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Production quality and pricing strategy for substitutable products under comparison effects 比较效应下可替代产品的生产质量与定价策略
2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmse.2023.01.003
Huanyu Yue, Yifan Xu

Comparison effects have been studied extensively in many fields. In particular, existing operations management articles have discussed the impact of comparison effects on enterprises' production and pricing decisions. Research has also shown that consumers' purchasing decisions are primarily determined by three factors: product quality, selling price, and comparison effects. The current study introduces the concepts of social and temporal comparison effects to examine how comparison effects influence a monopolist’s production quality and pricing strategy for substitutable products. Results reveal the following: (1) Setting different prices for even two types of substitutable products with negligible quality differences can divide customers into three groups under the influence of social comparison effects in a single-stage model. (2) The monopolist should avoid using a price discrimination strategy in which products with a short market life cycle have the same quality but different prices. (3) When the market life cycle of products is sufficiently long in the single-product market and the market with two substitutable products, the monopolist’s optimal choice in the second stage is to keep production quality constant and increase the selling price. Consequently, the number of buyers does not decrease because of temporal comparison effects. Therefore, the firm increases its revenue. (4) For the market with two substitutable products with quality differences, one approximate optimal strategy for the enterprise in the second stage is to keep the selling price constant with the assumption that product quality cannot be adjusted after the first period. At this point, the consumption situation in the market is the same as that in the first stage. Therefore, when no external constraints exist, the monopolist firm can obtain more benefits in the second stage than in the first stage by exploiting the temporal comparison effects of consumers in the second stage. (5) When consumer identity information can be confirmed in the market, social comparison effects, similar to temporal comparison effects, could help the enterprise increase its price and profit while maintaining product quality. These social and temporal comparison effects constrain consumers. Thus, the number of people who continue to buy products does not decrease.

比较效应在许多领域得到了广泛的研究。特别是已有的经营管理文章讨论了比较效应对企业生产和定价决策的影响。研究还表明,消费者的购买决策主要由三个因素决定:产品质量、销售价格和比较效应。本研究引入社会和时间比较效应的概念,考察比较效应如何影响垄断者的生产质量和替代产品的定价策略。结果表明:(1)在单阶段模型中,即使对两种质量差异可以忽略不计的可替代产品设定不同价格,也可以在社会比较效应的影响下将消费者划分为三个群体。(2)垄断者应避免采用市场生命周期短的产品质量相同但价格不同的价格歧视策略。(3)在单产品市场和两种可替代产品市场中,当产品的市场生命周期足够长时,第二阶段垄断者的最优选择是保持产品质量不变,提高销售价格。因此,购买者的数量不会因为时间比较效应而减少。因此,公司增加了收入。(4)对于存在两种质量差异的可替代产品的市场,第二阶段企业的近似最优策略是在假设第一阶段后产品质量无法调整的情况下保持销售价格不变。此时,市场的消费情况与第一阶段相同。因此,在不存在外部约束的情况下,垄断企业可以利用第二阶段消费者的时间比较效应,在第二阶段获得比第一阶段更多的利益。(5)当消费者身份信息在市场上能够得到确认时,社会比较效应类似于时间比较效应,可以帮助企业在保持产品质量的同时提高价格和利润。这些社会和时间的比较效应约束了消费者。因此,继续购买产品的人数并没有减少。
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引用次数: 0
An assessment of China's joint prevention and control policy on sulfur dioxide emissions reduction: A spatial econometric analysis 中国二氧化硫减排联防联控政策的空间计量分析
2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2023-06-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmse.2023.03.003
Dong Cao , Yanrui Sun , Jian Chai , JinJun Xue , Qian Sun

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a typical pollutant that affects human health, climate, and environmental and ecological conditions. China has been experiencing high concentrations of SO2, particularly in urban areas, since the 1990s. In 2010, a “joint prevention and control” (JPC) policy was issued to address air pollution problems and strengthen the regulation of SO2 emissions. This study aimed to describe the mitigation effects of this policy on SO2 emissions in 116 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2017. We applied global and local Moran's I indices to confirm the presence of significant spatial autocorrelation in SO2 emissions and constructed four spatial models to assess the effect of the JPC policy in reducing SO2 emissions and its transmission mechanism. We found that the policy decreased SO2 emissions by 1.89 × 104 tons, SO2 intensity by 1.70 tons per km2, and SO2 per capita of 158.49 tons per 10,000 people in each city, on average, all of which are significant changes. The empirical results also show that population growth, economic structure, and environmental protection significantly decrease SO2 emissions. Finally, we recommended policies to encourage regional cooperation under the JPC policy, with the aim of promoting further reductions in SO2 emissions.

二氧化硫(SO2)是影响人类健康、气候、环境和生态条件的典型污染物。自20世纪90年代以来,中国的二氧化硫浓度一直很高,尤其是在城市地区。2010年,出台了“联防联控”政策,以解决空气污染问题并加强对二氧化硫排放的监管。本研究旨在描述2003年至2017年该政策对中国116个城市二氧化硫排放的缓解效果。我们应用全球和本地Moran’s I指数来确认SO2排放中存在显著的空间自相关,并构建了四个空间模型来评估JPC政策在减少SO2排放方面的效果及其传播机制。我们发现,该政策使每个城市的SO2排放量平均减少了1.89×104吨,SO2强度平均每平方公里减少了1.70吨,人均每万人减少了158.49吨,所有这些都是显著的变化。实证结果还表明,人口增长、经济结构和环境保护显著降低了SO2排放。最后,我们建议在JPC政策下鼓励区域合作的政策,目的是促进进一步减少SO2排放。
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引用次数: 0
Realized volatility forecast of financial futures using time-varying HAR latent factor models 利用时变HAR潜因子模型实现金融期货波动性预测
2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmse.2022.10.005
Jiawen Luo , Zhenbiao Chen , Shengquan Wang

We forecast realized volatilities by developing a time-varying heterogeneous autoregressive (HAR) latent factor model with dynamic model average (DMA) and dynamic model selection (DMS) approaches. The number of latent factors is determined using Chan and Grant's (2016) deviation information criteria. The predictors in our model include lagged daily, weekly, and monthly volatility variables, the corresponding volatility factors, and a speculation variable. In addition, the time-varying properties of the best-performing DMA(DMS)-HAR-2FX models, including size, inclusion probabilities, and coefficients, are examined. We find that the proposed DMA(DMS)-HAR-2FX model outperforms the competing models for both in-sample and out-of-sample forecasts. Furthermore, the speculation variable displays strong predictability for forecasting the realized volatility of financial futures in China.

本文采用动态模型平均(DMA)和动态模型选择(DMS)方法建立了一个时变异构自回归(HAR)潜在因素模型来预测已实现的波动率。潜在因素的数量是使用Chan和Grant(2016)的偏差信息标准确定的。我们模型中的预测因子包括滞后的每日、每周和每月波动变量、相应的波动因子和投机变量。此外,还研究了性能最佳的DMA(DMS)-HAR-2FX模型的时变特性,包括大小、包含概率和系数。我们发现所提出的DMA(DMS)-HAR-2FX模型在样本内和样本外预测方面都优于竞争模型。投机变量对预测中国金融期货的已实现波动率具有较强的可预测性。
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引用次数: 3
The effect of high-involvement human resource management practices on supply chain resilience and operational performance 高参与度人力资源管理实践对供应链弹性和运营绩效的影响
2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmse.2022.12.001
Minhao Gu , Yanming Zhang , Dan Li , Baofeng Huo

Supply chain (SC) resilience is an increasingly important topic for practitioners and academics because it is a competitive weapon for firms to cope with SC disruptive risks. This study examines the impact of high-involvement human resource management practices on SC resilience from the ability-motivation-opportunity perspective. It also examines the relationship between the dimensions of SC resilience and operational performance. Based on data collected from 206 Chinese manufacturers, the proposed hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. The results indicated that employee participation played the most powerful role in improving supplier, customer, and internal resilience. Moreover, employee skills only facilitate internal and customer resilience but have no significant impact on supplier resilience. By contrast, employee incentives do not influence the dimension of SC resilience. It was also found that both internal and customer resilience have positive effects on operational performance, while supplier resilience has no significant effect. The findings contribute to literature and practice.

对于从业者和学者来说,供应链弹性是一个越来越重要的话题,因为它是企业应对供应链破坏性风险的竞争武器。本研究从能力-动机-机会的角度考察了高投入人力资源管理实践对供应链弹性的影响。研究了供应链弹性维度与经营绩效之间的关系。基于从206家中国制造企业收集的数据,使用结构方程模型对提出的假设进行了检验。结果表明,员工参与对供应商、顾客和内部弹性的提升作用最大。此外,员工技能只促进内部弹性和客户弹性,而对供应商弹性没有显著影响。相比之下,员工激励对供应链弹性维度没有影响。研究还发现,内部弹性和顾客弹性对企业经营绩效均有正向影响,而供应商弹性对企业经营绩效无显著影响。这些发现有助于文献和实践。
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引用次数: 6
Changes in firm profitability, heterogeneous investor beliefs, and stock returns 公司盈利能力、异质投资者信念和股票回报的变化
2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmse.2022.10.004
Yifang Liu, Baochen Yang, Yunpeng Su

In this study, we show that changes in profitability predict a firm's stock returns and future profitability. We construct three horizon-based profitability changes, including short-, medium-, and long-term changes. We find that the predictive information for short-term changes in profitability is not subsumed by the profitability level in the Chinese stock market. We also find that short-term profitability changes generate an asymmetrical premium across different market states. Furthermore, we find that the beta anomaly is embedded in the premium generated by a short-term change in profitability. In addition, we explore the underlying mechanisms of the profitability premium and propose a heterogeneous investor belief channel to explain the profitability premium. We find that risk-based q-theory also helps explain the profitability premium. Therefore, the profitability premium comes from a mixed source and cannot be entirely explained by a single theory.

在这项研究中,我们发现盈利能力的变化可以预测公司的股票回报率和未来的盈利能力。我们构建了三个基于地平线的盈利能力变化,包括短期、中期和长期变化。我们发现,中国股市的盈利水平并不包含盈利能力短期变化的预测信息。我们还发现,短期盈利能力的变化会在不同的市场状态下产生不对称的溢价。此外,我们发现贝塔异常嵌入了盈利能力短期变化产生的溢价中。此外,我们还探讨了盈利能力溢价的潜在机制,并提出了一个异质投资者信念渠道来解释盈利能力溢价。我们发现基于风险的q理论也有助于解释盈利能力溢价。因此,盈利能力溢价的来源是混合的,不能完全用单一的理论来解释。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of scenario-based carbon pricing policies on China's dual climate change mitigation goals: Does policy design matter? 基于情景的碳定价政策对中国减缓气候变化双重目标的影响:政策设计重要吗?
2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmse.2022.10.002
Jian Chai , Xuejun Zhang , Xiaokong Zhang , Yabo Wang

Although the carbon pricing policy is a critical driving factor that will help China achieve economic growth, energy transition, and dual climate change mitigation goals, the kind of carbon pricing policy that will complement the country's current development situation remains controversial. We apply the World Induced Technical Change Hybrid (WITCH) model to explore the heterogeneity and synergy of different carbon pricing policies, and the results indicate that it will be challenging to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. The study find that the combined policy —a mix of carbon tax and carbon market policies — has the optimal emission reduction effect but comes with the highest economic cost, proving to be unsuitable in the long run. The carbon tax policy is an important transitional means to assist in emission reduction, which can serve as an important supplement to carbon market policy and be phased out after the market mechanism matures.

尽管碳定价政策是帮助中国实现经济增长、能源转型和减缓气候变化双重目标的关键驱动因素,但哪种碳定价政策将与中国当前的发展形势相辅相成,仍存在争议。本文运用世界诱导技术变革混合(WITCH)模型对不同碳定价政策的异质性和协同性进行了分析,结果表明,中国在2060年前实现碳中和是具有挑战性的。研究发现,碳税和碳市场政策的组合政策具有最优的减排效果,但经济成本最高,从长期来看是不合适的。碳税政策是辅助减排的重要过渡性手段,可以作为碳市场政策的重要补充,在市场机制成熟后逐步淘汰。
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引用次数: 3
Complimentary return-freight insurance serves the dark side: An innovative online return policy in China 免费退货-运费保险服务于黑暗的一面:中国创新的在线退货政策
2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmse.2022.09.002
Shidao Geng , Qingcheng Zeng , Feng Liu , Wenli Li

E-commerce is a typical form of retail digitalization that introduces online uncertainty and product returns. To decrease the negative influence of online uncertainty, the largest Chinese e-commerce company, the Alibaba Group, invited an insurance company to develop return-freight insurance (RFI), a new kind of insurance, to compensate for consumers' losses in the event of online product returns. Complimentary RFI can increase consumer confidence in the retailer and attract more demand. Retailers who offer complimentary RFI demonstrate to consumers that their products and services are too good to incur excessive product returns. However, some low-quality online retailers can mimic competitors’ behavior by offering complimentary RFI to consumers. This study aims to introduce an innovative online return policy based on RFI and to explore whether low-quality online retailers would use complimentary RFI as their return strategy to mislead consumers. Using signaling theory, we built a conceptual economic model that includes three exogenous pricing variables: RFI, insurance premium, and compensation. These variables play different roles in the model because consumers cannot observe the insurance premium, but the compensation can be. The main finding of this study is that innovative complimentary RFI could be abused by low-type retailers when the premium and compensation are appropriate. Interestingly, compensation plays different roles for retailers with different product values: low-type retailers use complimentary RFI as a noise tool. When the product works for the consumer and the insurance profit is not too high, the compensation for the low-quality product should be larger than that for the high-quality product, which is different from conventional wisdom. Although high-type online retailers may use complimentary RFI as a product quality signal, there is still a significant risk that nefarious elements will use it to create product quality noise.

电子商务是零售数字化的一种典型形式,它引入了在线不确定性和产品退货。为了减少网络不确定性的负面影响,中国最大的电子商务公司阿里巴巴集团邀请保险公司开发了一种新的保险——退货-运费保险(RFI),以补偿消费者在网络产品退货时的损失。免费的RFI可以增加消费者对零售商的信心,吸引更多的需求。提供免费RFI的零售商向消费者证明,他们的产品和服务太好了,不会招致过多的产品退货。然而,一些低质量的在线零售商可以模仿竞争对手的行为,向消费者提供免费的RFI。本研究旨在介绍一种基于RFI的创新在线退货政策,并探讨低质量的在线零售商是否会使用免费的RFI作为他们的退货策略来误导消费者。利用信号理论,我们建立了一个包含三个外生定价变量的概念经济模型:RFI、保险费和赔偿。这些变量在模型中扮演着不同的角色,因为消费者无法观察到保险费,但补偿可以。本研究的主要发现是,当溢价和补偿适当时,创新的免费RFI可能被低类型零售商滥用。有趣的是,对于拥有不同产品价值的零售商,补偿扮演着不同的角色:低类型的零售商使用免费的RFI作为噪音工具。当产品对消费者有效,保险利润不太高时,劣质产品的赔偿额应该大于优质产品的赔偿额,这与传统观念不同。尽管高端在线零售商可能会使用免费的RFI作为产品质量信号,但仍然存在一个重大风险,即不法分子会利用它来制造产品质量噪音。
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引用次数: 0
A branch-and-price algorithm to perform single-machine scheduling for additive manufacturing 增材制造单机调度的分支价格算法
2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmse.2022.10.001
Lindong Liu, Zhenyu Wu, Yugang Yu

Additive manufacturing (AM) has attracted significant attention in recent years based on its wide range of applications and growing demand. AM offers the advantages of production flexibility and design freedom. In this study, we considered a practical variant of the batch-processing-machine (BPM) scheduling problem that arises in AM industries, where an AM machine can process multiple parts simultaneously, as long as the two-dimensional rectangular packing constraint is not violated. Based on the set-partitioning formulation of our mixed-integer programming (MIP) model, a branch-and-price (B&P) algorithm was developed by embedding a column-generation technique into a branch-and-bound framework. Additionally, a novel labelling algorithm was developed to accelerate the column-generation process. Ours is the first study to provide a B&P algorithm to solve the BPM scheduling problem in the AM industry. We tested the performance of our algorithm using a modern MIP solver (Gurobi) and real data from a 3D printing factory. The results demonstrate that for most instances tested, our algorithm produces results similar or identical to those of Gurobi with reasonable computation time and outperforms Gurobi in terms of solution quality and running time on some large instances.

近年来,增材制造(AM)因其广泛的应用和不断增长的需求而引起了人们的广泛关注。增材制造具有生产灵活性和设计自由度的优点。在本研究中,我们考虑了在增材制造行业中出现的批量加工机(BPM)调度问题的一个实际变体,其中一台增材制造机器可以同时加工多个零件,只要不违反二维矩形包装约束。基于我们的混合整数规划(MIP)模型的集划分公式,通过将列生成技术嵌入到分支定界框架中,开发了分支和价格(B&P)算法。此外,开发了一种新的标记算法来加速列生成过程。我们的研究是第一个提供B&P算法来解决增材制造行业的BPM调度问题。我们使用现代MIP求解器(Gurobi)和3D打印工厂的真实数据测试了算法的性能。结果表明,对于测试的大多数实例,我们的算法产生的结果与Gurobi相似或相同,计算时间合理,并且在一些大型实例上的解决方案质量和运行时间方面优于Gurobi。
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引用次数: 0
Adding dummy variables: A simple approach for improved volatility forecasting in electricity market 添加伪变量:一种改进电力市场波动预测的简单方法
2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmse.2022.09.001
Xu Gong, Boqiang Lin

This study used dummy variables to measure the influence of day-of-the-week effects and structural breaks on volatility. Considering day-of-the-week effects, structural breaks, or both, we propose three classes of HAR models to forecast electricity volatility based on existing HAR models. The estimation results of the models showed that day-of-the-week effects only improve the fitting ability of HAR models for electricity volatility forecasting at the daily horizon, whereas structural breaks can improve the in-sample performance of HAR models when forecasting electricity volatility at daily, weekly, and monthly horizons. The out-of-sample analysis indicated that both day-of-the-week effects and structural breaks contain additional ex ante information for predicting electricity volatility, and in most cases, dummy variables used to measure structural breaks contain more out-of-sample predictive information than those used to measure day-of-the-week effects. The out-of-sample results were robust across three different methods. More importantly, we argue that adding dummy variables to measure day-of-the-week effects and structural breaks can improve the performance of most other existing HAR models for volatility forecasting in the electricity market.

本研究使用虚拟变量来衡量星期几效应和结构性中断对波动性的影响。考虑到周内效应、结构中断或两者兼有,我们提出了三类基于现有HAR模型的HAR模型来预测电力波动。模型的估计结果表明,周内效应只提高了HAR模型在日内电力波动预测中的拟合能力,而结构断裂可以提高HAR模型预测日内、周内和月内电力波动的样本内性能。样本外分析表明,周内效应和结构中断都包含用于预测电力波动的额外事前信息,在大多数情况下,用于测量结构中断的伪变量比用于测量周内效应的伪变量包含更多的样本外预测信息。样本外的结果在三种不同的方法中都是稳健的。更重要的是,我们认为,添加虚拟变量来衡量一周中的影响和结构中断,可以提高大多数其他现有HAR模型在电力市场波动预测中的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Retailers’ incentives for green investment in differentiated competition channels 差异化竞争渠道下零售商绿色投资激励研究
2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmse.2023.03.002
Xinxin Zhang , Junran Huang , Chenglin Shen

With increasing public environmental awareness, green activities in retail and distribution processes have become crucial tools for retailers to boost demand and enhance competitiveness. This study develops an analytical model to study the green investment choices of two differentiated retailers dealing with a common green manufacturer. It also explores the impacts of these investment choices on the manufacturer's operational decisions, channel efficiency, consumer welfare, and the environment. We derive three main results. First, the powerful retailer always favors green investments, whereas the less powerful (inferior) retailer may either prefer or avoid green investments. The fiercer the inter-retailer competition, the lower the willingness of the inferior retailer to introduce green investments. Second, although all supply chain parties may disagree on their preferences for retailers' green investments, a bilateral green investment (i.e., both retailers make green investments) can reach an incentive alignment for all firms if the differentiation between retailers is low enough and the competition between them is not substantially fierce. Moreover, a bilateral green investment improves consumer welfare and channel efficiency because of the great demand expansion and double marginalization reduction. Third, the retailers' green investments can motivate the manufacturer to produce greener products, but they do not necessarily benefit the environment. We show that the supply chain's economic sustainability aligns with its environmental sustainability only if the environmental improvement efficiency of green investments is substantially high. We further examine the impact of retailers with differentiated green investment abilities and the manufacturer's green investment efficiency to verify the robustness of the main results.

随着公众环保意识的提高,零售商在零售和分销过程中推行环保活动,已成为促进需求和提高竞争力的重要工具。本文建立了一个分析模型,研究了两个差异化零售商在面对共同的绿色制造商时的绿色投资选择。它还探讨了这些投资选择对制造商的经营决策、渠道效率、消费者福利和环境的影响。我们得出了三个主要结果。首先,强大的零售商总是倾向于绿色投资,而不那么强大的零售商可能更喜欢或避免绿色投资。零售商间竞争越激烈,劣势零售商引入绿色投资的意愿越低。其次,尽管所有供应链各方对零售商绿色投资的偏好可能存在分歧,但如果零售商之间的差异足够低,并且它们之间的竞争并不激烈,那么双边绿色投资(即两个零售商都进行绿色投资)可以达到对所有公司的激励对齐。此外,双边绿色投资由于巨大的需求扩张和双重边缘化的减少,提高了消费者福利和渠道效率。第三,零售商的绿色投资可以激励制造商生产更环保的产品,但并不一定有利于环境。我们表明,只有绿色投资的环境改善效率相当高时,供应链的经济可持续性才与其环境可持续性保持一致。我们进一步考察了具有差异化绿色投资能力的零售商对制造商绿色投资效率的影响,以验证主要结果的稳健性。
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引用次数: 0
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