Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.46586/er.13.2023.11206
Reza Pourjavady, Kianoosh Rezania
In the introduction to this special issue, the editors attempt to portray the emergence/formation of a pluralistic atmosphere in Mughal India in the early modern era as a reciprocate reaction beginning with the migration of a group of not entirely religiously open-minded Iranian scholars to a not yet pluralistic Mughal India. They point out that the migration of Iranian scholars to Mughal India both enhanced the plurality of the Mughal intellectual atmosphere and their own openness. They then highlight some significant characteristics of the new/newly emerged discourse in the Mughal empire, such as pluralism, rationalism, antiquarianism, and Persianization. The editors moreover endeavor to point out these characteristics in the processes investigated by the authors of the special issue.
{"title":"Safavid and Mughal Empires in Contact","authors":"Reza Pourjavady, Kianoosh Rezania","doi":"10.46586/er.13.2023.11206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46586/er.13.2023.11206","url":null,"abstract":"In the introduction to this special issue, the editors attempt to portray the emergence/formation of a pluralistic atmosphere in Mughal India in the early modern era as a reciprocate reaction beginning with the migration of a group of not entirely religiously open-minded Iranian scholars to a not yet pluralistic Mughal India. They point out that the migration of Iranian scholars to Mughal India both enhanced the plurality of the Mughal intellectual atmosphere and their own openness. They then highlight some significant characteristics of the new/newly emerged discourse in the Mughal empire, such as pluralism, rationalism, antiquarianism, and Persianization. The editors moreover endeavor to point out these characteristics in the processes investigated by the authors of the special issue.","PeriodicalId":36421,"journal":{"name":"Entangled Religions","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136142723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.46586/er.13.2023.11038
J. Beltz, Eva von Reumont
Wayang Kulit, the shadow theatre tradition on the island of Java, combines ancient Javanese and Indian myths in a Muslim context and therefore poses as a wonderful example of how religious traditions intertwine with works of art. This article explores the religious appropriation and acculturation at work in the history of Javanese shadow theatre. It also grants a behind-the-scenes look at the curatorial challenges involved in preparing a Wayang Kulit exhibition at the Museum Rietberg in Zurich, in particular how to convey the complex intermingling of cultures and religions so that audiences can understand it. Finally, we call into question some narratives and concepts traditionally used in Western museums to tell the story of Southeast Asian art.
{"title":"Leaving Javanese Shadow Theatre (Wayang Kulit) Religiously Unlabelled","authors":"J. Beltz, Eva von Reumont","doi":"10.46586/er.13.2023.11038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46586/er.13.2023.11038","url":null,"abstract":"Wayang Kulit, the shadow theatre tradition on the island of Java, combines ancient Javanese and Indian myths in a Muslim context and therefore poses as a wonderful example of how religious traditions intertwine with works of art. This article explores the religious appropriation and acculturation at work in the history of Javanese shadow theatre. It also grants a behind-the-scenes look at the curatorial challenges involved in preparing a Wayang Kulit exhibition at the Museum Rietberg in Zurich, in particular how to convey the complex intermingling of cultures and religions so that audiences can understand it. Finally, we call into question some narratives and concepts traditionally used in Western museums to tell the story of Southeast Asian art.","PeriodicalId":36421,"journal":{"name":"Entangled Religions","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86199871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.46586/er.14.2023.10941
S. Rimestad, K. Stünkel
The Baltic region has always been situated on the crossroads of the three main branches of Christianity: Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Protestantism. As such, it has provided ample material for studying religious contact. This special issue brings together four contributions analysing such cases in this region during the early modern period. It shows the value of the Baltic region as a multi-ethnic melting pot of different Christian denominations, held together primarily by the change-resistant land-owning class of Baltic Germans.
{"title":"Hegemonic Confessions at the Baltic Periphery—Religious Contact in the Early Modern Baltic Region","authors":"S. Rimestad, K. Stünkel","doi":"10.46586/er.14.2023.10941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46586/er.14.2023.10941","url":null,"abstract":"The Baltic region has always been situated on the crossroads of the three main branches of Christianity: Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Protestantism. As such, it has provided ample material for studying religious contact. This special issue brings together four contributions analysing such cases in this region during the early modern period. It shows the value of the Baltic region as a multi-ethnic melting pot of different Christian denominations, held together primarily by the change-resistant land-owning class of Baltic Germans.","PeriodicalId":36421,"journal":{"name":"Entangled Religions","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72413310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.46586/er.14.2023.10917
S. Rimestad
The region of Latgale/Polish Livonia lies on the intersection between the Lutheran northern half of the Baltic region and the Roman Catholic southern part. Almost all of the local German nobility had accepted Lutheranism, but the region was politically a part of the Roman Catholic Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Jesuit missionaries tried to re-Catholicise this region. The religious contact between the Catholic missionaries and the surrounding Lutheran and pagan countryside was diligently noted in the Jesuit reports, which became less polemical during the time period as the region’s inhabitants turned to the Catholic Church. While the missionaries were solitary fighters for Catholicism in 1625, they had become ordinary representatives of the local elite by 1772, when the region was ceded to the Russian Empire.
{"title":"Spreading the Catholic Faith in the Periphery. Jesuit Mission in Polish Livonia (1625–1772)","authors":"S. Rimestad","doi":"10.46586/er.14.2023.10917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46586/er.14.2023.10917","url":null,"abstract":"The region of Latgale/Polish Livonia lies on the intersection between the Lutheran northern half of the Baltic region and the Roman Catholic southern part. Almost all of the local German nobility had accepted Lutheranism, but the region was politically a part of the Roman Catholic Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Jesuit missionaries tried to re-Catholicise this region. The religious contact between the Catholic missionaries and the surrounding Lutheran and pagan countryside was diligently noted in the Jesuit reports, which became less polemical during the time period as the region’s inhabitants turned to the Catholic Church. While the missionaries were solitary fighters for Catholicism in 1625, they had become ordinary representatives of the local elite by 1772, when the region was ceded to the Russian Empire.","PeriodicalId":36421,"journal":{"name":"Entangled Religions","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79307118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.46586/er.14.2023.10839
Piret Lotman
Ingria, a region that came to the Swedish Empire in the seventeenth century, showcases an interesting instance of religious contact between Swedish state Lutheranism, Russian Orthodoxy, and the grassroot Lutheranism of the local German merchants. The contact affected all three religious communities over the course of the century, especially Swedish attempts to integrate the population in the Swedish state church. These attempts initially failed, until Heinrich Stahl became superintendent and decided to conduct missionary work in Russian and combine it with education, a programme his successor Johannes Gezelius continued. While promising, these efforts were continuously impeded by Russian policies and wars.
{"title":"The Christian Church, Spoken Language and Written Word. Confessional Tensions in Ingria Between the Swedish Lutheran and the Russian Orthodox Church during the Seventeenth Century","authors":"Piret Lotman","doi":"10.46586/er.14.2023.10839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46586/er.14.2023.10839","url":null,"abstract":"Ingria, a region that came to the Swedish Empire in the seventeenth century, showcases an interesting instance of religious contact between Swedish state Lutheranism, Russian Orthodoxy, and the grassroot Lutheranism of the local German merchants. The contact affected all three religious communities over the course of the century, especially Swedish attempts to integrate the population in the Swedish state church. These attempts initially failed, until Heinrich Stahl became superintendent and decided to conduct missionary work in Russian and combine it with education, a programme his successor Johannes Gezelius continued. While promising, these efforts were continuously impeded by Russian policies and wars.","PeriodicalId":36421,"journal":{"name":"Entangled Religions","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74342084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.46586/er.14.2023.10918
K. Stünkel
In his early years as a tutor, unorthodox Lutheran thinker Johann Georg Hamann travelled the Baltic countries. In his own work, in particular in the Aesthetica in nuce, he interpreted the folk songs of the Latvian peasants as an authentic expression of religiosity unspoiled by philosophical sophistication. As a radical critic of enlightenment thought, Hamann portrayed the Latvian peasants as religiously complete individuals characterized by their particular locality. Thus, they would not gain anything by generalisation suggested by proponents of popular enlightenment, such as Gotthard Friedrich Stender (1714–1796). Thus, Hamann posits a contact between universal (crypto-)religion of enlightenment ideology and individually localised religious conscience, exemplified in the Latvian peasant.
{"title":"\"[…] only a single cadence of a few notes […]\"?—Johann Georg Hamann’s Religious Contact With the Baltic Region","authors":"K. Stünkel","doi":"10.46586/er.14.2023.10918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46586/er.14.2023.10918","url":null,"abstract":"In his early years as a tutor, unorthodox Lutheran thinker Johann Georg Hamann travelled the Baltic countries. In his own work, in particular in the Aesthetica in nuce, he interpreted the folk songs of the Latvian peasants as an authentic expression of religiosity unspoiled by philosophical sophistication. As a radical critic of enlightenment thought, Hamann portrayed the Latvian peasants as religiously complete individuals characterized by their particular locality. Thus, they would not gain anything by generalisation suggested by proponents of popular enlightenment, such as Gotthard Friedrich Stender (1714–1796). Thus, Hamann posits a contact between universal (crypto-)religion of enlightenment ideology and individually localised religious conscience, exemplified in the Latvian peasant.","PeriodicalId":36421,"journal":{"name":"Entangled Religions","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80742011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.46586/er.14.2023.10975
Gvido Straube
The Herrnhut Brethren (Moravians) expanded to the Baltic region in the early eighteenth century and quickly became a substantial religious force, especially among the local Estonian and Latvian peasant population. Instead of following a top-down institutional approach to Christianity, the Moravians approached the peasants as equals. The resulting religious contact between the Moravians and the Baltic Lutheran Church entrenched Christianity in the Baltic countryside more than had previously been the case and empowered the local population, largely through the innovative use of media and access to education.
{"title":"Media Use and Social Influence Among the Moravian Brethren in the Baltic Region with a Focus on Modern-Day Latvia","authors":"Gvido Straube","doi":"10.46586/er.14.2023.10975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46586/er.14.2023.10975","url":null,"abstract":"The Herrnhut Brethren (Moravians) expanded to the Baltic region in the early eighteenth century and quickly became a substantial religious force, especially among the local Estonian and Latvian peasant population. Instead of following a top-down institutional approach to Christianity, the Moravians approached the peasants as equals. The resulting religious contact between the Moravians and the Baltic Lutheran Church entrenched Christianity in the Baltic countryside more than had previously been the case and empowered the local population, largely through the innovative use of media and access to education.","PeriodicalId":36421,"journal":{"name":"Entangled Religions","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81172246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.46586/er.13.2023.10991
H. Zellentin
This paper argues for a new understanding of the Qur’an’s view of Jews and Christians based, firstly, on their developing role in Qur’anic discourse, and, secondly, on the Qur’an’s continuous understanding of the three designations for Jews and Christians: banū isrāʾīl, “the children of Israel,” ahl al-kitāb, “the Scripture People,” and al-yahūd wa-l-naṣārā, “the Jews and the Christians.” Whereas there is a scholarly consensus that the term ahl al-kitāb designates both Jews and Christians, I offer two correctives: first, the term banū isrāʾīl equally designates the Qur’an’s Jewish and Christian contemporaries (or, more often, their common ancestors), and, second, the predominantly collective usage of al-yahūd wa-l-naṣārā shows that the three designations for Jews and Christians most be understood both in their continuity and in the increasing internal differentiation of Jews and Christians from each other.
{"title":"banū isrāʾīl, ahl al-kitāb, al-yahūd wa-l-naṣārā: The Qur’anic Community’s Encounters with Jews and Christians","authors":"H. Zellentin","doi":"10.46586/er.13.2023.10991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46586/er.13.2023.10991","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues for a new understanding of the Qur’an’s view of Jews and Christians based, firstly, on their developing role in Qur’anic discourse, and, secondly, on the Qur’an’s continuous understanding of the three designations for Jews and Christians: banū isrāʾīl, “the children of Israel,” ahl al-kitāb, “the Scripture People,” and al-yahūd wa-l-naṣārā, “the Jews and the Christians.” Whereas there is a scholarly consensus that the term ahl al-kitāb designates both Jews and Christians, I offer two correctives: first, the term banū isrāʾīl equally designates the Qur’an’s Jewish and Christian contemporaries (or, more often, their common ancestors), and, second, the predominantly collective usage of al-yahūd wa-l-naṣārā shows that the three designations for Jews and Christians most be understood both in their continuity and in the increasing internal differentiation of Jews and Christians from each other.","PeriodicalId":36421,"journal":{"name":"Entangled Religions","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89443392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.46586/er.14.2023.10222
R. Faesen
A recurrent theme in many forms of contemplative practice is the need to come to a state of outward solitude (i.e., being without distractions); this provides a framework for contemplation, which ultimately can give way to a suspension of all efforts, opening up a state of inner letting-be. This contribution explores these elements in the Christian tradition following the Biblical typology of Martha and Mary (Lk 10:38–42) with some leading authors (Clement of Alexandria, Ambrose of Milan, Augustine of Hippo, John Cassian and Gregory the Great). A specific aspect of the Christian interpretation is that the state of ‘non-doing’ is essentially relational. This relational dimension, in which contemplation and the state of ‘letting-be’ are understood as a response to the initiative of the divine Other who is ‘the origin’ (Lat. principium), provides John of Ruusbroec with the basis to explain how action and non-doing (i.e., contemplation) can coalesce perfectly.
在许多形式的冥想练习中，一个反复出现的主题是需要达到一种外在孤独的状态(即，没有分心);这为沉思提供了一个框架，最终可以让位于暂停所有的努力，打开一种内在的放任状态。这篇文章探讨了基督教传统中的这些元素，遵循圣经中马大和玛利亚的预表(路10:38-42)，一些主要作者(亚历山大的克莱门特，米兰的安布罗斯，希波的奥古斯丁，约翰卡西安和格里高利大帝)。基督教解释的一个具体方面是，“无为”的状态本质上是关系的。在这种关系维度中，沉思和“放任”的状态被理解为对“起源”的神圣他者的主动回应。原理)，为Ruusbroec的约翰(John of Ruusbroec)提供了解释行动与不作为(即沉思)如何完美结合的基础。
{"title":"Contemplation and “Non-doing” in the Christian Tradition: The Case of John of Ruusbroec","authors":"R. Faesen","doi":"10.46586/er.14.2023.10222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46586/er.14.2023.10222","url":null,"abstract":"A recurrent theme in many forms of contemplative practice is the need to come to a state of outward solitude (i.e., being without distractions); this provides a framework for contemplation, which ultimately can give way to a suspension of all efforts, opening up a state of inner letting-be. This contribution explores these elements in the Christian tradition following the Biblical typology of Martha and Mary (Lk 10:38–42) with some leading authors (Clement of Alexandria, Ambrose of Milan, Augustine of Hippo, John Cassian and Gregory the Great). A specific aspect of the Christian interpretation is that the state of ‘non-doing’ is essentially relational. This relational dimension, in which contemplation and the state of ‘letting-be’ are understood as a response to the initiative of the divine Other who is ‘the origin’ (Lat. principium), provides John of Ruusbroec with the basis to explain how action and non-doing (i.e., contemplation) can coalesce perfectly.","PeriodicalId":36421,"journal":{"name":"Entangled Religions","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73740205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.46586/er.14.2023.10995
G. Flood
Contemplative traditions focused on Śiva and the Goddess developed during the medieval or post-Gupta period in Kashmir, although not limited to that region. In this paper I present textual accounts of a kind of meditation and its accompanying doctrine geared towards liberation conceptualized as an expanded awareness described in Śākta-Śaiva scriptures. This Śākta-Śaiva tradition has scriptural authority in revealed texts and its vision is articulated in the philosophical discourse of the Śākta-Śaiva philosophers, Abhinavagupta and Kṣemarāja. It is the Śākta-Śaiva idea of meditation as the realization of an innate purity of awareness which is also an expanded awareness that I wish to examine.
{"title":"Śākta-Śaiva Meditation as Expanded Awareness in Medieval Kashmir","authors":"G. Flood","doi":"10.46586/er.14.2023.10995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46586/er.14.2023.10995","url":null,"abstract":"Contemplative traditions focused on Śiva and the Goddess developed during the medieval or post-Gupta period in Kashmir, although not limited to that region. In this paper I present textual accounts of a kind of meditation and its accompanying doctrine geared towards liberation conceptualized as an expanded awareness described in Śākta-Śaiva scriptures. This Śākta-Śaiva tradition has scriptural authority in revealed texts and its vision is articulated in the philosophical discourse of the Śākta-Śaiva philosophers, Abhinavagupta and Kṣemarāja. It is the Śākta-Śaiva idea of meditation as the realization of an innate purity of awareness which is also an expanded awareness that I wish to examine.","PeriodicalId":36421,"journal":{"name":"Entangled Religions","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83685592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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