Letters in High Energy Physics最新文献

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Connections between physics, mathematics, and deep learning. 物理、数学和深度学习之间的联系。

Q2 Physics and Astronomy

Letters in High Energy Physics

Pub Date : 2019-08-06 DOI: 10.31526/lhep.3.2019.110

Jean Thierry-Mieg

Starting from Fermat's principle of least action, which governs classical and quantum mechanics and from the theory of exterior differential forms, which governs the geometry of curved manifolds, we show how to derive the equations governing neural networks in an intrinsic, coordinate-invariant way, where the loss function plays the role of the Hamiltonian. To be covariant, these equations imply a layer metric which is instrumental in pretraining and explains the role of conjugation when using complex numbers. The differential formalism clarifies the relation of the gradient descent optimizer with Aristotelian and Newtonian mechanics. The Bayesian paradigm is then analyzed as a renormalizable theory yielding a new derivation of the Bayesian information criterion. We hope that this formal presentation of the differential geometry of neural networks will encourage some physicists to dive into deep learning and, reciprocally, that the specialists of deep learning will better appreciate the close interconnection of their subject with the foundations of classical and quantum field theory.

从支配经典力学和量子力学的费马最小作用原理出发，从支配弯曲流形几何的外部微分形式理论出发，我们展示了如何以一种内在的、坐标不变的方式推导控制神经网络的方程，其中损失函数起着哈密顿量的作用。为了协变，这些方程意味着一个层度量，它有助于预训练，并解释了在使用复数时共轭的作用。微分形式阐明了梯度下降优化器与亚里士多德力学和牛顿力学的关系。然后将贝叶斯范式作为一种可重整的理论进行分析，得出贝叶斯信息准则的新推导。我们希望这种神经网络微分几何的正式呈现将鼓励一些物理学家深入研究深度学习，反过来，深度学习的专家将更好地理解他们的学科与经典和量子场论基础的密切联系。

引用次数: 0

Polarizability of the nucleon 核子的极化率

Q2 Physics and Astronomy

Letters in High Energy Physics

Pub Date : 2019-07-11 DOI: 10.31526/LHEP.4.2019.136

M. Schumacher

The status of the experimental and theoretical investigations on the polarizabilities of the nucleon is presented. This includes a confirmation of the validity of the previously introduced recommended values of the polarizabilities [1,2]. It is shown that the only meaningful approach to a prediction of the polarizabilities is obtained from the nonsubtracted dispersion theory, where the appropriate degrees of freedom taken from other precise experimental data are taken in account. The present values of the recommended polarizabilities are $alpha_p= 12.0 pm 0.5$, $beta_p= 1.9 mp 0.5$, $alpha_n= 12.6 pm 1.2$, $beta_n= 2.6 mp 1.2$ in units of $10^{-4}$fm$^3$ and $gamma^{(p)}_pi= -36.4 pm 1.5$, $gamma^{(n)}_pi =+58.6 pm 4.0$, $gamma^{(p)}_0=-0.58 pm 0.20$, $gamma^{(n)}_0= +0.38pm 0.22$ in units of $10^{-4}$fm$^4$.

介绍了核子极化率的实验和理论研究现状。这包括确认先前引入的极化率推荐值的有效性[1，2]。结果表明，预测极化率的唯一有意义的方法是从无疑问色散理论中获得的，其中考虑了从其他精确实验数据中获得的适当自由度。推荐极化率的当前值为$alpha_p=12.0pm 0.5$，$beta_p=1.9pm 0.5美元，$alph_n=12.6pm 1.2$，单位为$10^｛-4｝$fm$^3$和$gamma^｛（p）｝_pi=-36.4pm 1.5$，$gamma ^｛下午0.22$，单位为$10^{-4}$，从$^4$开始。

引用次数: 1

Asymmetric nonsingular bounce from a dynamic scalar field 动态标量场的非对称非奇异反弹

Q2 Physics and Astronomy

Letters in High Energy Physics

Pub Date : 2019-06-11 DOI: 10.31526/lhep.3.2019.132

F. Klinkhamer, Z. L. Wang

We present a dynamical model for a time-asymmetric nonsingular bouncewith a post-bounce change of the effective equation-of-state parameter.Specifically, we consider a scalar-field model with atime-reversal-noninvariant effective potential.

我们提出了一个具有有效状态方程参数在弹跳后变化的时间非对称非奇异弹跳的动力学模型。具体来说，我们考虑了一个具有时间逆非不变有效势的标量场模型。

引用次数: 9

The Thermodynamics of Relativistic Multi-Fluid Systems 相对论多流体系统的热力学

Q2 Physics and Astronomy

Letters in High Energy Physics

Pub Date : 2019-06-04 DOI: 10.31526/lhep.1.2020.141

B. Osano

This article extends the single-fluid relativistic irreversible thermodynamics theory of {it M{u}ller}, {it Israel} and {it Stewart} (hereafter the {MIS} theory) to a multi-fluid system with inherent species interactions. This is illustrated in a two-fluid toy-model where an effective complex 4-velocity plays the role of a primary dynamical parameter. We find that an observer who resides in the {it real}-part of this universe will notice that their knowledge of the universe parametrized using {it real}, rather than {it imaginary}, quantities are insufficient to fully determine properties such as the total energy density, pressure or entropy, In fact, such an observer will deduce the existence of some negative energy that affects the expansion of their perceived {it real} universe.

本文推广了M的单流体相对论不可逆热力学理论{u}ller}，和｛it Israel｝和｛ it Stewart｝（以下简称｛MIS｝理论），将其应用于具有固有物种相互作用的多流体系统。这在一个双流体玩具模型中得到了说明，其中有效的复数4速度起着主要动力学参数的作用。我们发现，居住在这个宇宙的真实部分的观测者会注意到，他们对宇宙的了解是用真实的而不是想象的量来参数化的，不足以完全确定总能量密度、压力或熵等性质。事实上，这样的观测者会推断出一些负能量的存在，这些负能量会影响他们所感知的真实宇宙的膨胀。

引用次数: 2

A new perspective on the Ermakov-Pinney and scalar wave equations Ermakov-Pinney和标量波动方程的新视角

Q2 Physics and Astronomy

Letters in High Energy Physics

Pub Date : 2019-05-16 DOI: 10.31526/LHEP.3.2019.134

G. Esposito, M. Minucci

The first part of the paper proves that a subset of the general set of Ermakov-Pinney equations can be obtained by differentiation of a first-order non-linear differential equation. The second part of the paper proves that, similarly, the equation for the amplitude function for the parametrix of the scalar wave equation can be obtained by covariant differentiation of a first-order non-linear equation. The construction of such a first-order non-linear equation relies upon a pair of auxiliary 1-forms (psi,rho). The 1-form psi satisfies the divergenceless condition div(psi)=0, whereas the 1-form rho fulfills the non-linear equation div(rho)+rho**2=0. The auxiliary 1-forms (psi,rho) are evaluated explicitly in Kasner space-time, and hence also amplitude and phase function in the parametrix are obtained. Thus, the novel method developed in this paper can be used with profit in physical applications.

本文的第一部分证明了Ermakov-Pinney方程的一般集合的子集可以通过一阶非线性微分方程的微分得到。本文的第二部分证明，类似地，标量波动方程的参数的振幅函数方程可以通过一阶非线性方程的协变微分得到。这种一阶非线性方程的构造依赖于一对辅助1-形式（psi，rho）。1-形式的psi满足无发散条件div（psi）=0，而1-形式的rho满足非线性方程div（rho）+rho**2=0。在Kasner时空中显式地评估了辅助1-形式（psi，rho），因此还获得了参数中的振幅和相位函数。因此，本文开发的新方法可以在物理应用中有效益地使用。

引用次数: 3

A Recipe for Conformal Blocks 共形块的配方

Q2 Physics and Astronomy

Letters in High Energy Physics

Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.31526/lhep.2022.293

J. Fortin, W. Skiba

We describe a prescription for constructing conformal blocks in conformal field theories in any space-time dimension with arbitrary quantum numbers. Our procedure reduces the calculation of conformal blocks to constructing certain group theoretic structures that depend on the quantum numbers of primary operators. These structures project into irreducible Lorentz representations. Once the Lorentz quantum numbers are accounted for there are no further calculations left to do. We compute a multivariable generalization of the Exton function. This generalized Exton function, together with the group theoretic structures, can be used to construct conformal blocks for four-point as well as higher-point correlation functions.

我们描述了在任意量子数的时空维度上，在共形场论中构造共形块的一个处方。我们的程序将共形块的计算简化为构造某些依赖于主算子量子数的群论结构。这些结构投射成不可约的洛伦兹表示。一旦洛伦兹量子数被考虑在内，就没有进一步的计算了。我们计算了Exton函数的多变量推广。这个广义Exton函数，连同群论结构，可以用来构造四点以及更高点相关函数的共形块。

引用次数: 18

The role of residual symmetries in dark matter stability and the neutrino nature 残余对称性在暗物质稳定性和中微子性质中的作用

Q2 Physics and Astronomy

Letters in High Energy Physics

Pub Date : 2019-02-26 DOI: 10.31526/lhep.1.2019

C. Bonilla, E. Peinado, R. Srivastava

We consider the class of models where Dirac neutrino masses at one loop and the dark matter stability can be obtained using only the global $U(1)_{B-L}$ symmetry already present in Standard Model. We discuss how the residual $mathcal{Z}_n$ subgroup, left unbroken after the breaking of $U(1)_{B-L}$, dictates the neutrino nature, namely if they are Dirac or Majorana particles, as well as determines the stability of the dark matter candidate in such models. In particular, we show that without the correct breaking of $U(1)_{B-L}$ to an appropriate residual $mathcal{Z}_n$ symmetry, the Dirac nature of neutrinos and/or dark matter stability might be lost. For completeness we also provide some examples where the dark matter stability is accidental or lost completely. Finally, we discuss one example model where the Dirac neutrinos with naturally small one loop masses as well as dark matter stability, are both protected by the same residual $mathcal{Z}_6$ subgroup, without need for adding any new explicit or accidental symmetries beyond the Standard Model symmetries.

我们考虑了一类模型，其中Dirac中微子在一个环中的质量和暗物质的稳定性可以仅使用标准模型中已经存在的全局$U（1）_{B-L}$对称性来获得。我们讨论残差$mathcal{Z}_n$U（1）_{B-L}$破裂后保持不变的$subgroup决定了中微子的性质，即它们是狄拉克粒子还是马略拉纳粒子，并决定了这种模型中候选暗物质的稳定性。特别地，我们证明了在没有将$U（1）_{B-L}$正确分解为适当的残差$mathcal的情况下{Z}_n对称性，中微子的狄拉克性质和/或暗物质的稳定性可能会丧失。为了完整性，我们还提供了一些暗物质稳定性是偶然的或完全丧失的例子。最后，我们讨论了一个例子模型，其中具有自然小单环质量和暗物质稳定性的狄拉克中微子都受到相同的残差$mathcal的保护{Z}_6$subgroup，无需在标准模型对称性之外添加任何新的显式或意外对称性。

引用次数: 17

Group–Theoretical Origin of CP Violation CP违背的群论起源

Q2 Physics and Astronomy

Letters in High Energy Physics

Pub Date : 2019-02-26 DOI: 10.31526/LHEP.1.2019.125

Mu-Chun Chen, M. Ratz

This is a short review of the proposal that CP violation may be due to the fact that certain finite groups do not admit a physical CP transformation. This origin of CP violation is realized in explicit string compactifications exhibiting the Standard Model spectrum.

这是对CP违反可能是由于某些有限群不允许物理CP变换这一事实的简短回顾。这种CP违逆的起源是在显示标准模型谱的显弦紧化中实现的。

引用次数: 1

Quest for new physics in flavor mixing and Dirac neutrino masses 探索香料混合和狄拉克中微子质量的新物理

Q2 Physics and Astronomy

Letters in High Energy Physics

Pub Date : 2019-02-26 DOI: 10.31526/LHEP.1.2019.120

Gui-Jun Ding

We show that a unified description of the observed patterns of quark and lepton mixing can be achieved if the flavor group $D_n$ and CP symmetry are broken to $Z_2times CP$ in the neutrino, charged lepton, up quark as well as down quark sectors, and the smallest group is $D_{14}$. We also perform a systematic study of how a dimension six operator $overline{L}widetilde{H}nu_{R}left(H^{dagger}Hright)$ for Dirac neutrino masses may occur at tree level and in one loop.

我们证明，如果在中微子、带电轻子、上夸克和下夸克扇区中将风味群$D_n$和CP对称打破为$Z_2times CP$，并且最小的群为$D_{14}$，则可以实现对观察到的夸克和轻子混合模式的统一描述。我们还对狄拉克中微子质量的六维算子$overline{L}widetilde{H}nu_{R}left(H^{dagger}Hright)$如何在树级和一个循环中发生进行了系统的研究。

引用次数: 0

Scalar Models of Formally Interacting Non-Standard Quantum Fields in Minkowski Space-Time Minkowski时空中形式相互作用的非标准量子场的标量模型

Q2 Physics and Astronomy

Letters in High Energy Physics

Pub Date : 2019-01-29 DOI: 10.31526/LHEP.2.2019.121

Andreas Walter Aste

For decades, a lot of work has been devoted to the problem of constructing a non-trivial quantum field theory in four-dimensional space-time. This letter addresses the attempts to construct an algebraic quantum field theory in the framework of non-standard theories like hyperfunction or ultra-hyperfunction quantum field theory. Model theories of formally self-coupled interacting neutral scalar fields are solved and discussed from a non-perturbative point of view.

几十年来，许多工作都致力于在四维时空中构建一个非平凡的量子场论问题。这封信阐述了在超函数或超超函数量子场论等非标准理论的框架下构建代数量子场论的尝试。从非微扰的角度求解和讨论了形式自耦相互作用中性标量场的模型理论。

引用次数: 0

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