This paper explores the social action of sanctioning an interlocutor’s conduct in public spaces through social media. Using membership categorisation analysis (Hester and Eglin 1997), we examine how, in offline face-to-face disputes filmed by one party, interactants deploy the name ‘Karen’ to sanction someone and threaten the transposition of the recording onto social media to impose accountability to the public at large. Our findings show how sanctioning through categorising an individual as a ‘Karen’ is interactionally achieved through framing conduct as entitled or otherwise problematic, distinguishing in-situ production of ‘Karen’ from a delivery that is perceptually unavailable to an interlocutor. We explore how social media functions as a resource to shape the ongoing encounter by orienting to the camera, and thus the online audience, as an external authority.
{"title":"“Facebook’s about to know, Karen”","authors":"Linda Walz, Jack B. Joyce, Natalie Flint","doi":"10.1075/ip.00104.wal","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ip.00104.wal","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper explores the social action of sanctioning an interlocutor’s conduct in public spaces through social\u0000 media. Using membership categorisation analysis (Hester and Eglin 1997), we examine\u0000 how, in offline face-to-face disputes filmed by one party, interactants deploy the name ‘Karen’ to sanction someone and threaten\u0000 the transposition of the recording onto social media to impose accountability to the public at large. Our findings show how\u0000 sanctioning through categorising an individual as a ‘Karen’ is interactionally achieved through framing conduct as entitled or\u0000 otherwise problematic, distinguishing in-situ production of ‘Karen’ from a delivery that is perceptually\u0000 unavailable to an interlocutor. We explore how social media functions as a resource to shape the ongoing encounter by orienting to\u0000 the camera, and thus the online audience, as an external authority.","PeriodicalId":36241,"journal":{"name":"Internet Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138945556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Political crises often lead to the violent use of digital platforms. This text aims to analyze a particular response to that vitriolic discourse on Twitter: political parody. During the institutional crisis and political battle between the government of former Peruvian President Martín Vizcarra and the Peruvian Congress between 2017 and 2019, some political actors stood out, but not for good reasons. Karina Beteta, a right-wing Peruvian parliamentarian, used Twitter to interact with people, defend her decisions and attack anyone who did not share her viewpoints. She distinguished herself by tweeting confusing and, according to some, mocking texts. These tweets received an original counter-discourse with the creation of @smartbeteta, a parody account of politics. This paper analyzes the parodic performance by focusing on the pragmatic strategies embedded in @smartbeteta’s tweets and the role adopted by this account in the communication flows.
{"title":"Parody against hate speech","authors":"Marco Trigoso","doi":"10.1075/ip.00101.tri","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ip.00101.tri","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Political crises often lead to the violent use of digital platforms. This text aims to analyze a particular response to that vitriolic discourse on Twitter: political parody. During the institutional crisis and political battle between the government of former Peruvian President Martín Vizcarra and the Peruvian Congress between 2017 and 2019, some political actors stood out, but not for good reasons. Karina Beteta, a right-wing Peruvian parliamentarian, used Twitter to interact with people, defend her decisions and attack anyone who did not share her viewpoints. She distinguished herself by tweeting confusing and, according to some, mocking texts. These tweets received an original counter-discourse with the creation of @smartbeteta, a parody account of politics. This paper analyzes the parodic performance by focusing on the pragmatic strategies embedded in @smartbeteta’s tweets and the role adopted by this account in the communication flows.","PeriodicalId":36241,"journal":{"name":"Internet Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134900937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Economidou-Kogetsidis, Savić & Halenko (2021): Email Pragmatics and Second Language Learners","authors":"Xinru Ding","doi":"10.1075/ip.00102.din","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ip.00102.din","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36241,"journal":{"name":"Internet Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136032570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Since the apparition of the web 2.0, memes have emerged as a form of language that blends visual and linguistic signs in a compressed format. Memes represent a typical production of our postdigital society, insofar as they blur boundaries between the digital and the non-digital, circulate quickly and may have an influence on our society. Memes also participate in the reinterpreting and expressing complex emotions, ideas, and cultural references in a new, condensed form. The aim of this paper is to show how memes convey hateful representations, both through language and visual signs based on popular culture, thus participating in a climate of violence in public discourse. This discourse analysis is based on a case study of memes that present excessive messages, through a particular blend of linguistic and visual utterances.
{"title":"Semiotic excess in memes","authors":"Albin Wagener","doi":"10.1075/ip.00098.wag","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ip.00098.wag","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since the apparition of the web 2.0, memes have emerged as a form of language that blends visual and linguistic signs in a compressed format. Memes represent a typical production of our postdigital society, insofar as they blur boundaries between the digital and the non-digital, circulate quickly and may have an influence on our society. Memes also participate in the reinterpreting and expressing complex emotions, ideas, and cultural references in a new, condensed form. The aim of this paper is to show how memes convey hateful representations, both through language and visual signs based on popular culture, thus participating in a climate of violence in public discourse. This discourse analysis is based on a case study of memes that present excessive messages, through a particular blend of linguistic and visual utterances.","PeriodicalId":36241,"journal":{"name":"Internet Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135994829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kristina Pahor de Maiti, Jasmin Franza, Darja Fišer
Abstract This study investigates the interplay between commenters’ gender and their language use in Slovene socially unacceptable Facebook comments by inspecting the frequency of opinion markers and impoliteness triggers, and the pragmatic functions of opinion markers which were investigated according to a newly developed typology. The analysis shows statistically significant differences between men and women in their formulation of opinions and use of impoliteness triggers. Comments written by men are characteristically formed as fact-like covert opinions and contain explicit impoliteness triggers (e.g., insults). Comments written by women are formed as overt opinions explicitly encoding subjectivity and include implicit impoliteness triggers (e.g., tropes). A common feature is the use of opinion markers as self-oriented face-saving devices. But while men use opinion markers to explicitly communicate their desire to save face, women use them to perform face-saving implicitly.
{"title":"Haters in the spotlight","authors":"Kristina Pahor de Maiti, Jasmin Franza, Darja Fišer","doi":"10.1075/ip.00093.pah","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ip.00093.pah","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study investigates the interplay between commenters’ gender and their language use in Slovene socially unacceptable Facebook comments by inspecting the frequency of opinion markers and impoliteness triggers, and the pragmatic functions of opinion markers which were investigated according to a newly developed typology. The analysis shows statistically significant differences between men and women in their formulation of opinions and use of impoliteness triggers. Comments written by men are characteristically formed as fact-like covert opinions and contain explicit impoliteness triggers (e.g., insults). Comments written by women are formed as overt opinions explicitly encoding subjectivity and include implicit impoliteness triggers (e.g., tropes). A common feature is the use of opinion markers as self-oriented face-saving devices. But while men use opinion markers to explicitly communicate their desire to save face, women use them to perform face-saving implicitly.","PeriodicalId":36241,"journal":{"name":"Internet Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135696290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper analyzes how a series of online COVID-19-related discussions in a public social media group divided a community consisting of part-time and permanent residents. The group is a general discussion forum aimed at the inhabitants of a relatively small Finnish municipality. The discussions took place in March-April 2020, and the recurring topic was the potential danger posed by holiday home owners, who permanent residents feared would bring the virus with them. The discussions escalated quickly, and several threads went on simultaneously for some weeks. In the discussions, an ingroup and an outgroup were instantly formed. The material is analyzed from the point of view of categorization analysis, hate speech and metapragmatics. I examine the course of the discussions, and topics such as responsible behavior, health, and money. In addition, I also examine the metapragmatic utterances and sequences, which steadily increased during the discussions, and take a critical stance toward them. The research method employed will be qualitative content analysis.
{"title":"When your neighbor becomes a threat","authors":"Mari Pakkala-Weckström","doi":"10.1075/ip.00095.pak","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ip.00095.pak","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper analyzes how a series of online COVID-19-related discussions in a public social media group divided a community consisting of part-time and permanent residents. The group is a general discussion forum aimed at the inhabitants of a relatively small Finnish municipality. The discussions took place in March-April 2020, and the recurring topic was the potential danger posed by holiday home owners, who permanent residents feared would bring the virus with them. The discussions escalated quickly, and several threads went on simultaneously for some weeks. In the discussions, an ingroup and an outgroup were instantly formed. The material is analyzed from the point of view of categorization analysis, hate speech and metapragmatics. I examine the course of the discussions, and topics such as responsible behavior, health, and money. In addition, I also examine the metapragmatic utterances and sequences, which steadily increased during the discussions, and take a critical stance toward them. The research method employed will be qualitative content analysis.","PeriodicalId":36241,"journal":{"name":"Internet Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135895795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Preview this online first article: Review of Sadler (2022): Fragmented Narrative: Telling and Interpreting Stories in the Twitter Age, Page 1 of 1 < Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1075/ip.00099.aka/ip.00099.aka-1.gif
{"title":"Review of Sadler (2022): Fragmented Narrative: Telling and Interpreting Stories in the Twitter Age","authors":"Melike Akay","doi":"10.1075/ip.00099.aka","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ip.00099.aka","url":null,"abstract":"Preview this online first article: Review of Sadler (2022): Fragmented Narrative: Telling and Interpreting Stories in the Twitter Age, Page 1 of 1 < Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1075/ip.00099.aka/ip.00099.aka-1.gif","PeriodicalId":36241,"journal":{"name":"Internet Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136060790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Examples of posts from three Finnish (236 posts) and one French (410 posts) discussion threads are analyzed with regard to lexicon, grammar, speech acts, and topoi. The aim is to illustrate the different means used to express hatred or speech pertaining to ideological and thematic spaces in which the expression of hatred may be legitimized. The examples represent everyday discourse, which is an influential arena for the materialization of ideologies. Given the lack of linguistic and discursive tools used exclusively to express or legitimize hatred, doing research on hate speech always entails taking a specific ideological stance: neither linguistics nor pragmatics or discourse studies can provide a definition of hate speech that is valid in all contexts. Triangulating different methodological and theoretical perspectives is necessary to produce convincing research results.
{"title":"Linguistic and discursive properties of hate speech and speech facilitating the expression of hatred","authors":"Simo K. Määttä","doi":"10.1075/ip.00094.maa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ip.00094.maa","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Examples of posts from three Finnish (236 posts) and one French (410 posts) discussion threads are analyzed with regard to lexicon, grammar, speech acts, and topoi. The aim is to illustrate the different means used to express hatred or speech pertaining to ideological and thematic spaces in which the expression of hatred may be legitimized. The examples represent everyday discourse, which is an influential arena for the materialization of ideologies. Given the lack of linguistic and discursive tools used exclusively to express or legitimize hatred, doing research on hate speech always entails taking a specific ideological stance: neither linguistics nor pragmatics or discourse studies can provide a definition of hate speech that is valid in all contexts. Triangulating different methodological and theoretical perspectives is necessary to produce convincing research results.","PeriodicalId":36241,"journal":{"name":"Internet Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135154126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper studies some pragmatic and discursive properties of hate words employed in the comment chains of two Italian right-wing politicians’ social media accounts. The analysis focuses on hate speech directed towards two ethnic groups – African migrants and the Chinese – and an individual, the former minister of Agriculture Teresa Bellanova. Hate words are divided into two macrocategories: slurs and insulting epithets. Slurs are expressions that are consistently associated with derogatory attitudes against a group of people based on their origin/descent; insulting epithets are either offensive terms that do not attack specific identity traits or neutral words that, in certain contexts, can be offensive. Data indicate that the use of hate words is guided by pragmatic factors and discursive elements, and it changes according to the individual(s) or the groups being attacked. Hate speech on social media occurs mainly through insulting epithets, thus allowing the authors to avoid moderation and any responsibility for their utterance. The results support the idea that hate speech is a complex speech act that aims not only at derogating or expressing negative emotions but works within the framework of racist discourses as a means of creating and reinforcing political polarisation and in-group values.
{"title":"A pragmatic and discourse analysis of hate words on social media","authors":"Mattia Retta","doi":"10.1075/ip.00096.ret","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ip.00096.ret","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper studies some pragmatic and discursive properties of hate words employed in the comment chains of two Italian right-wing politicians’ social media accounts. The analysis focuses on hate speech directed towards two ethnic groups – African migrants and the Chinese – and an individual, the former minister of Agriculture Teresa Bellanova. Hate words are divided into two macrocategories: slurs and insulting epithets. Slurs are expressions that are consistently associated with derogatory attitudes against a group of people based on their origin/descent; insulting epithets are either offensive terms that do not attack specific identity traits or neutral words that, in certain contexts, can be offensive. Data indicate that the use of hate words is guided by pragmatic factors and discursive elements, and it changes according to the individual(s) or the groups being attacked. Hate speech on social media occurs mainly through insulting epithets, thus allowing the authors to avoid moderation and any responsibility for their utterance. The results support the idea that hate speech is a complex speech act that aims not only at derogating or expressing negative emotions but works within the framework of racist discourses as a means of creating and reinforcing political polarisation and in-group values.","PeriodicalId":36241,"journal":{"name":"Internet Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135353089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the role of evaluative language in the identification of emotions in–and psychophysiological responses to–Twitter complaints and compliments by the readers of these messages. Three hypotheses were tested in this research. First, in line with recent experimental work in French, we expected the presence of negative evaluative language in complaints to increase perceived dissatisfaction, impoliteness, and offensiveness by the reader. Second, assuming the negativity bias hypothesis, stronger psychophysiological responses should be found in complaints compared to compliments. Third, readers’ psychophysiological responses should be stronger for complaints and compliments including evaluative language. To test these hypotheses, we used a reading task involving cardiovascular reactivity measurements and a questionnaire. We found that perceived customer dissatisfaction, impoliteness and offensiveness were higher in complaints with vs. without evaluative language. We did not find an effect of the negativity bias on cardiovascular reactivity. Rather, compliments with evaluative language elicited larger cardiac slowing compared to complaints (with or without evaluative language) and compliments without evaluative language. As the stimuli is our study concern a railway company (which is mostly the target of criticism and complaints on Twitter), participants may have reacted more to the sort of feedback they would not expect the company to receive. Future research will be necessary to establish whether our findings still hold in the case of companies that achieve a better balance between negative and positive feedback.
{"title":"Psychophysiological effects of evaluative language use on Twitter complaints and compliments","authors":"Nicolas Ruytenbeek, J. Allaert, M. Vanderhasselt","doi":"10.1075/ip.00092.ruy","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ip.00092.ruy","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article explores the role of evaluative language in the identification of emotions in–and psychophysiological\u0000 responses to–Twitter complaints and compliments by the readers of these messages. Three hypotheses were tested in this research.\u0000 First, in line with recent experimental work in French, we expected the presence of negative evaluative language in complaints to\u0000 increase perceived dissatisfaction, impoliteness, and offensiveness by the reader. Second, assuming the negativity bias\u0000 hypothesis, stronger psychophysiological responses should be found in complaints compared to compliments. Third, readers’\u0000 psychophysiological responses should be stronger for complaints and compliments including evaluative language. To test these\u0000 hypotheses, we used a reading task involving cardiovascular reactivity measurements and a questionnaire. We found that perceived\u0000 customer dissatisfaction, impoliteness and offensiveness were higher in complaints with vs. without evaluative language. We did\u0000 not find an effect of the negativity bias on cardiovascular reactivity. Rather, compliments with evaluative language elicited\u0000 larger cardiac slowing compared to complaints (with or without evaluative language) and compliments without evaluative language.\u0000 As the stimuli is our study concern a railway company (which is mostly the target of criticism and complaints on Twitter),\u0000 participants may have reacted more to the sort of feedback they would not expect the company to receive. Future research will be\u0000 necessary to establish whether our findings still hold in the case of companies that achieve a better balance between negative and\u0000 positive feedback.","PeriodicalId":36241,"journal":{"name":"Internet Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42420326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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