharif and Rabi seasons, respectively. The total annual recharge from watercourses and irrigation fields was estimated to be approximately 33% of the total recharge. Rainfall was the most significant source of long-term seasonal recharge, followed by watercourses and irrigation fields. In general, the average depletion of the reservoir was 94 million cubic meters per season.
{"title":"Water budget study for groundwater recharge in Indus River Basin, Punjab (Pakistan)","authors":"Ghulam Zakir-Hassan, S. Akhtar, G. Shabir, F. Hassan, Hadeed Ashraf, Muhammad Sultan","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2023.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2023.027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Assessing groundwater recharge is crucial for managing and governing water resources in any region. Indus River Basin (IRB) is an area that relies heavily on canal and groundwater irrigation. The replenishment of groundwater is largely dependent on surface water supplies. The purpose of this research is to determine the amount of groundwater recharge from various sources in Rachna Doab. The study employed the water budget method to calculate seasonal groundwater recharge during the Rabi (October–March) and Kharif (April–September) (Summer) periods from 2005 to 2011. The main components of the recharge were rainfall, water conveyed through channels, and irrigation water applied to cultivated fields. Conversely, the extraction of water from private and public tube wells was the discharge component of the study. Groundwater levels increased during the Kharif season but decreased during the Rabi season. Average recharge contribution from rainfall was 45 and 14% during the Kharif and Rabi seasons, respectively. The total annual recharge from watercourses and irrigation fields was estimated to be approximately 33% of the total recharge. Rainfall was the most significant source of long-term seasonal recharge, followed by watercourses and irrigation fields. In general, the average depletion of the reservoir was 94 million cubic meters per season.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45342739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saurabh Pujari, Vijay Kaushik, Noopur Awasthi, S. Gupta, S. Sushanth Kumar
The stepped spillway of a dam is a crucial element that serves multiple purposes in the field of river engineering. Research related to flood control necessitates an investigation into the dissipation of energy over stepped spillways. Previous research has been conducted on stepped spillways in the absence of baffles, utilizing diverse methodologies. This study employs machine learning techniques, specifically support vector machine (SVM) and regression tree (RT), to assess the energy dissipation of rectangular stepped spillways incorporating baffles arranged in different configurations and operating at varying channel slopes. Empirical evidence suggests that energy dissipation is more pronounced in channels with flat slopes and increases proportionally with the quantity of baffles present. Statistical measures are employed to validate the constructed models in the experimental investigation, with the aim of evaluating the efficacy and performance of the proposed model. The findings indicate that the SVM model proposed in this study accurately forecasted the energy dissipation, in contrast to both RT and the conventional method. This study confirms the applicability of machine learning techniques in the relevant field. Notably, it provides a unique contribution by predicting energy dissipation in stepped spillways with baffle configurations.
{"title":"Application of machine learning approaches in the computation of energy dissipation over rectangular stepped spillway","authors":"Saurabh Pujari, Vijay Kaushik, Noopur Awasthi, S. Gupta, S. Sushanth Kumar","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2023.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2023.007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The stepped spillway of a dam is a crucial element that serves multiple purposes in the field of river engineering. Research related to flood control necessitates an investigation into the dissipation of energy over stepped spillways. Previous research has been conducted on stepped spillways in the absence of baffles, utilizing diverse methodologies. This study employs machine learning techniques, specifically support vector machine (SVM) and regression tree (RT), to assess the energy dissipation of rectangular stepped spillways incorporating baffles arranged in different configurations and operating at varying channel slopes. Empirical evidence suggests that energy dissipation is more pronounced in channels with flat slopes and increases proportionally with the quantity of baffles present. Statistical measures are employed to validate the constructed models in the experimental investigation, with the aim of evaluating the efficacy and performance of the proposed model. The findings indicate that the SVM model proposed in this study accurately forecasted the energy dissipation, in contrast to both RT and the conventional method. This study confirms the applicability of machine learning techniques in the relevant field. Notably, it provides a unique contribution by predicting energy dissipation in stepped spillways with baffle configurations.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49071584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Goitom Gebreyohannes Berhe, D. Sbhatu, A. Gebremariam
In Ethiopia, holy water is used to treat various ailments. This study examined the safety of holy water in May-Hibey, NW Tigray, Ethiopia consumed to treat gastrointestinal ailments. Sensory observation, compositional and elemental analyses of rock samples, and analyses of physicochemical properties and inorganic constituents of holy water samples were conducted. Sensory observation revealed that the water had a musty taste and rotten egg-like odor. Its consumption as drinking rituals caused instant vomiting and loose bowel. Geological studies of rock samples via X-ray diffraction revealed Si (62.456%), Fe (15.441%), and S (7.912%) as major elements. Physicochemical analyses of the holy water samples showed that temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, and concentrations of calcium, magnesium, iron, and sulfate were above the permissible limits of the World Health Organization and the Ethiopian Standards Agency. These imply that holy water is unsafe and may cause health complications. Patients believe instant vomiting and diarrhea after drinking rituals are parts of the treatment process. But such effects might be due to the high sulfate content and other chemical properties of the holy water. Studies for establishing the physiological effects of holy water on patients with gastrointestinal ailments are required.
{"title":"Study of holy water consumed to treat gastrointestinal ailments in gold deposit areas of May-Hibey, Northwestern Tigray, Ethiopia","authors":"Goitom Gebreyohannes Berhe, D. Sbhatu, A. Gebremariam","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2023.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2023.165","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In Ethiopia, holy water is used to treat various ailments. This study examined the safety of holy water in May-Hibey, NW Tigray, Ethiopia consumed to treat gastrointestinal ailments. Sensory observation, compositional and elemental analyses of rock samples, and analyses of physicochemical properties and inorganic constituents of holy water samples were conducted. Sensory observation revealed that the water had a musty taste and rotten egg-like odor. Its consumption as drinking rituals caused instant vomiting and loose bowel. Geological studies of rock samples via X-ray diffraction revealed Si (62.456%), Fe (15.441%), and S (7.912%) as major elements. Physicochemical analyses of the holy water samples showed that temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, and concentrations of calcium, magnesium, iron, and sulfate were above the permissible limits of the World Health Organization and the Ethiopian Standards Agency. These imply that holy water is unsafe and may cause health complications. Patients believe instant vomiting and diarrhea after drinking rituals are parts of the treatment process. But such effects might be due to the high sulfate content and other chemical properties of the holy water. Studies for establishing the physiological effects of holy water on patients with gastrointestinal ailments are required.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46707458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Amini, M. K. Moghadam, A. A. Kolahchi, Mehrdad Raheli-Namin, K. O. Ahmed
Land surface modelling and data assimilation are advanced techniques for generating optimal fields of land surface states and fluxes. In this study, the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) data were utilized to investigate the soil moisture variations and droughts in Kermanshah province, northwest Iran. The GLDAS soil moisture data were employed in various depths and compared with observed monthly soil moisture. The monthly and annual moisture data were processed in the Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. To compute the Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI, precipitation data from 2000 to 2014 were used, and the relationship between drought and soil moisture variation was studied. The moisture data from GLDAS had a significant correlation with the most severe wet and dry seasons. The minimum and maximum values of the SPI were determined as −2.077 and 0.931 in 2004 and 2009, respectively, which corresponded to the highest and lowest normalized soil moisture of −1.93 and 1.41. The results showed that GLDAS data can be used to reconstruct spatial and temporal moisture data series.
{"title":"Evaluation of GLDAS soil moisture product over Kermanshah province, Iran","authors":"A. Amini, M. K. Moghadam, A. A. Kolahchi, Mehrdad Raheli-Namin, K. O. Ahmed","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2023.057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2023.057","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Land surface modelling and data assimilation are advanced techniques for generating optimal fields of land surface states and fluxes. In this study, the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) data were utilized to investigate the soil moisture variations and droughts in Kermanshah province, northwest Iran. The GLDAS soil moisture data were employed in various depths and compared with observed monthly soil moisture. The monthly and annual moisture data were processed in the Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. To compute the Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI, precipitation data from 2000 to 2014 were used, and the relationship between drought and soil moisture variation was studied. The moisture data from GLDAS had a significant correlation with the most severe wet and dry seasons. The minimum and maximum values of the SPI were determined as −2.077 and 0.931 in 2004 and 2009, respectively, which corresponded to the highest and lowest normalized soil moisture of −1.93 and 1.41. The results showed that GLDAS data can be used to reconstruct spatial and temporal moisture data series.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43424236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prosper Kpiebaya, Abdul-Ganiyu Shaibu, Ebenezer Ebo Yahans Amuah, R. Kazapoe, E. Salifu, B. W. Dekongmen
The need for quality water in Africa for agriculture cannot be underemphasized amidst the current global water crises. The focus of this study sought to evaluate the quality of groundwater for irrigation purposes while unearthing the emerging challenges in the study area. In total, 202 groundwater samples were collected, and several parameters were tested. The study employed QGIS and multi-criteria decision analysis to examine zones of suitable groundwater quality for agriculture. Findings from the study indicate that the primary water types were Na–HCO3 and Ca–HCO3. The overall accuracy (OV) of the land use land cover (LULC) map using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm was 94.5%. The analysis revealed that SpH influences GpH at p = 0.02891 (p < 0.05) and SOM and SOC influence GNO3 at p = 0.044 (p < 0.05). The overlay analysis spatially classified the groundwater in the study area into three categories of suitability with ariel coverage showing areas of good quality (1,534.34 km2), moderate quality (1,933.35 km2), and poor quality (1,815.21 km2). The results from this study uncovered that 72.33% of the samples were within the desirable limits and can be concluded that the quality of groundwater in the area is acceptable for irrigation.
{"title":"Impact of surficial factors on groundwater quality for irrigation using spatial techniques: emerging evidence from the northeast region of Ghana","authors":"Prosper Kpiebaya, Abdul-Ganiyu Shaibu, Ebenezer Ebo Yahans Amuah, R. Kazapoe, E. Salifu, B. W. Dekongmen","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2023.156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2023.156","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The need for quality water in Africa for agriculture cannot be underemphasized amidst the current global water crises. The focus of this study sought to evaluate the quality of groundwater for irrigation purposes while unearthing the emerging challenges in the study area. In total, 202 groundwater samples were collected, and several parameters were tested. The study employed QGIS and multi-criteria decision analysis to examine zones of suitable groundwater quality for agriculture. Findings from the study indicate that the primary water types were Na–HCO3 and Ca–HCO3. The overall accuracy (OV) of the land use land cover (LULC) map using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm was 94.5%. The analysis revealed that SpH influences GpH at p = 0.02891 (p < 0.05) and SOM and SOC influence GNO3 at p = 0.044 (p < 0.05). The overlay analysis spatially classified the groundwater in the study area into three categories of suitability with ariel coverage showing areas of good quality (1,534.34 km2), moderate quality (1,933.35 km2), and poor quality (1,815.21 km2). The results from this study uncovered that 72.33% of the samples were within the desirable limits and can be concluded that the quality of groundwater in the area is acceptable for irrigation.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45453273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the coupling of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS) was used to assess flood hazards. Spatial analysis in the GIS environment has been applied for the estimation of flood hazard zones in which five relevant physical factors have been selected, namely rainfall amount, slope, elevation, drainage density, and land use. The factors of rainfall amount and land use are subjected to changes over a time horizon, an attempt is made in this study, to delineate the flood hazard zones under changing climate, i.e., delineating flood hazard zones in base and climate change scenarios. The proposed method is applied to the Mazam-Watrak River basin in the state of Gujarat, India for the data span 1961–2016. It is concluded that flood hazard zones proliferate in the downstream and eastern middle reaches of the basin and in a very high to high category in climate change scenarios. The results obtained from the AHP have been validated through the observed flood susceptible area in the basin.
{"title":"Flood hazards under changing climate: applying an analytical hierarchy process in the Mazam-Watrak River Basin, India","authors":"Payal Makhasana, Geeta S. Joshi","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2023.042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2023.042","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this study, the coupling of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS) was used to assess flood hazards. Spatial analysis in the GIS environment has been applied for the estimation of flood hazard zones in which five relevant physical factors have been selected, namely rainfall amount, slope, elevation, drainage density, and land use. The factors of rainfall amount and land use are subjected to changes over a time horizon, an attempt is made in this study, to delineate the flood hazard zones under changing climate, i.e., delineating flood hazard zones in base and climate change scenarios. The proposed method is applied to the Mazam-Watrak River basin in the state of Gujarat, India for the data span 1961–2016. It is concluded that flood hazard zones proliferate in the downstream and eastern middle reaches of the basin and in a very high to high category in climate change scenarios. The results obtained from the AHP have been validated through the observed flood susceptible area in the basin.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47610916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gareth Brown, Jitka MacAdam, G. Dotro, B. Jefferson
Septic tank systems (STSs) are a widely utilised treatment flowsheet for decentralised wastewater treatment in the UK. With a growing consensus that STSs have a sizeable detrimental impact on the environment, there is a need for rural flowsheets with improved treatment capabilities. This study examines the lifetime cost and carbon emissions of using an enhanced septic tank nature-based solution (EST-NBS) to improve STS compared to a package treatment system (submerged aerated filter (SAF)). The wholelife cost (WLC) of the flowsheets and Scope 2 cradle-to-grave lifetime carbon emissions (LCEs) of the flowsheets were assessed. The EST-NBS flowsheets represent a lower cost improved treatment system than SAFs at population equivalents (PEs) from 5 to 1,000. An STS averages an LCE of over 4,000 kg CO2eq PE−1, with all other considered flowsheets having lower emissions. The EST-NBS flowsheets had lower carbon emissions than SAFs. Even at low populations upgrading from an STS to an EST-NBS is a competitive abatement strategy, with costs of £260 tCO2eq−1 emissions avoided, at 1,000 PE an NBS flowsheet has an abatement cost of –£17 tCO2eq−1. This shows the potential of using NBS flowsheets in rural wastewater treatment providing both a carbon and cost incentive against traditional designs.
化粪池系统(STSs)是一个广泛使用的处理流程为分散污水处理在英国。由于越来越多的人一致认为STSs对环境有相当大的有害影响，因此需要改进处理能力的农村流程。本研究考察了与一揽子处理系统(浸没曝气过滤器(SAF))相比，使用增强化粪池自然溶液(EST-NBS)改善STS的终身成本和碳排放。评估了流程的全生命周期成本(WLC)和范围2流程从摇篮到坟墓的全生命周期碳排放量(LCEs)。EST-NBS流程表在人口当量(pe)从5到1000的范围内代表了比saf成本更低的改进处理系统。一个化粪池系统的平均LCE超过4,000 kg co2当量PE - 1，而所有其他被考虑的流程的排放量都更低。EST-NBS流程的碳排放量低于saf。即使在人口较少的情况下，从STS升级到EST-NBS也是一种有竞争力的减排策略，可避免260吨二氧化碳当量−1的排放成本，而在1000 PE时，NBS流程的减排成本为- 17吨二氧化碳当量−1。这显示了在农村污水处理中使用NBS流程的潜力，与传统设计相比，它既可以降低碳排放，又可以降低成本。
{"title":"A wholelife cost and carbon perspective of alternatives to septic tanks utilising nature-based solutions","authors":"Gareth Brown, Jitka MacAdam, G. Dotro, B. Jefferson","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2023.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2023.002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Septic tank systems (STSs) are a widely utilised treatment flowsheet for decentralised wastewater treatment in the UK. With a growing consensus that STSs have a sizeable detrimental impact on the environment, there is a need for rural flowsheets with improved treatment capabilities. This study examines the lifetime cost and carbon emissions of using an enhanced septic tank nature-based solution (EST-NBS) to improve STS compared to a package treatment system (submerged aerated filter (SAF)). The wholelife cost (WLC) of the flowsheets and Scope 2 cradle-to-grave lifetime carbon emissions (LCEs) of the flowsheets were assessed. The EST-NBS flowsheets represent a lower cost improved treatment system than SAFs at population equivalents (PEs) from 5 to 1,000. An STS averages an LCE of over 4,000 kg CO2eq PE−1, with all other considered flowsheets having lower emissions. The EST-NBS flowsheets had lower carbon emissions than SAFs. Even at low populations upgrading from an STS to an EST-NBS is a competitive abatement strategy, with costs of £260 tCO2eq−1 emissions avoided, at 1,000 PE an NBS flowsheet has an abatement cost of –£17 tCO2eq−1. This shows the potential of using NBS flowsheets in rural wastewater treatment providing both a carbon and cost incentive against traditional designs.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48522153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To have an efficient water distribution network, optimal design alternatives need to be identified and analysed using combined hydraulic modelling and optimization. This paper reports on the application of the fast-messy genetic algorithm (fmGA) coupled with hydraulic modelling tool EPANET to assess and select an optimum design and operational alternative for a water distribution pipe network. The sole objective of the optimization modelling was to minimize network costs subject to hydraulic and design constraints. The fmGA was first tested using the benchmark case study of the Hanoi network and then applied to the real network of Maun, Botswana which is considered as the case study. We have compared our results of the fmGA model application with other optimization techniques applied to the Hanoi network. The findings of the test revealed that the fmGA is superior to other popular metaheuristic optimization methods in terms of processing speed with comparable accuracy and pressure constraints fulfilled for all nodes. It also provides the best and least solution. For the water distribution network of Maun, the best pipeline configuration and route were determined, in which Configuration B is found to be the best and least cost solution to improve the water supply situation in Maun.
{"title":"Optimization of urban water pipe network design using fast-messy genetic algorithms (fmGA)","authors":"B. Alemaw, Tshepo E. Jankie","doi":"10.2166/h2oj.2023.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2023.029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 To have an efficient water distribution network, optimal design alternatives need to be identified and analysed using combined hydraulic modelling and optimization. This paper reports on the application of the fast-messy genetic algorithm (fmGA) coupled with hydraulic modelling tool EPANET to assess and select an optimum design and operational alternative for a water distribution pipe network. The sole objective of the optimization modelling was to minimize network costs subject to hydraulic and design constraints. The fmGA was first tested using the benchmark case study of the Hanoi network and then applied to the real network of Maun, Botswana which is considered as the case study. We have compared our results of the fmGA model application with other optimization techniques applied to the Hanoi network. The findings of the test revealed that the fmGA is superior to other popular metaheuristic optimization methods in terms of processing speed with comparable accuracy and pressure constraints fulfilled for all nodes. It also provides the best and least solution. For the water distribution network of Maun, the best pipeline configuration and route were determined, in which Configuration B is found to be the best and least cost solution to improve the water supply situation in Maun.","PeriodicalId":36060,"journal":{"name":"H2Open Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49634876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：