Pub Date : 2000-06-01DOI: 10.1080/08435243.2000.10702754
D. Athanassiadis, G. Lidestav, I. Wästerlund
Abstract The aim of this study was to i) develop and examine a methodology to handle spare part utilization data for work machinery for future inclusion into a life cycle assessment study and ii) assess the material consumption per 1000 m3ub harvested and transported to the roadside due to spare part utilization by three types of forest machinery. Thirteen forwarders, 14 single-grip harvesters and 10 two-grip harvesters operating in northern Sweden were followed up by repair records that covered a period from half a year up to 3.5 years. The replaced machine components were sorted in seven material categories - steel and iron, aluminum, other metals (brass, copper), plastics, rubber, glass and batteries. Two scenarios with different assumptions on the consumption of saw chains, guide bars and tires were developed. According to the low scenario about 46 kg of material will be consumed for harvesting and transporting 1000 m3ub to the roadside. The corresponding figure for the high scenario is 58 kg. The total component mass expected to be replaced during the operational lifetime (18000 E15 hours) of the machines was also calculated. According to the low scenario 38- 45% of the mass of a machine will be changed during its operational lifetime. The corresponding figure for the high scenario is 50-56%.
{"title":"Assessing Material Consumption Due to Spare Part Utilization by Harvesters and Forwarders","authors":"D. Athanassiadis, G. Lidestav, I. Wästerlund","doi":"10.1080/08435243.2000.10702754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08435243.2000.10702754","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this study was to i) develop and examine a methodology to handle spare part utilization data for work machinery for future inclusion into a life cycle assessment study and ii) assess the material consumption per 1000 m3ub harvested and transported to the roadside due to spare part utilization by three types of forest machinery. Thirteen forwarders, 14 single-grip harvesters and 10 two-grip harvesters operating in northern Sweden were followed up by repair records that covered a period from half a year up to 3.5 years. The replaced machine components were sorted in seven material categories - steel and iron, aluminum, other metals (brass, copper), plastics, rubber, glass and batteries. Two scenarios with different assumptions on the consumption of saw chains, guide bars and tires were developed. According to the low scenario about 46 kg of material will be consumed for harvesting and transporting 1000 m3ub to the roadside. The corresponding figure for the high scenario is 58 kg. The total component mass expected to be replaced during the operational lifetime (18000 E15 hours) of the machines was also calculated. According to the low scenario 38- 45% of the mass of a machine will be changed during its operational lifetime. The corresponding figure for the high scenario is 50-56%.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":"51 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78277031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-06-01DOI: 10.1080/08435243.2000.10702752
J. Tan
Abstract The optimum solution of locating a forest road network in a given forest area is still difficult to determine due to the complexity and the nature of the problem. Heuristic solutions are estimations of the optimum location but not the optimum one. This paper presents a dynamic programming procedure, integrated with microcomputer-based spatial database and transport network models, which can be used to assist foresters in determining the optimum location for a forest road. This method contributes to the optimum location of an entire road network serving a forest area.
{"title":"Application of Dynamic Programming to Optimum Location of a Forest Road","authors":"J. Tan","doi":"10.1080/08435243.2000.10702752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08435243.2000.10702752","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The optimum solution of locating a forest road network in a given forest area is still difficult to determine due to the complexity and the nature of the problem. Heuristic solutions are estimations of the optimum location but not the optimum one. This paper presents a dynamic programming procedure, integrated with microcomputer-based spatial database and transport network models, which can be used to assist foresters in determining the optimum location for a forest road. This method contributes to the optimum location of an entire road network serving a forest area.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"33 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08435243.2000.10702752","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72520756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/08435243.2000.10702746
Y. Gerasimov, V.S. Siounev
Abstract Previously we published some results of the procedure for the improvement of intermediate technology and machinery performance criteria. The aim of the present paper is to describe the model of the middle level of hierarchy -the optimization of the hydraulic cylinder operating mechanisms. Drive and transmission mechanisms for forest machinery crane synthesis are discussed as optimizations for boom operating mechanisms and outboom operating mechanisms. Concentration is on the static part of this problem. Although the speed of movement of the crane elements affects productivity, it is not taken into account in this study. Future studies will take into consideration a dynamic analysis and output of machinery. The results of this study show the necessity to separate the design of different types of forest machine cranes. For example, for the parallel crane type, a modification of the proposed algorithms is necessary. This paper may be useful for forest machine designers as well as university students, who take courses in forest machine design.
{"title":"Forest Machinery Crane Compound Scheme Synthesis: Optimization of Hydraulic Cylinder Operating Mechanisms","authors":"Y. Gerasimov, V.S. Siounev","doi":"10.1080/08435243.2000.10702746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08435243.2000.10702746","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Previously we published some results of the procedure for the improvement of intermediate technology and machinery performance criteria. The aim of the present paper is to describe the model of the middle level of hierarchy -the optimization of the hydraulic cylinder operating mechanisms. Drive and transmission mechanisms for forest machinery crane synthesis are discussed as optimizations for boom operating mechanisms and outboom operating mechanisms. Concentration is on the static part of this problem. Although the speed of movement of the crane elements affects productivity, it is not taken into account in this study. Future studies will take into consideration a dynamic analysis and output of machinery. The results of this study show the necessity to separate the design of different types of forest machine cranes. For example, for the parallel crane type, a modification of the proposed algorithms is necessary. This paper may be useful for forest machine designers as well as university students, who take courses in forest machine design.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":"73 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74383832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/08435243.2000.10702742
J. Mcneel
Abstract Two Madil 046 skyline yarders, rigged as slackline systems and equipped with Ballenger motorized carriages, were studied by field crews from the University of British Columbia - Forest Operations Group for approximately six months at sites on the west coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia. A continuous turn element time study, using handheld data recorders was employed to collect data throughout the study. Mean cycle times for the two operations ranged from 11.5 to 13.5 minutes per cycle. Delays contributed at least 20 percent of the cycle time for both operations and were primarily caused by carriage related problems. Average piece size differed by more than 56 percent and created significant differences in overall system productivity. While average cycle time for the two systems differed by at least two minutes, the system with the longer cycle time had higher mean production due to the larger volume per piece and per cycle. The study results strongly suggest that maximizing volume per cycle is critical to maintaining productivity and minimizing costs, even though cycle time may be increased. In this case, one system was able to capitalize on larger average piece size to significantly improve hourly production, even though cycle times for this yarder were higher. More effort is needed during operations to monitor volume (or weight) per cycle and consistently maintain the maximum volume per cycle for existing conditions.
{"title":"Modeling Production of Longline Yarding Operations in Coastal British Columbia","authors":"J. Mcneel","doi":"10.1080/08435243.2000.10702742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08435243.2000.10702742","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Two Madil 046 skyline yarders, rigged as slackline systems and equipped with Ballenger motorized carriages, were studied by field crews from the University of British Columbia - Forest Operations Group for approximately six months at sites on the west coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia. A continuous turn element time study, using handheld data recorders was employed to collect data throughout the study. Mean cycle times for the two operations ranged from 11.5 to 13.5 minutes per cycle. Delays contributed at least 20 percent of the cycle time for both operations and were primarily caused by carriage related problems. Average piece size differed by more than 56 percent and created significant differences in overall system productivity. While average cycle time for the two systems differed by at least two minutes, the system with the longer cycle time had higher mean production due to the larger volume per piece and per cycle. The study results strongly suggest that maximizing volume per cycle is critical to maintaining productivity and minimizing costs, even though cycle time may be increased. In this case, one system was able to capitalize on larger average piece size to significantly improve hourly production, even though cycle times for this yarder were higher. More effort is needed during operations to monitor volume (or weight) per cycle and consistently maintain the maximum volume per cycle for existing conditions.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"29 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83537474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/08435243.2000.10702743
D. Fjeld, L. Hem, T. Eikebrokk
Abstract This study examines the role of forest operations strategies in sector development for Norway’s fjord region. The paper starts with an examination of forest owner attitudes and perceptions in relation to their harvesting behaviour, use of contractor harvesting and road net extension. The influence of forest owner decisions, contractor mechanisation and road net extension standards on operational efficiency is examined in a simple deterministic model of the regional wood chain. Average wood procurement costs are calculated for increasing sector capacity. Direct and indirect harvesting costs are also followed throughout this development.
{"title":"Modelling Forest Operations and Sector Development in Norway’s Fjord Region","authors":"D. Fjeld, L. Hem, T. Eikebrokk","doi":"10.1080/08435243.2000.10702743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08435243.2000.10702743","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study examines the role of forest operations strategies in sector development for Norway’s fjord region. The paper starts with an examination of forest owner attitudes and perceptions in relation to their harvesting behaviour, use of contractor harvesting and road net extension. The influence of forest owner decisions, contractor mechanisation and road net extension standards on operational efficiency is examined in a simple deterministic model of the regional wood chain. Average wood procurement costs are calculated for increasing sector capacity. Direct and indirect harvesting costs are also followed throughout this development.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":"40 4 1","pages":"39 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83667491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/08435243.2000.10702748
M. Schneider, J. G. Phillips, S. Lande
Abstract Filling wood cell cavities or modifying walls with polymer improves mechanical properties and reduces influences of moisture and biodeterioration agents. Properties of untreated wood and wood polymer composites are presented in the paper.
{"title":"Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood Polymer Composites","authors":"M. Schneider, J. G. Phillips, S. Lande","doi":"10.1080/08435243.2000.10702748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08435243.2000.10702748","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Filling wood cell cavities or modifying walls with polymer improves mechanical properties and reduces influences of moisture and biodeterioration agents. Properties of untreated wood and wood polymer composites are presented in the paper.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":"56 6 1","pages":"83 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77878170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/08435243.2000.10702740
B. Košir, J. Krč
Abstract The paper presents the conditions in which forest production as well as forest road design and construction in Slovenia are going on. The most important influential factors and the limitations in the production process have been given special emphasis, among which there are also potential environmental disturbances and forest functions. A brief description of a method based on multicriteria decision making, a model form of which was applied in the analysis of technologies and forest road network in the Jezersko forest region, is presented as well. The results indicate the suitability of terrain for the design and construction of forest roads and skidding tracks. An analysis of the present forest road and skidding track network as well as a comparison of terrain suitability with the suitability of all terrain have been made as well. It has been established that especially in the construction of forest roads and skidding tracks difficulties regarding construction have strongly been taken into consideration, because the existing network is situated on terrain which is easier than the average. Finally, the possibilities as to the further developments of the model have been indicated.
{"title":"Where to Place and Build Forest Roads -- Experience From the Model","authors":"B. Košir, J. Krč","doi":"10.1080/08435243.2000.10702740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08435243.2000.10702740","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents the conditions in which forest production as well as forest road design and construction in Slovenia are going on. The most important influential factors and the limitations in the production process have been given special emphasis, among which there are also potential environmental disturbances and forest functions. A brief description of a method based on multicriteria decision making, a model form of which was applied in the analysis of technologies and forest road network in the Jezersko forest region, is presented as well. The results indicate the suitability of terrain for the design and construction of forest roads and skidding tracks. An analysis of the present forest road and skidding track network as well as a comparison of terrain suitability with the suitability of all terrain have been made as well. It has been established that especially in the construction of forest roads and skidding tracks difficulties regarding construction have strongly been taken into consideration, because the existing network is situated on terrain which is easier than the average. Finally, the possibilities as to the further developments of the model have been indicated.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":"19 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75264151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/08435243.2000.10702744
M. Sullman, J. Byers
Abstract This report summarises findings of an ergonomic evaluation of manual planting under three different site conditions. Heart rate data were collected and analysed using several heart rate indices. The three sites did not differ greatly, producing mean working heart rates that ranged from 132.7 bt.min-1 (± 16.2) to 134.9 bt.min-1 (± 13.8). Results indicate that manually planting Pinus radiata seedlings on all three sites can be classified as “hard continuous work” or “very heavy work”. Planters maintained similar mean working heart rates for all three sites by decreasing productivity as planting conditions became more difficult. Body part discomfort was only experienced when planting on pasture, where slight to severe discomfort was reported 48% of the time. Hazard occurrence was low for all three site conditions.
{"title":"An Ergonomic Assessment of Manual Planting Pinus Radiata Seedlings","authors":"M. Sullman, J. Byers","doi":"10.1080/08435243.2000.10702744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08435243.2000.10702744","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This report summarises findings of an ergonomic evaluation of manual planting under three different site conditions. Heart rate data were collected and analysed using several heart rate indices. The three sites did not differ greatly, producing mean working heart rates that ranged from 132.7 bt.min-1 (± 16.2) to 134.9 bt.min-1 (± 13.8). Results indicate that manually planting Pinus radiata seedlings on all three sites can be classified as “hard continuous work” or “very heavy work”. Planters maintained similar mean working heart rates for all three sites by decreasing productivity as planting conditions became more difficult. Body part discomfort was only experienced when planting on pasture, where slight to severe discomfort was reported 48% of the time. Hazard occurrence was low for all three site conditions.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"53 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74796792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/08435243.2000.10702745
H.-S. Han, L. Kellogg
Abstract Four sampling methods were compared for accuracy and ease of implementation in measuring residual stand damage. Data were collected from young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands, which were commercially thinned using three different logging systems in western Oregon. Systematic plot sampling consistently provided damage estimates similar to the results of a 100% survey; there was no significant difference between their accuracies in measuring stand damage. This method also took the least amount of time and effort for map layout and field plot location. Because measuring stand damage requires considerable effort in sample planning and implementation, an easier, quick-survey method should be developed to monitor residual stand damage for in-progress and post-thinning operations.
{"title":"A Comparison of Sampling Methods for Measuring Residual Stand Damage from Commercial Thinning","authors":"H.-S. Han, L. Kellogg","doi":"10.1080/08435243.2000.10702745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08435243.2000.10702745","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Four sampling methods were compared for accuracy and ease of implementation in measuring residual stand damage. Data were collected from young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands, which were commercially thinned using three different logging systems in western Oregon. Systematic plot sampling consistently provided damage estimates similar to the results of a 100% survey; there was no significant difference between their accuracies in measuring stand damage. This method also took the least amount of time and effort for map layout and field plot location. Because measuring stand damage requires considerable effort in sample planning and implementation, an easier, quick-survey method should be developed to monitor residual stand damage for in-progress and post-thinning operations.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":"43 1","pages":"63 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90405963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/08435243.2000.10702741
L. Eliasson
Abstract An increased use of shelterwoods in regeneration has generated a demand for knowledge of how single-grip harvester performance is affected by shelterwood treatments. Time consumption and productivity of a large single-grip harvester working in shelterwood establishment and thinning was studied using work sampling. Five treatments were studied, 1) shelterwood establishment, thinning of 2) sparse, 3) medium and 4) dense shelterwoods and 5) clear-cutting. Each treatment was replicated three times. Results shows that time consumption for the average harvested tree increased with tree volume and declining number of harvested trees per ha. Productivity was higher in clear-cutting than in any of the shelterwood treatments. Harvesting costs in the shelterwood system thus becomes higher than in the clear-cutting system. These costs must be carefully weighted against the ecological and silvicultural benefits of the shelterwood, including the possible reductions of the regeneration costs.
{"title":"Effects of Establishment and Thinning of Shelterwoods on Harvester Performance","authors":"L. Eliasson","doi":"10.1080/08435243.2000.10702741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08435243.2000.10702741","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An increased use of shelterwoods in regeneration has generated a demand for knowledge of how single-grip harvester performance is affected by shelterwood treatments. Time consumption and productivity of a large single-grip harvester working in shelterwood establishment and thinning was studied using work sampling. Five treatments were studied, 1) shelterwood establishment, thinning of 2) sparse, 3) medium and 4) dense shelterwoods and 5) clear-cutting. Each treatment was replicated three times. Results shows that time consumption for the average harvested tree increased with tree volume and declining number of harvested trees per ha. Productivity was higher in clear-cutting than in any of the shelterwood treatments. Harvesting costs in the shelterwood system thus becomes higher than in the clear-cutting system. These costs must be carefully weighted against the ecological and silvicultural benefits of the shelterwood, including the possible reductions of the regeneration costs.","PeriodicalId":36173,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Forest Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"21 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85216652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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