A healthier and safer working environment can be provided through a more proactive approach with the different auditing systems. The relevant laws and regulations must be developed and applied to employer and sub-employers within the frame of an inspection system. The aim of the study is to examine the primary employer and sub-employer relationship established under the roof of large industrial enterprises in terms of occupational health and safety and to create a healthy and safe working environment where legal requirements are fulfilled. In situations where the primary employer and sub-employer relationship is established within the work, the occupational health and safety activities of the sub-employer need to be audited by the primary employer and the matters to be audited have been determined. Four audits to be made by the principal employer at least annually have revealed the situation in occupational health and safety activities with numerical data. Within the scope of the study, the audits conducted in 2017 on the primary employer and five affiliated sub-employers, which were taken as models, have been explained. While the primary employer and sub-employer relationship is continued by many authorities as a matter of debate, this study sets forth a model about the creation of legal responsibility and safe working environment. The audits must be made sustainable.
{"title":"Developing an Inspection System between the Main Employer and the Sub-employers in terms of Occupational Health and Safety: A Case Study","authors":"Fahri Kasap, H. Acar","doi":"10.33904/EJFE.569635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33904/EJFE.569635","url":null,"abstract":"A healthier and safer working environment can be provided through a more proactive approach with the different auditing systems. The relevant laws and regulations must be developed and applied to employer and sub-employers within the frame of an inspection system. The aim of the study is to examine the primary employer and sub-employer relationship established under the roof of large industrial enterprises in terms of occupational health and safety and to create a healthy and safe working environment where legal requirements are fulfilled. In situations where the primary employer and sub-employer relationship is established within the work, the occupational health and safety activities of the sub-employer need to be audited by the primary employer and the matters to be audited have been determined. Four audits to be made by the principal employer at least annually have revealed the situation in occupational health and safety activities with numerical data. Within the scope of the study, the audits conducted in 2017 on the primary employer and five affiliated sub-employers, which were taken as models, have been explained. While the primary employer and sub-employer relationship is continued by many authorities as a matter of debate, this study sets forth a model about the creation of legal responsibility and safe working environment. The audits must be made sustainable.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47668616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The chores of forest nursey workers are comprised of manual labor based on the physical structure of the worker. Long term working postures repeated throughout the shift results in strains at various levels in the body of the worker thereby having adverse impacts on their performances. There are various methods developed in literature for ergonomic risk assessment. The purpose of this study was to examine the working postures of nursery workers working at the Bayburt and Hendek forest nurseries and to analyze problematic working postures using the ergonomic risk analysis methods of OWAS ( Owako Working position Analysis System) , REBA ( Rapid Entire Body Assessment) , and RULA ( Rapid Upper Limbs Assessment) the reliabilities of which have been proven in literature . This result reveals that hazardous and very hazardous ratios in working postures were 4.6%, 8%, 20% in OWAS, REBA, and RULA methods, respectively. Based on the opinion that the method yielding greater risks is more sensitive for eliminating the risks in the shortest amount of time, it can be put forth that the RULA method gave more sensitive results in comparison with the OWAS and REBA methods.
{"title":"Comparison of Ergonomic Risk Analysis Methods for Working Postures of Forest Nursery Workers","authors":"Derya Yayli, E. Çaliskan","doi":"10.33904/EJFE.556997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33904/EJFE.556997","url":null,"abstract":"The chores of forest nursey workers are comprised of manual labor based on the physical structure of the worker. Long term working postures repeated throughout the shift results in strains at various levels in the body of the worker thereby having adverse impacts on their performances. There are various methods developed in literature for ergonomic risk assessment. The purpose of this study was to examine the working postures of nursery workers working at the Bayburt and Hendek forest nurseries and to analyze problematic working postures using the ergonomic risk analysis methods of OWAS ( Owako Working position Analysis System) , REBA ( Rapid Entire Body Assessment) , and RULA ( Rapid Upper Limbs Assessment) the reliabilities of which have been proven in literature . This result reveals that hazardous and very hazardous ratios in working postures were 4.6%, 8%, 20% in OWAS, REBA, and RULA methods, respectively. Based on the opinion that the method yielding greater risks is more sensitive for eliminating the risks in the shortest amount of time, it can be put forth that the RULA method gave more sensitive results in comparison with the OWAS and REBA methods.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42539644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Turkey, forest areas located along the coastline of the Marmara, the Aegean and the Mediterranean regions are very sensitive to fire. As a result of forest fires, about 10000 hectares of forest area is damaged annually. One of the key elements in firefighting is early detection and quick intervention. In order to achieve this goal, first of all, the forest areas with fire risk should be determined especially for fire sensitive forest areas. The forest fire risk can be evaluated considering various risk factors such as stand structures, topographic factors, proximity to some features (roads, settlements, and water resources), and climatic factors. In this study, GIS techniques and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to produce forest fire risk map for the first degree fire sensitive forest land located in Bodrum province of Mugla in Turkey. The results indicated that 11.83% and 21.98% of the forest area was categorized as very high and high fire risk, respectively, while 22.28% and 25.93% was moderate and low fire risk, respectively. The fire risk was found to be very low at the rest of the study area (17.98%). To compare the fire risk map with actual forest fire occurrences in the study area, it was overlapped with the fire map indicating forest components where previous forest fires (>1.0 ha) occurred in the study area in last five years. It was found that 38.32% of the areas damaged by the previous fires were categorized as high and very high fire risks zones in fire risk map, while 28.44% was moderate fire risk zones. The result showed that tree species was the most effective risk factor, followed by tree stages and proximity to water resources. This study revealed that the combination of GIS techniques and AHP method is very advantageous approach to map forest areas with fire risk in short time.
{"title":"Forest Fire Risk Mapping by using GIS Techniques and AHP Method: A Case Study in Bodrum (Turkey)","authors":"A. Akay, H. Sahin","doi":"10.33904/EJFE.579075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33904/EJFE.579075","url":null,"abstract":"In Turkey, forest areas located along the coastline of the Marmara, the Aegean and the Mediterranean regions are very sensitive to fire. As a result of forest fires, about 10000 hectares of forest area is damaged annually. One of the key elements in firefighting is early detection and quick intervention. In order to achieve this goal, first of all, the forest areas with fire risk should be determined especially for fire sensitive forest areas. The forest fire risk can be evaluated considering various risk factors such as stand structures, topographic factors, proximity to some features (roads, settlements, and water resources), and climatic factors. In this study, GIS techniques and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to produce forest fire risk map for the first degree fire sensitive forest land located in Bodrum province of Mugla in Turkey. The results indicated that 11.83% and 21.98% of the forest area was categorized as very high and high fire risk, respectively, while 22.28% and 25.93% was moderate and low fire risk, respectively. The fire risk was found to be very low at the rest of the study area (17.98%). To compare the fire risk map with actual forest fire occurrences in the study area, it was overlapped with the fire map indicating forest components where previous forest fires (>1.0 ha) occurred in the study area in last five years. It was found that 38.32% of the areas damaged by the previous fires were categorized as high and very high fire risks zones in fire risk map, while 28.44% was moderate fire risk zones. The result showed that tree species was the most effective risk factor, followed by tree stages and proximity to water resources. This study revealed that the combination of GIS techniques and AHP method is very advantageous approach to map forest areas with fire risk in short time.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44706676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the optimal bucking methods were numerically applied to Nasu town, and the factors of effects on profitability of commercial thinning operations and feasibility of extracting small sized logs were discussed. As a result, commercial thinning operations could be conducted on 18% (818 ha) and 54% (2427 ha) of 35 and 45 years old forests, respectively. On the other hand, pre-commercial thinning operation would be conducted on 81% (3666 ha) and 46% (2089 ha) of 35 and 45 years old forests. This shows current situation of Japanese forestry where nearly all the thinning operations conducted were pre-commercial. Stands with extracting small sized logs accounted for approximately ten percent of the total forest area. Extracted small sized logs from 35 years old forests were more than those from 45 years old forests although saw logs from 35 years old forest were less than those from 45 years old forests. The areas of stands with extracting small sized logs were increased according to the more gentle slope and shorter forwarding distances. Thus, it was clear that the reduction of forwarding distances by establishing forest road networks were effective in order to increase stands with extracting small sized logs.
{"title":"Numerical examination of the optimal bucking method to maximize profits applied in Nasu town, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan","authors":"K. Aruga, C. Nakahata, M. Saito","doi":"10.33904/EJFE.508056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33904/EJFE.508056","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the optimal bucking methods were numerically applied to Nasu town, and the factors of effects on profitability of commercial thinning operations and feasibility of extracting small sized logs were discussed. As a result, commercial thinning operations could be conducted on 18% (818 ha) and 54% (2427 ha) of 35 and 45 years old forests, respectively. On the other hand, pre-commercial thinning operation would be conducted on 81% (3666 ha) and 46% (2089 ha) of 35 and 45 years old forests. This shows current situation of Japanese forestry where nearly all the thinning operations conducted were pre-commercial. Stands with extracting small sized logs accounted for approximately ten percent of the total forest area. Extracted small sized logs from 35 years old forests were more than those from 45 years old forests although saw logs from 35 years old forest were less than those from 45 years old forests. The areas of stands with extracting small sized logs were increased according to the more gentle slope and shorter forwarding distances. Thus, it was clear that the reduction of forwarding distances by establishing forest road networks were effective in order to increase stands with extracting small sized logs.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46611651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Forestry works have an important work branch in the Eastern Black Sea Region because of the wealth of forested areas, the multiplicity of forest villages, the intense forestry activities and the lack of different income sources of forest villagers. Therefore, forestry activities are one of the main industries for forest villagers to prevent unemployment and to reduce income imbalance between different regions. Forestry activities differ from other sectors because of work difficulty, hard working conditions, limited time, temporary work, low revenue and legal dimension of work. Harvesting works should be done by forest villagers in accordance with article 40 of Forest Law. The analysis of the socio-economic structure of a community is important both in giving photographs of the current period and in presenting the transformations of working class dynamics over time. In this study, the relationship between the demographic features of forest workers and work satisfaction was examined. Within the scope of the study, a questionnaire including questions about personal characteristics, family structures, economic incomes and work satisfaction was applied to the workers. As a result, it was determined that 35.83% of all workers were between 31 and 40 ages and primary school (35%). In addition, forest workers had no income sources except for forest (77.5%), and most of the workers were the livelihoods of their families (81.4%) and working for 6-8 hours. Most of them are satisfied with forest workers (65.83%), and the main reasons for not being satisfied were determined as low income, lack of social security and difficult working conditions (18.33%).
{"title":"A Research on Work Satisfaction of Forest Workers","authors":"Selcuk Gumus, T. Hatay, S. Okan, H. Acar","doi":"10.33904/EJFE.502489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33904/EJFE.502489","url":null,"abstract":"Forestry works have an important work branch in the Eastern Black Sea Region because of the wealth of forested areas, the multiplicity of forest villages, the intense forestry activities and the lack of different income sources of forest villagers. Therefore, forestry activities are one of the main industries for forest villagers to prevent unemployment and to reduce income imbalance between different regions. Forestry activities differ from other sectors because of work difficulty, hard working conditions, limited time, temporary work, low revenue and legal dimension of work. Harvesting works should be done by forest villagers in accordance with article 40 of Forest Law. The analysis of the socio-economic structure of a community is important both in giving photographs of the current period and in presenting the transformations of working class dynamics over time. In this study, the relationship between the demographic features of forest workers and work satisfaction was examined. Within the scope of the study, a questionnaire including questions about personal characteristics, family structures, economic incomes and work satisfaction was applied to the workers. As a result, it was determined that 35.83% of all workers were between 31 and 40 ages and primary school (35%). In addition, forest workers had no income sources except for forest (77.5%), and most of the workers were the livelihoods of their families (81.4%) and working for 6-8 hours. Most of them are satisfied with forest workers (65.83%), and the main reasons for not being satisfied were determined as low income, lack of social security and difficult working conditions (18.33%).","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41576050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nonwood forest products potentially provide many economic, social and environmental benefits in Turkey. Increasing public demand for nonwood forest products has led to the development of spatial planning and updating of existing plans. In order to ensure the sustainable management of nonwood forest products, their trends and spatial distributions by time can be estimated by using land use/land cover change detection approach. The Linden is one of the most important nonwood forest products in Turkey and the most widespread distribution of linden is located in the province of Bursa. In this study, it was aimed to determine the spatiotemporal changes of one of the world's largest linden forests in Yenikoy Forestry Enterprise Chief within the border of Bursa Forestry Regional Directorate. Change detection analysis was applied to Landsat 5 TM image and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS image captured in August 2008 and in July 2017, respectively. The spatiotemporal change detection was implemented on these two images by using various digital image processing techniques (pre-processing, classification, post-processing, and change detection) through ERDAS Imagine 2015, ArcGIS 10.5, and ENVI 5.3 program. The supervised classification, applied on both images using ERDAS Imagine 2015 program, revealed that there were six significant land use/land cover types in the study area; linden, other deciduous trees, wetlands, swamp, sand, and other lands (settlements, agriculture, open areas). The results indicated that there was increase in the areas of wetlands, sand, and other lands, while the area of linden forest, other deciduous trees, and swamp decreased from 2008 to 2017. According to the accuracy assessment results, the classification processes applied on 2008 and 2017 images provided overall accuracy of 84.38% and 82.81%, respectively. It is determined that some of the linden forests have been converted into residential areas and farmlands to grow crops.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Change Detection of the Linden Forests in Bursa, Turkey","authors":"B. Gencal, I. Tas, A. Akay","doi":"10.33904/EJFE.495088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33904/EJFE.495088","url":null,"abstract":"Nonwood forest products potentially provide many economic, social and environmental benefits in Turkey. Increasing public demand for nonwood forest products has led to the development of spatial planning and updating of existing plans. In order to ensure the sustainable management of nonwood forest products, their trends and spatial distributions by time can be estimated by using land use/land cover change detection approach. The Linden is one of the most important nonwood forest products in Turkey and the most widespread distribution of linden is located in the province of Bursa. In this study, it was aimed to determine the spatiotemporal changes of one of the world's largest linden forests in Yenikoy Forestry Enterprise Chief within the border of Bursa Forestry Regional Directorate. Change detection analysis was applied to Landsat 5 TM image and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS image captured in August 2008 and in July 2017, respectively. The spatiotemporal change detection was implemented on these two images by using various digital image processing techniques (pre-processing, classification, post-processing, and change detection) through ERDAS Imagine 2015, ArcGIS 10.5, and ENVI 5.3 program. The supervised classification, applied on both images using ERDAS Imagine 2015 program, revealed that there were six significant land use/land cover types in the study area; linden, other deciduous trees, wetlands, swamp, sand, and other lands (settlements, agriculture, open areas). The results indicated that there was increase in the areas of wetlands, sand, and other lands, while the area of linden forest, other deciduous trees, and swamp decreased from 2008 to 2017. According to the accuracy assessment results, the classification processes applied on 2008 and 2017 images provided overall accuracy of 84.38% and 82.81%, respectively. It is determined that some of the linden forests have been converted into residential areas and farmlands to grow crops.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46031791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The forests in Turkey is classified and managed according to their functions within the framework of Ecosystem Based Multi-Purpose Planning policy. It is very important to ensure that planning activities are handled appropriately in order to carry out forestry activities which are labor intensive, difficult and dangerous. Forest roads have served as the main infrastructure facility for forestry activities in accordance with multiple purposes. In order to increase efficiency within the concept of precision forestry and to transfer the plans to the application more clearly, it is essential to use technology and technological machinery. In this context, this study aimed to reveal the capabilities of using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) tools in planning the forest road construction. For this purpose, cut and fill volume of a 300 m long sample road was computed by using USGS based Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with 1 m x 1 m resolution and UAV based DEM with 0.05 m x 0.05 m resolution which were generated prior to road construction and after the road construction, respectively. The results indicated that the cut volume and fill volume were 81804.4 m 3 and 74.2 m 3 , respectively. It was found that the use of UAV will be quite advantageous in terms of capturing high quality and high-resolution data for planning the forest road construction and evaluating alternative routes.
土耳其的森林在基于生态系统的多用途规划政策框架内根据其功能进行分类和管理。为了开展劳动密集、困难和危险的林业活动，确保规划活动得到适当处理是非常重要的。森林公路是林业活动的主要基础设施，具有多种用途。为了提高精准林业概念的效率，并更明确地将计划转化为应用，必须使用技术和技术机器。在此背景下，本研究旨在揭示使用无人机和地理信息系统工具规划森林道路建设的能力。为此，通过使用基于美国地质勘探局的1 m x 1 m分辨率的数字高程模型（DEM）和基于无人机的0.05 m x 0.05 m分辨率的DEM分别在道路施工前和施工后生成，计算了300 m长样本道路的挖方和填方体积。结果表明，路堑和填方分别为81804.4m3和74.2m3。研究发现，无人机的使用将在捕捉高质量和高分辨率数据方面非常有利，用于规划森林道路建设和评估替代路线。
{"title":"Capabilities of using UAVs in Forest Road Construction Activities","authors":"Ender Buğday","doi":"10.33904/EJFE.499784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33904/EJFE.499784","url":null,"abstract":"The forests in Turkey is classified and managed according to their functions within the framework of Ecosystem Based Multi-Purpose Planning policy. It is very important to ensure that planning activities are handled appropriately in order to carry out forestry activities which are labor intensive, difficult and dangerous. Forest roads have served as the main infrastructure facility for forestry activities in accordance with multiple purposes. In order to increase efficiency within the concept of precision forestry and to transfer the plans to the application more clearly, it is essential to use technology and technological machinery. In this context, this study aimed to reveal the capabilities of using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) tools in planning the forest road construction. For this purpose, cut and fill volume of a 300 m long sample road was computed by using USGS based Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with 1 m x 1 m resolution and UAV based DEM with 0.05 m x 0.05 m resolution which were generated prior to road construction and after the road construction, respectively. The results indicated that the cut volume and fill volume were 81804.4 m 3 and 74.2 m 3 , respectively. It was found that the use of UAV will be quite advantageous in terms of capturing high quality and high-resolution data for planning the forest road construction and evaluating alternative routes.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49356783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Hacisalihoğlu, Zafer Yücesan, Ercan Oktan, Uğur Kezik, H. Karadağ
This paper researches top-soil loss depends on Anatolian black pine stands by different canopy density. The stand profile is playing an important role on the living and non-living environment in the ecosystem and it affects directly canopy density (CD), leaf area index and silvicultural treatments and indirectly affects the soil properties. Within the scope of the study, three different canopy densities (60%, 80%, 90%) were taken and the stand profiles were determined by an 20x20 meter sample plots representing the stand. All sample plots were selected under the same habitat conditions (Slope: 5%, Aspect: Northwest, Elevation: 1070 m) to estimate top soil loss model. As a result, the amount of top soil loss was determined as 0.052 t/ha/yr in 60% CD, 0.037 t/ha/yr in 80% CD and 0.017 t/ha/yr in 90% CD respectively. In addition, multiple regression model (Linear, R 2 =0.96) was developed to estimate annual top soil loss depend on DBH (diameter of breast height), and tree height. On the other hand, simple regression model (Quadratic, R 2 =0.98) using tree height variable was improved. Furthermore, more advanced models can be developed in the future by using the stand parameters in different ecological conditions and slope gradients.
{"title":"Modelling Top Soil Erosion Depend on Stand Profile for Anatolian Black Pine (Pinus nigra Arnold. subsp. pallasiana) Plantation in a Semi-Arid Ecosystem in Turkey","authors":"S. Hacisalihoğlu, Zafer Yücesan, Ercan Oktan, Uğur Kezik, H. Karadağ","doi":"10.33904/EJFE.493001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33904/EJFE.493001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper researches top-soil loss depends on Anatolian black pine stands by different canopy density. The stand profile is playing an important role on the living and non-living environment in the ecosystem and it affects directly canopy density (CD), leaf area index and silvicultural treatments and indirectly affects the soil properties. Within the scope of the study, three different canopy densities (60%, 80%, 90%) were taken and the stand profiles were determined by an 20x20 meter sample plots representing the stand. All sample plots were selected under the same habitat conditions (Slope: 5%, Aspect: Northwest, Elevation: 1070 m) to estimate top soil loss model. As a result, the amount of top soil loss was determined as 0.052 t/ha/yr in 60% CD, 0.037 t/ha/yr in 80% CD and 0.017 t/ha/yr in 90% CD respectively. In addition, multiple regression model (Linear, R 2 =0.96) was developed to estimate annual top soil loss depend on DBH (diameter of breast height), and tree height. On the other hand, simple regression model (Quadratic, R 2 =0.98) using tree height variable was improved. Furthermore, more advanced models can be developed in the future by using the stand parameters in different ecological conditions and slope gradients.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44723511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The characteristics of water and water quality of the mainstream in a watershed can be directly affected by the ecological characteristics of the terrestrial ecosystem and indirectly affected by the species composition and structural change of the forests that interact. The most important causes of the structural changes are both silvicultural treatments and harvesting activities which can be considered as the main forestry activities. While water quality in a watershed is indirectly affected by forestry activities, especially harvesting activities, aquatic habitat can be also significantly affected. Due to the multifaceted interactions between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, this issue has not yet been clearly elucidated. Long-term studies on this subject at global scale have become widespread in recent years, which may guide the environmental and natural scientists to understand how the quality and characteristics of the prosperous water resources change with environmental influences. When the forestry activities are evaluated on the watershed basis, the flow regime of the mainstream changes while both the water temperature and the algal population increases, especially after the harvesting and thinning activities in riparian zones. In addition, there is an increase in the amount of sediment and organic matter transported to the main stream due to the decrease in forest vegetation in the watershed. That situation decreases water quality and negatively affects invertebrates, fish and other aquatic organisms. In this study, the impact of forestry activities on the quality of water resources and the indirect impact on the aquatic ecosystem was evaluated based on the relevant studies.
{"title":"Forestry Activities and Surface Water Quality in a Rainfall Watershed","authors":"Necla Koralay, Ö. Kara","doi":"10.33904/EJFE.438621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33904/EJFE.438621","url":null,"abstract":"The characteristics of water and water quality of the mainstream in a watershed can be directly affected by the ecological characteristics of the terrestrial ecosystem and indirectly affected by the species composition and structural change of the forests that interact. The most important causes of the structural changes are both silvicultural treatments and harvesting activities which can be considered as the main forestry activities. While water quality in a watershed is indirectly affected by forestry activities, especially harvesting activities, aquatic habitat can be also significantly affected. Due to the multifaceted interactions between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, this issue has not yet been clearly elucidated. Long-term studies on this subject at global scale have become widespread in recent years, which may guide the environmental and natural scientists to understand how the quality and characteristics of the prosperous water resources change with environmental influences. When the forestry activities are evaluated on the watershed basis, the flow regime of the mainstream changes while both the water temperature and the algal population increases, especially after the harvesting and thinning activities in riparian zones. In addition, there is an increase in the amount of sediment and organic matter transported to the main stream due to the decrease in forest vegetation in the watershed. That situation decreases water quality and negatively affects invertebrates, fish and other aquatic organisms. In this study, the impact of forestry activities on the quality of water resources and the indirect impact on the aquatic ecosystem was evaluated based on the relevant studies.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41610090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eleven aggregate quarries from the Pacific Northwest, USA were sampled to measure the variability in rock properties. Additionally, road managers were asked to classify the aggregate source as good or marginal for forest roads with year-round timber hauling as the primary use. Seven of the eleven quarries were classified as good. A series of materials property tests were performed on the aggregate sampled from each quarry. The test included gradation, LA Abrasion, Micro-Deval, and sand equivalency tests. Three replicates were performed for the LA Abrasion, Micro-Deval, and sand equivalency tests. The results show that only two of the seven rated as good samples met the thresholds established from the literature review. None of the marginally rated aggregates met the thresholds for the material property tests. The results show that the road managers expectation of rock quality is inconsistent when compared with the results from tests. It suggests that in order to understand aggregate performance better, testing before placement is a necessity.
{"title":"Aggregate Performance on Forest Roads in the Pacific Northwest","authors":"Scott Hanna, K. Boston","doi":"10.33904/EJFE.458287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33904/EJFE.458287","url":null,"abstract":"Eleven aggregate quarries from the Pacific Northwest, USA were sampled to measure the variability in rock properties. Additionally, road managers were asked to classify the aggregate source as good or marginal for forest roads with year-round timber hauling as the primary use. Seven of the eleven quarries were classified as good. A series of materials property tests were performed on the aggregate sampled from each quarry. The test included gradation, LA Abrasion, Micro-Deval, and sand equivalency tests. Three replicates were performed for the LA Abrasion, Micro-Deval, and sand equivalency tests. The results show that only two of the seven rated as good samples met the thresholds established from the literature review. None of the marginally rated aggregates met the thresholds for the material property tests. The results show that the road managers expectation of rock quality is inconsistent when compared with the results from tests. It suggests that in order to understand aggregate performance better, testing before placement is a necessity.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47243672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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