Isayama Hajime’s Shingeki no Kyojin (Attack on Titan 2009–present, hereafter SnK) has gained huge resonance since its first release, a popularity by no means limited to Japan, and enhanced by the high-quality animation series by the same name (2013–present), directed by Araki Tetsurô (first season) and Koizuka Masashi, which has followed from the manga storyline. Without doubt, this success is due to a gripping narrative, focusing on fierce fights between the apparently invincible titans and the numerous characters that aim to save humanity, whose different aesthetic and behavioural characteristics unfailingly appeal to very mixed audiences. In this sense, there are three very notable features of SnK. First, the female characters subvert, redraw or re-interpret stereotypes about femininity both aesthetically and behaviourally, and they can be read as queer. Second, the text presents a lesbian subtext that enriches the narrative in queer terms. Ultimately, the ability of some main characters to shift between the two categories of ‘human’ and ‘titan’ contributes to destabilizing binary divisions in terms of normative or non-normative bodies, providing an additional layer to a queer reading of this text. Through an analysis of the manga and anime versions of SnK, this article investigates how gender stereotypes, heteronormativity and the dichotomy normalizing normative identities vis-à-vis non-normative identities are portrayed. This analysis sheds light on the (lack of) alternatives to binary models in terms of gender and sexuality in the shōnen manga genre, problematizing the contemporary relationship between dominant and oppositional identities. I argue that the non-normative characteristics of the main characters in SnK represent a significant case of non-normative and counter-hegemonic representation in a typically heteronormative genre, which potentially offers a means of identification for the female and queer audiences of shōnen manga.
Isayama Hajime的Shingeki no Kyojin(攻击泰坦2009 -至今，以下简称SnK)自首次发行以来就获得了巨大的共鸣，人气绝不仅限于日本，并由Araki Tetsurô(第一季)和小泉正石执导的高质量同名动画系列(2013年至今)进一步增强了漫画故事情节。毫无疑问，这部电影的成功要归功于扣人心弦的叙事，聚焦于表面上不可战胜的巨人和众多旨在拯救人类的角色之间的激烈战斗，他们不同的审美和行为特征始终吸引着形形色色的观众。从这个意义上说，SnK有三个非常显著的特点。首先，女性角色颠覆、重绘或重新诠释了美学和行为上对女性气质的刻板印象，她们可以被解读为酷儿。其次，文本呈现出女同性恋的潜台词，丰富了同性恋的叙事。最终，一些主要人物在“人类”和“泰坦”这两个类别之间转换的能力，有助于在规范或非规范身体方面不稳定的二元划分，为这篇文章的奇怪阅读提供了额外的层次。本文通过对动漫版《SnK》的分析，探讨了性别刻板印象、异性恋规范以及规范性身份与-à-vis非规范性身份的二分法是如何被描绘出来的。这一分析揭示了shōnen漫画类型在性别和性方面(缺乏)二元模式的替代方案，并对主导身份和对立身份之间的当代关系提出了问题。我认为，《SnK》中主角的非规范性特征代表了典型异性恋规范类型中非规范性和反霸权表现的重要案例，这可能为shōnen漫画的女性和酷儿观众提供了一种识别手段。
{"title":"Attack on normativity: A queer reading of Shingeki no Kyojin (Attack on Titan)","authors":"Marta Fanasca","doi":"10.1386/eapc_00052_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/eapc_00052_1","url":null,"abstract":"Isayama Hajime’s Shingeki no Kyojin (Attack on Titan 2009–present, hereafter SnK) has gained huge resonance since its first release, a popularity by no means limited to Japan, and enhanced by the high-quality animation series by the same name (2013–present), directed by Araki Tetsurô (first season) and Koizuka Masashi, which has followed from the manga storyline. Without doubt, this success is due to a gripping narrative, focusing on fierce fights between the apparently invincible titans and the numerous characters that aim to save humanity, whose different aesthetic and behavioural characteristics unfailingly appeal to very mixed audiences. In this sense, there are three very notable features of SnK. First, the female characters subvert, redraw or re-interpret stereotypes about femininity both aesthetically and behaviourally, and they can be read as queer. Second, the text presents a lesbian subtext that enriches the narrative in queer terms. Ultimately, the ability of some main characters to shift between the two categories of ‘human’ and ‘titan’ contributes to destabilizing binary divisions in terms of normative or non-normative bodies, providing an additional layer to a queer reading of this text. Through an analysis of the manga and anime versions of SnK, this article investigates how gender stereotypes, heteronormativity and the dichotomy normalizing normative identities vis-à-vis non-normative identities are portrayed. This analysis sheds light on the (lack of) alternatives to binary models in terms of gender and sexuality in the shōnen manga genre, problematizing the contemporary relationship between dominant and oppositional identities. I argue that the non-normative characteristics of the main characters in SnK represent a significant case of non-normative and counter-hegemonic representation in a typically heteronormative genre, which potentially offers a means of identification for the female and queer audiences of shōnen manga.","PeriodicalId":36135,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44913144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"E. Vickers, A. Heylen, K. Taylor-Jones","doi":"10.1386/eapc_00035_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/eapc_00035_2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36135,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":"7 1","pages":"3-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43649547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89035-3_3
P. Bevan
{"title":"The Adventures of Ma Suzhen: An Heroic Woman Takes Revenge in Shanghai","authors":"P. Bevan","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-89035-3_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89035-3_3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36135,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":"177 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79919143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89035-3
P. Bevan
{"title":"The Adventures of Ma Suzhen","authors":"P. Bevan","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-89035-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89035-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36135,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88625828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89035-3_4
P. Bevan
{"title":"A Hero of the Women’s Realm, Ma Suzhen, an Essay by Paul Bevan","authors":"P. Bevan","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-89035-3_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89035-3_4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36135,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89131175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89035-3_1
P. Bevan
{"title":"Translator’s Introduction","authors":"P. Bevan","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-89035-3_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89035-3_1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36135,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77502269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89035-3_2
P. Bevan
{"title":"The Adventures of Ma Suzhen: Cast of Characters","authors":"P. Bevan","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-89035-3_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89035-3_2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36135,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86490712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Existing research on Korean Wave celebrities has focused on their transnational character at the expense of a thorough consideration of the phenomena’s emergence as part of the wider transformation of the Korean broadcasting and entertainment industry. This article draws on the analysis of existing literature and in-depth interviews to demonstrate that Korean Wave celebrity emerges as a result of the flexibilization in the Korean television drama industry’s production process, which in turn is the product of globalization and financialization of the Korean broadcasting industry from the late 1980s and 1990s, respectively. The combined effects of these processes led to the creation of the K-drama conglomerate. Korean Wave celebrity is central to this system, with the celebrity image functioning as fixed capital and rendering invisible the very real labour performed within the K-drama conglomerate. That being so, the K-drama conglomerate and the Korean Wave celebrity are excellent examples of capitalism’s latest manoeuvre: the creation of intangible commodities capable of expanding the channels of profit by attracting attention and rendering related labour invisible.
{"title":"The Korean Wave celebrity and the birth of the K-drama conglomerate","authors":"Hyun Gyung Kim","doi":"10.1386/eapc_00027_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/eapc_00027_1","url":null,"abstract":"Existing research on Korean Wave celebrities has focused on their transnational character at the expense of a thorough consideration of the phenomena’s emergence as part of the wider transformation of the Korean broadcasting and entertainment industry. This article draws on the\u0000 analysis of existing literature and in-depth interviews to demonstrate that Korean Wave celebrity emerges as a result of the flexibilization in the Korean television drama industry’s production process, which in turn is the product of globalization and financialization of the Korean\u0000 broadcasting industry from the late 1980s and 1990s, respectively. The combined effects of these processes led to the creation of the K-drama conglomerate. Korean Wave celebrity is central to this system, with the celebrity image functioning as fixed capital and rendering invisible the very\u0000 real labour performed within the K-drama conglomerate. That being so, the K-drama conglomerate and the Korean Wave celebrity are excellent examples of capitalism’s latest manoeuvre: the creation of intangible commodities capable of expanding the channels of profit by attracting attention\u0000 and rendering related labour invisible.","PeriodicalId":36135,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44202710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"K. Taylor-Jones, A. Heylen, E. Vickers","doi":"10.1386/eapc_00022_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/eapc_00022_2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36135,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49195736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Edward Said’s dogmas of Orientalism are a succinct summary of western perceptions of the East, which reveal an essentially racist discourse that also speaks to the westerner’s self-perception. While there is a tendency in fiction film to polarize attitudes as either friendly or hostile, for reasons of narrative economy and to enhance dramatic conflict, this article argues that it is possible to measure the behaviour of fictional characters on a continuum describing intercultural sensitivity to assess how these characters appear to respond to the idea of cultural differences, broadly ranging from the most ethnocentric views to more ethnorelative ones. Since the intercultural development continuum (IDC) is structured as five developmental stages, it provides a finer psychological template than Orientalist binaries, offering a more nuanced view of character motivations and attitudes. The IDC scale is ideally suited to narrative analysis as it usefully describes successive stages that characters may exhibit throughout the course of a story depicting intercultural exchanges. The IDC allows the analyst to gauge the degree of conformance of any given film to Said’s aforementioned dogmas, particularly those films that either express an ambivalent attitude or appear superficially more enlightened or accommodating of difference. This model will be illustrated with a number of case studies selected from a filmography focusing on western representations of Singapore in film and television, from 1940 to 2015, including titles such as the Bette Davis plantation melodrama The Letter, the science fiction thriller Hitman: Agent 47 and the Australian period TV series Serangoon Road.
{"title":"Intercultural sensitivity in Orientalist cinema","authors":"Philippe Mather","doi":"10.1386/eapc_00024_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/eapc_00024_1","url":null,"abstract":"Edward Said’s dogmas of Orientalism are a succinct summary of western perceptions of the East, which reveal an essentially racist discourse that also speaks to the westerner’s self-perception. While there is a tendency in fiction film to polarize attitudes as either friendly\u0000 or hostile, for reasons of narrative economy and to enhance dramatic conflict, this article argues that it is possible to measure the behaviour of fictional characters on a continuum describing intercultural sensitivity to assess how these characters appear to respond to the idea of cultural\u0000 differences, broadly ranging from the most ethnocentric views to more ethnorelative ones. Since the intercultural development continuum (IDC) is structured as five developmental stages, it provides a finer psychological template than Orientalist binaries, offering a more nuanced view of character\u0000 motivations and attitudes. The IDC scale is ideally suited to narrative analysis as it usefully describes successive stages that characters may exhibit throughout the course of a story depicting intercultural exchanges. The IDC allows the analyst to gauge the degree of conformance of any given\u0000 film to Said’s aforementioned dogmas, particularly those films that either express an ambivalent attitude or appear superficially more enlightened or accommodating of difference. This model will be illustrated with a number of case studies selected from a filmography focusing on western\u0000 representations of Singapore in film and television, from 1940 to 2015, including titles such as the Bette Davis plantation melodrama The Letter, the science fiction thriller Hitman: Agent 47 and the Australian period TV series Serangoon Road.","PeriodicalId":36135,"journal":{"name":"East Asian Journal of Popular Culture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43320208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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