Due to global warming caused by carbon dioxide emissions, for the last decade or longer, there has been a strong focus on reducing energy consumption. Among the many technologies, old and new, available for this purpose, one is a shading device, which is required in a hot and humid climates to protect building interiors from solar radiation that can penetrate the building, increasing the energy demand for the cooling load. Such shades are well-known and have been used widely since the dawn of the modern architectural era. In Phnom Penh, there are different kinds of shading devices in modernist architecture that demonstrate creativity in the shading of façades. To maximize their effectiveness in contributing to the fight against global warming, it is necessary to study their fundamental shadowing behaviors so that new technology can be developed and applied to today’s buildings. This study aims to explore the shading types in modern architecture in Phnom Penh, and evaluate different aspects of these shading devices in terms of shadow performance by using an extension tool in Sketch-UP, Shadow Projector V.7 by TIG. The results show that shading devices on modern buildings in Phnom Penh are defined by a deep overhang, and horizontal louvers hung from the overhang. Vertical fins, slanted fins, and egg-crate patterns are also used on the façades. According to the evaluation results, egg-crate provided the best shading performance among all shading cases and orientations studied. It was also found that a horizontal louver hung from the overhang can increase shading performance by 20% in all directions, and that it is more efficient than vertical fins for East, West, SE, and SW orientations. Moreover, the overhang is the most efficient in north-facing façades. Vertical fin types, on the other hand, are unreliable for East, West, SE, and SW orientations. The vertical slanted fin type is also unreliable in any orientation or season due to the slanted position and the sun's travel path. The results of this study will help designers optimize the shadowing behavior of shading devices, particularly with respect to building orientation. The research findings highlight the fundamentals, which can be enhanced future studies that focus on compatibility assessment of shading devices used in new-era buildings.
{"title":"A Study of Shading Devices in Modern Architecture for the Hot Humid Climate of Phnom Penh, Cambodia","authors":"Leanghong Leu, C. Boonyaputthipong","doi":"10.54028/nj202322301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54028/nj202322301","url":null,"abstract":"Due to global warming caused by carbon dioxide emissions, for the last decade or longer, there has been a strong focus on reducing energy consumption. Among the many technologies, old and new, available for this purpose, one is a shading device, which is required in a hot and humid climates to protect building interiors from solar radiation that can penetrate the building, increasing the energy demand for the cooling load. Such shades are well-known and have been used widely since the dawn of the modern architectural era. In Phnom Penh, there are different kinds of shading devices in modernist architecture that demonstrate creativity in the shading of façades. To maximize their effectiveness in contributing to the fight against global warming, it is necessary to study their fundamental shadowing behaviors so that new technology can be developed and applied to today’s buildings. \u0000This study aims to explore the shading types in modern architecture in Phnom Penh, and evaluate different aspects of these shading devices in terms of shadow performance by using an extension tool in Sketch-UP, Shadow Projector V.7 by TIG. \u0000The results show that shading devices on modern buildings in Phnom Penh are defined by a deep overhang, and horizontal louvers hung from the overhang. Vertical fins, slanted fins, and egg-crate patterns are also used on the façades. According to the evaluation results, egg-crate provided the best shading performance among all shading cases and orientations studied. It was also found that a horizontal louver hung from the overhang can increase shading performance by 20% in all directions, and that it is more efficient than vertical fins for East, West, SE, and SW orientations. Moreover, the overhang is the most efficient in north-facing façades. Vertical fin types, on the other hand, are unreliable for East, West, SE, and SW orientations. The vertical slanted fin type is also unreliable in any orientation or season due to the slanted position and the sun's travel path. \u0000The results of this study will help designers optimize the shadowing behavior of shading devices, particularly with respect to building orientation. The research findings highlight the fundamentals, which can be enhanced future studies that focus on compatibility assessment of shading devices used in new-era buildings. ","PeriodicalId":36071,"journal":{"name":"Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88799062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prattakorn Sittisom, Rapee Tangsongsuwan, S. Munlikawong, W. Wongsapai, S. Sitthikankun, D. Rinchumphu
Stormwater runoff is an issue that is increasingly affecting urban areas because areas that previously were permeable have been developed, and are now impermeable, comprising hard surface areas, whether concrete floors, roads, or buildings. As the size of the problem area increases, the amount of stormwater runoff that needs to be cleared from urban areas increases, and it takes longer for the stormwater to be cleared. The existing basic public drainage systems can no longer sufficiently support the increasing stormwater runoff, directly affecting commuting and lifestyle. These problems have led to the design concept of bioretention, which can be used to increase the efficiency of water infiltration of existing soil areas since a higher water infiltration rate can help relieve the burden on the basic public drainage system and alleviate the abovementioned problems. Bioretention design consists of three layers: the drainage layer at the bottom, the transition layer, and the filter media layer at the top. The critical objective is to design the filter media layer (the top layer) to have a greater infiltration rate than the original soil. This research, therefore, comprises an experiment in which sand is mixed with the original soil to achieve these increased infiltration rates. Three different soil-to-sand ratios were field tested within the area of the Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand with double-ring infiltrometer technique to test the infiltration rate, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4. This research also applied Horton's Theory of Perforation Prediction Equations; the experiments demonstrated that adding sand can increase the water infiltration rate. The infiltration rates for soil-to-sand ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 are 16.09, 21.53, and 28.90 mm/hr., consecutively. In addition, understanding the relationship between infiltration rate and sand ratio makes it possible to determine the permeation rate as required. Furthermore, knowing the sand ratio is useful for future planning to achieve the appropriate design.
{"title":"The Determination of Soil Infiltration Rate of Urban Bioretention Design Process in Chiang Mai, Thailand","authors":"Prattakorn Sittisom, Rapee Tangsongsuwan, S. Munlikawong, W. Wongsapai, S. Sitthikankun, D. Rinchumphu","doi":"10.54028/nj202221228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54028/nj202221228","url":null,"abstract":"Stormwater runoff is an issue that is increasingly affecting urban areas because areas that previously were permeable have been developed, and are now impermeable, comprising hard surface areas, whether concrete floors, roads, or buildings. As the size of the problem area increases, the amount of stormwater runoff that needs to be cleared from urban areas increases, and it takes longer for the stormwater to be cleared. The existing basic public drainage systems can no longer sufficiently support the increasing stormwater runoff, directly affecting commuting and lifestyle. These problems have led to the design concept of bioretention, which can be used to increase the efficiency of water infiltration of existing soil areas since a higher water infiltration rate can help relieve the burden on the basic public drainage system and alleviate the abovementioned problems. Bioretention design consists of three layers: the drainage layer at the bottom, the transition layer, and the filter media layer at the top. The critical objective is to design the filter media layer (the top layer) to have a greater infiltration rate than the original soil. This research, therefore, comprises an experiment in which sand is mixed with the original soil to achieve these increased infiltration rates. Three different soil-to-sand ratios were field tested within the area of the Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand with double-ring infiltrometer technique to test the infiltration rate, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4. This research also applied Horton's Theory of Perforation Prediction Equations; the experiments demonstrated that adding sand can increase the water infiltration rate. The infiltration rates for soil-to-sand ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 are 16.09, 21.53, and 28.90 mm/hr., consecutively. \u0000In addition, understanding the relationship between infiltration rate and sand ratio makes it possible to determine the permeation rate as required. Furthermore, knowing the sand ratio is useful for future planning to achieve the appropriate design.","PeriodicalId":36071,"journal":{"name":"Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81932435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Walking has long been considered a significant factor in wellness. Previous studies have indicated 400-500 meters as a standard of the “acceptable walking distance” as compared to driving or other forms of transportation. However, “acceptable walking distance” and a “distance that one chooses to walk” are two different matters. More importantly, the distance people perceive for a trip can be one of the deciding factors in determining whether they are willing to walk, decide not to walk, or shift to other transportation modes. This research aims to define the optimal walking distances of office workers by measuring the discrepancy between their estimated and actual walking distances in the Central Business District of Bangkok during lunchtime, their most extended break during the day. The descriptive statistic shows that the average walking distance is 302.39 meters, but most workers walked shorter distances since the median distance is 211.66 meters. Nevertheless, these office workers, on the whole, significantly miscalculated their walking distances, with an average over-estimation of 191.45 meters. Regression analysis shows that, when walking for distances up to 380 meters, most workers overestimated the distance they walked, but that, when walking beyond that distance (that is, 380 meters), they estimated correctly, which indicates the maximum actual length they choose to walk.
{"title":"How far people walk during lunchtime: Comparing actual and perceived walking distances in the Central Business District of Bangkok, Thailand","authors":"Shusak Janpathompong, Nij Tontisirin, A. Murakami","doi":"10.54028/nj202221227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54028/nj202221227","url":null,"abstract":"Walking has long been considered a significant factor in wellness. Previous studies have indicated 400-500 meters as a standard of the “acceptable walking distance” as compared to driving or other forms of transportation. However, “acceptable walking distance” and a “distance that one chooses to walk” are two different matters. More importantly, the distance people perceive for a trip can be one of the deciding factors in determining whether they are willing to walk, decide not to walk, or shift to other transportation modes. This research aims to define the optimal walking distances of office workers by measuring the discrepancy between their estimated and actual walking distances in the Central Business District of Bangkok during lunchtime, their most extended break during the day. The descriptive statistic shows that the average walking distance is 302.39 meters, but most workers walked shorter distances since the median distance is 211.66 meters. Nevertheless, these office workers, on the whole, significantly miscalculated their walking distances, with an average over-estimation of 191.45 meters. Regression analysis shows that, when walking for distances up to 380 meters, most workers overestimated the distance they walked, but that, when walking beyond that distance (that is, 380 meters), they estimated correctly, which indicates the maximum actual length they choose to walk.","PeriodicalId":36071,"journal":{"name":"Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79162287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indrajati Wurianturi, Hayati Sari Hasibuan, E. Suganda
Universities are trying to make their campuses sustainable. One of the tools used to evaluate the level of campus sustainability is UI Green Metric World University Rank (UIGMWUR), which focuses on sustainable efforts implemented by universities. It has become clear, however, that it is difficult for urban campuses to obtain a good ranking under the UIGMWUR framework due to the limited amount of open green space in dense city areas. Therefore, one possible strategy involves optimizing the existing open green space. This research was conducted to determine some possible solutions through the use of observation and a Likert scale questionnaire. The initial result showed that the building coverage area exceeds the government standard, and that most of the people on campus have a negative perception of the open green space that currently exists. The community prefers green space that offers privacy, with big canopy trees and natural elements. The study combined these preferences with a biophilic design pattern to generate a design proposal. It was concluded that there is a need to optimize the open green space in urban campuses based on four strategies: building vertical gardens, renovating the existing open green spaces, optimizing the buildings, and constructing vertical parking facilities.
{"title":"Optimizing Open Green Space on Urban Campuses Through the Case of UI Salemba Campus: A Step Towards Improved Green Metric Ranking","authors":"Indrajati Wurianturi, Hayati Sari Hasibuan, E. Suganda","doi":"10.54028/nj202221224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54028/nj202221224","url":null,"abstract":"Universities are trying to make their campuses sustainable. One of the tools used to evaluate the level of campus sustainability is UI Green Metric World University Rank (UIGMWUR), which focuses on sustainable efforts implemented by universities. It has become clear, however, that it is difficult for urban campuses to obtain a good ranking under the UIGMWUR framework due to the limited amount of open green space in dense city areas. Therefore, one possible strategy involves optimizing the existing open green space. This research was conducted to determine some possible solutions through the use of observation and a Likert scale questionnaire. The initial result showed that the building coverage area exceeds the government standard, and that most of the people on campus have a negative perception of the open green space that currently exists. The community prefers green space that offers privacy, with big canopy trees and natural elements. The study combined these preferences with a biophilic design pattern to generate a design proposal. It was concluded that there is a need to optimize the open green space in urban campuses based on four strategies: building vertical gardens, renovating the existing open green spaces, optimizing the buildings, and constructing vertical parking facilities.","PeriodicalId":36071,"journal":{"name":"Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86582611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The value of the monumental structures of the Mughal era (1526 CE-1761 CE) of the Haryana region of India lies not only in its role as a witness to the rise and fall of the Mughal and Colonial eras, but also because it provides physical evidence for the austere tradition of give and take comprising the living knowledge and skill of Islamic architecture and indigenous skills, along with the geological origin of raw materials, artificial manufacturing, longevity, and durability of these huge earth-based masonry structures. Unfortunately, alterations due to the vagaries of weather and climate have badly affected the monumental structures, with even more damage possible in the future. Therefore, the objective of this work is the assessment of these monumental structures in terms of conservation and restoration work. Their survival thus far has been due to differences between the past and present climatic conditions, the structural strength of the monuments as a whole, and the durable characteristics of masonry materials. Hence, the identification of the environment affecting the monuments, and the intrinsic nature of masonry materials are valuable for determination of the expected stability and durability, and adaptation possibilities of monumental structures. Deterioration can be minimized by creating and retaining resilient environments around the monuments, which involves different approaches to planning, design, operation, management, value, and governance, and the use of suitable masonry materials as an adaptive measure, along with continuous monitoring of the actual impact.
{"title":"Assessment of Climate Change Impact, Resistant Behavior, and Adaptation Possibilities on 16th to 18th Century CE Mughal Period’s Brick Monumental Structures of Haryana Region of the Indian Subcontinent","authors":"Amit Kumar Mishra","doi":"10.54028/nj202221226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54028/nj202221226","url":null,"abstract":"The value of the monumental structures of the Mughal era (1526 CE-1761 CE) of the Haryana region of India lies not only in its role as a witness to the rise and fall of the Mughal and Colonial eras, but also because it provides physical evidence for the austere tradition of give and take comprising the living knowledge and skill of Islamic architecture and indigenous skills, along with the geological origin of raw materials, artificial manufacturing, longevity, and durability of these huge earth-based masonry structures. Unfortunately, alterations due to the vagaries of weather and climate have badly affected the monumental structures, with even more damage possible in the future. Therefore, the objective of this work is the assessment of these monumental structures in terms of conservation and restoration work. Their survival thus far has been due to differences between the past and present climatic conditions, the structural strength of the monuments as a whole, and the durable characteristics of masonry materials. Hence, the identification of the environment affecting the monuments, and the intrinsic nature of masonry materials are valuable for determination of the expected stability and durability, and adaptation possibilities of monumental structures. Deterioration can be minimized by creating and retaining resilient environments around the monuments, which involves different approaches to planning, design, operation, management, value, and governance, and the use of suitable masonry materials as an adaptive measure, along with continuous monitoring of the actual impact.","PeriodicalId":36071,"journal":{"name":"Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73202212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study carried out a comparative analysis of property developers’ experiences with the planning approval process (PAP) in Ogun and Oyo States of Nigeria. Purposive and convenience sampling techniques were adopted in the selection of property developers surveyed. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection and analysis was conducted with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics 26). Major findings indicate that the property developers were mostly high-income in Ogun State and medium-income in Oyo State. It was established that the trend in awareness of PAP among property developers was on the rise in Ogun State, whereas a decline was experienced in Oyo State at some point. The satisfaction with PAP was significant among the property developers in the study areas but relatively higher in Oyo State. Property developers also displayed a willingness to participate in a discourse on PAP, though a greater proportion of those expressing such willingness was from Oyo State. The primary problem of PAP in both Ogun and Oyo States is the time-consuming nature of the process. This study concludes with recommendations that would facilitate the efficient delivery of the PAP towards ensuring sustainable development.
{"title":"Property Developers’ Experiences with the Planning Approval Process in Ogun and Oyo States of Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis","authors":"Nathaniel Oluwaseun Ogunseye","doi":"10.54028/nj202221225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54028/nj202221225","url":null,"abstract":"This study carried out a comparative analysis of property developers’ experiences with the planning approval process (PAP) in Ogun and Oyo States of Nigeria. Purposive and convenience sampling techniques were adopted in the selection of property developers surveyed. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection and analysis was conducted with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics 26). Major findings indicate that the property developers were mostly high-income in Ogun State and medium-income in Oyo State. It was established that the trend in awareness of PAP among property developers was on the rise in Ogun State, whereas a decline was experienced in Oyo State at some point. The satisfaction with PAP was significant among the property developers in the study areas but relatively higher in Oyo State. Property developers also displayed a willingness to participate in a discourse on PAP, though a greater proportion of those expressing such willingness was from Oyo State. The primary problem of PAP in both Ogun and Oyo States is the time-consuming nature of the process. This study concludes with recommendations that would facilitate the efficient delivery of the PAP towards ensuring sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":36071,"journal":{"name":"Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78698833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pachara Suvannadabha, Chawee Busayarat, T. Supnithi
In the tourism sector, social media data help elucidate the travel behavior and activities of travelers through images and reviews. However, geospatial studies with spatial analysis tools such as GIS are still required by researchers who hope to gain beneficial insight into tourism development from such social media data. In addition to spatial studies, Space syntax analysis is used to explain the spatial characteristics and accessibility of both pedestrians and vehicles; however, the method doesn't consider how people use the space. Therefore, using social media with space syntax analysis will help enhance the understanding of both tourism and spatial aspects. This research aims to develop analytical tools to support tourism studies with the GIS (graphic information system) process using social media data analysis and spatial morphological results from space syntax analysis. The study found that the accessibility potential of a destination does not enhance the popularity of tourist attractions as much as relevant images or attractions due to many popular tourist attractions being located in areas with low potential accessibility. While the image processing and text processing results can extract hidden traits and identities in each attraction, another result is that the analytical tool developed in the study can help quantify tourism activities and perform preliminary content analysis of the data from text and Image processing through the GIS software. It is also used to overlay tourism activities and spatial morphology results in order to recognize the tourism development potential of the area in terms of destination image tourism activities and accessibilities. The tool produces useful results and assists in decision-making for the development of tourist attractions.
{"title":"The Analytical Tools for Tourism Development through Social Media Data and Spatial Morphological Analysis","authors":"Pachara Suvannadabha, Chawee Busayarat, T. Supnithi","doi":"10.54028/nj202221223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54028/nj202221223","url":null,"abstract":"In the tourism sector, social media data help elucidate the travel behavior and activities of travelers through images and reviews. However, geospatial studies with spatial analysis tools such as GIS are still required by researchers who hope to gain beneficial insight into tourism development from such social media data. In addition to spatial studies, Space syntax analysis is used to explain the spatial characteristics and accessibility of both pedestrians and vehicles; however, the method doesn't consider how people use the space. Therefore, using social media with space syntax analysis will help enhance the understanding of both tourism and spatial aspects. This research aims to develop analytical tools to support tourism studies with the GIS (graphic information system) process using social media data analysis and spatial morphological results from space syntax analysis. The study found that the accessibility potential of a destination does not enhance the popularity of tourist attractions as much as relevant images or attractions due to many popular tourist attractions being located in areas with low potential accessibility. While the image processing and text processing results can extract hidden traits and identities in each attraction, another result is that the analytical tool developed in the study can help quantify tourism activities and perform preliminary content analysis of the data from text and Image processing through the GIS software. It is also used to overlay tourism activities and spatial morphology results in order to recognize the tourism development potential of the area in terms of destination image tourism activities and accessibilities. The tool produces useful results and assists in decision-making for the development of tourist attractions.","PeriodicalId":36071,"journal":{"name":"Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75781247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Wanitchayapaisit, P. Suppakittpaisarn, N. Charoenlertthanakit, V. Surinseng, E. Yaipimol, D. Rinchumphu
Conventional stormwater management may cause long term environmental issues. Fortunately, Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) can manage stormwater more sustainably. However, the design examples of WSUD elements, such as rain gardens within the geographical and cultural context of Thailand are lacking. This study investigated the patterns of rain garden design suitable for urban areas in Chiang Mai and developed examples of rain garden design processes and prototypes in an urban context for Chiang Mai. This research used the Research by design Method (RDM), which has great potential in bridging the gap between research and application. The researchers selected the site at the Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University. They designed 2 schematics of rain gardens with local Lanna plants. Then, they compared stormwater capacity with the existing site via the Natural Resources and Conservation Service (NRCS) Curve Number Method. The design results were evaluated by stakeholders and design experts to bridge the gaps between international standards and local contexts. We found that 1) the west side of the site was most appropriate to develop the pilot project. 2) Both design schematics performed better than the original site. 3) Stakeholders and design experts see the potential of the site, but had concerns regarding its actual performance, maintenance, scale, and safety. This paper offers and provides an example of the rain garden design process which can be used as a baseline for future designs of rain garden and water sensitive urban designs.
{"title":"Rain garden design for stormwater management in Chiang Mai, Thailand: A Research-through-Design Study","authors":"C. Wanitchayapaisit, P. Suppakittpaisarn, N. Charoenlertthanakit, V. Surinseng, E. Yaipimol, D. Rinchumphu","doi":"10.54028/nj202221222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54028/nj202221222","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional stormwater management may cause long term environmental issues. Fortunately, Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) can manage stormwater more sustainably. However, the design examples of WSUD elements, such as rain gardens within the geographical and cultural context of Thailand are lacking. This study investigated the patterns of rain garden design suitable for urban areas in Chiang Mai and developed examples of rain garden design processes and prototypes in an urban context for Chiang Mai. \u0000This research used the Research by design Method (RDM), which has great potential in bridging the gap between research and application. The researchers selected the site at the Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University. They designed 2 schematics of rain gardens with local Lanna plants. Then, they compared stormwater capacity with the existing site via the Natural Resources and Conservation Service (NRCS) Curve Number Method. The design results were evaluated by stakeholders and design experts to bridge the gaps between international standards and local contexts. \u0000We found that 1) the west side of the site was most appropriate to develop the pilot project. 2) Both design schematics performed better than the original site. 3) Stakeholders and design experts see the potential of the site, but had concerns regarding its actual performance, maintenance, scale, and safety. This paper offers and provides an example of the rain garden design process which can be used as a baseline for future designs of rain garden and water sensitive urban designs.","PeriodicalId":36071,"journal":{"name":"Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87138922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using comprehensive panel data covering 110 developing countries over four decades (1981–2020), this study asks the following questions: (1) Will carbon emissions naturally decrease as income levels in developing countries rise? and (2) How do financial resources reduce those emissions? The study finds that: 1) major carbon emissions are expected to decrease after countries reach a certain income threshold level, confirming the so-called Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis, with the turning point occurring between $26,884 and $38,674; and 2) both official development assistance (hereafter, ODA) disbursement in the energy sector and private investment are more effective in relatively lower income developing countries (a threshold of $6,343 and $7,806) where higher temperatures prevail. This means that, in colder and relatively higher-income (rapidly growing, per se) economies, ODA and private investment should serve as strategic complements to each other, facilitating multi-stakeholder partnerships, including public-private partnerships, to address environmental degradation. In this regard, this article discusses the case of Mongolia.
{"title":"The Impact of Official Development Assistance on Carbon Emissions in Developing Countries: Implications for Mongolia","authors":"S. Choi, Zoljargal Munkhsaikhan, Jinhwan Oh","doi":"10.54028/nj202221221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54028/nj202221221","url":null,"abstract":"Using comprehensive panel data covering 110 developing countries over four decades (1981–2020), this study asks the following questions: (1) Will carbon emissions naturally decrease as income levels in developing countries rise? and (2) How do financial resources reduce those emissions? The study finds that: 1) major carbon emissions are expected to decrease after countries reach a certain income threshold level, confirming the so-called Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis, with the turning point occurring between $26,884 and $38,674; and 2) both official development assistance (hereafter, ODA) disbursement in the energy sector and private investment are more effective in relatively lower income developing countries (a threshold of $6,343 and $7,806) where higher temperatures prevail. This means that, in colder and relatively higher-income (rapidly growing, per se) economies, ODA and private investment should serve as strategic complements to each other, facilitating multi-stakeholder partnerships, including public-private partnerships, to address environmental degradation. In this regard, this article discusses the case of Mongolia.","PeriodicalId":36071,"journal":{"name":"Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82053673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines changes along Phra Athit Road in Rattanakosin's historic center. With the support of the state, a former commercial street became a "cultural quarter" and eventually a "cultural-creative cluster," with creative activities infiltrating the neighborhoods. For this study, the researcher conducted a field survey and interviewed creative entrepreneurs in four sub-districts. The Phra Athit Road social and cultural resources reflect the qualities or potential resources of traditional neighbourhoods that have fostered the development of creative clusters. "Urban culture” is one of the district's key cultural resources that is properly understood and utilized, and its complex network of creative people is a crucial social resource. These creative people are “outsiders” with strong relationships to “insiders”; some of them advocate a new way of living, while others comprise groups of intellectuals with creative economy talents and tasks. Cultural-creative clusters comprise more than people; they are typified by cafés and bars, exhibition spaces, and the production of creative products. These clusters may vary from one another in function and location, and newer clusters, less dense than the original, are less harmful to traditional communities and businesses. What they have in common is that they have enabled participants to gain real-life experiences and join distinctive activities customized by entrepreneurs. Still, those who use external resources to create goods and develop a creative cluster may endanger the very neighbourhoods where they take root. The Phra Athit Road area provides a deep understanding of "creative clustering," which refers to a dynamic process that has taken place in some traditional neighbourhoods, based on the positive exploitation of their rich traditional, artistic, and cultural resources. Entrepreneurs are producing unique products that fit into complex systems, which is good for the area, but may also disrupt established patterns in the community. Transforming the historic area gradually could help locals adjust to the change. This study proposes the following approaches to promote both the protection of traditional structures and the acceptance of change: (1) The design or planning of the area should allow for development that is consistent with the rhythm of life in the area. Proper pacing of changes and the growth of well-sized creative clusters create an ecosystem that is good for both the residents and creative entrepreneurs. (2) The neighbourhood’s values should be enhanced by integrating local and external resources. The wide range of creative production and consumption activities that are created from these resources will be unique and endlessly adaptable. (3) The adaptability of cultural-creative clusters should be optimized through programs provide good services and offer support to the urban regeneration. However, such programs and support should not limit the creativity and flexibility of the
{"title":"Understanding the Dynamic Creative Clustering in the Phra Athit Road Area of Bangkok","authors":"Wimonrart Issarathumnoon","doi":"10.54028/nj202221220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54028/nj202221220","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines changes along Phra Athit Road in Rattanakosin's historic center. With the support of the state, a former commercial street became a \"cultural quarter\" and eventually a \"cultural-creative cluster,\" with creative activities infiltrating the neighborhoods. For this study, the researcher conducted a field survey and interviewed creative entrepreneurs in four sub-districts. The Phra Athit Road social and cultural resources reflect the qualities or potential resources of traditional neighbourhoods that have fostered the development of creative clusters. \"Urban culture” is one of the district's key cultural resources that is properly understood and utilized, and its complex network of creative people is a crucial social resource. These creative people are “outsiders” with strong relationships to “insiders”; some of them advocate a new way of living, while others comprise groups of intellectuals with creative economy talents and tasks. Cultural-creative clusters comprise more than people; they are typified by cafés and bars, exhibition spaces, and the production of creative products. These clusters may vary from one another in function and location, and newer clusters, less dense than the original, are less harmful to traditional communities and businesses. What they have in common is that they have enabled participants to gain real-life experiences and join distinctive activities customized by entrepreneurs. Still, those who use external resources to create goods and develop a creative cluster may endanger the very neighbourhoods where they take root. \u0000The Phra Athit Road area provides a deep understanding of \"creative clustering,\" which refers to a dynamic process that has taken place in some traditional neighbourhoods, based on the positive exploitation of their rich traditional, artistic, and cultural resources. Entrepreneurs are producing unique products that fit into complex systems, which is good for the area, but may also disrupt established patterns in the community. Transforming the historic area gradually could help locals adjust to the change. This study proposes the following approaches to promote both the protection of traditional structures and the acceptance of change: (1) The design or planning of the area should allow for development that is consistent with the rhythm of life in the area. Proper pacing of changes and the growth of well-sized creative clusters create an ecosystem that is good for both the residents and creative entrepreneurs. (2) The neighbourhood’s values should be enhanced by integrating local and external resources. The wide range of creative production and consumption activities that are created from these resources will be unique and endlessly adaptable. (3) The adaptability of cultural-creative clusters should be optimized through programs provide good services and offer support to the urban regeneration. However, such programs and support should not limit the creativity and flexibility of the","PeriodicalId":36071,"journal":{"name":"Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81999269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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