E. Seif, Wafaa M Elsehly, Maii F. Henaidy, Magda Mabrouk Soffar
Background: Fingerprints are unique, persistent, and left on every object touched by bare hands. It can be used as a rapid and inexpensive method for identification. This study focuses on fingerprint white line counts (FWLCs) and its importance in sex estimation. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to clarify the potential of FWLC in sex estimation among Egyptian and Malaysian ethnic groups. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on two hundred adult participants, one hundred Egyptians and one hundred Malaysians (50 females and 50 males). Inked fingerprints of ten fingers were obtained from each participant then FWLC was extracted manually for each fingerprint. Results: The mean of females FWLC was significantly higher than males in all fingers in both populations. FWLC of the left index was the most significant predictor of sex in Egyptians, with an accuracy of 82% for males and 78% for females. FWLC more than seven in this digit was an absolute indication of being a female. The most significant predictors of sex in the Malaysian population were the left index and right ring with an accuracy of 80% for males and 71.4% for females and FWLC above six and seven in these fingers, respectively, was an absolute indication of being a female. The absence of FWLC was more common in males than females in all digits. Conclusions: FWLC is a reliable predictor of sex among adult Egyptian and Malaysian ethnic groups, and females tend to have more FWLC.
{"title":"Sex identification using fingerprint white line counts in a sample of adult Egyptians and Malaysians","authors":"E. Seif, Wafaa M Elsehly, Maii F. Henaidy, Magda Mabrouk Soffar","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_76_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_76_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Fingerprints are unique, persistent, and left on every object touched by bare hands. It can be used as a rapid and inexpensive method for identification. This study focuses on fingerprint white line counts (FWLCs) and its importance in sex estimation. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to clarify the potential of FWLC in sex estimation among Egyptian and Malaysian ethnic groups. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on two hundred adult participants, one hundred Egyptians and one hundred Malaysians (50 females and 50 males). Inked fingerprints of ten fingers were obtained from each participant then FWLC was extracted manually for each fingerprint. Results: The mean of females FWLC was significantly higher than males in all fingers in both populations. FWLC of the left index was the most significant predictor of sex in Egyptians, with an accuracy of 82% for males and 78% for females. FWLC more than seven in this digit was an absolute indication of being a female. The most significant predictors of sex in the Malaysian population were the left index and right ring with an accuracy of 80% for males and 71.4% for females and FWLC above six and seven in these fingers, respectively, was an absolute indication of being a female. The absence of FWLC was more common in males than females in all digits. Conclusions: FWLC is a reliable predictor of sex among adult Egyptian and Malaysian ethnic groups, and females tend to have more FWLC.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"88 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48054257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Dileka, C. Gunathilaka, T. Ranchamali, S. Gunawardena
The Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator) or kabaragoya is the predominant large animal scavenger of human remains in Sri Lanka; however, its significance is rarely discussed in the forensic literature. This is the case of a 54-year-old male with a history of dementia, depression, and wandering behavior whose body was found, partially submerged in a river, 2 days after he was reported missing. There were several linear wounds with regular margins over his arms and face which raised the suspicion of homicidal sharp weapon trauma. The injuries were seen in clusters and did not involve harder structures such as tendons, ligaments, or bones. There were no signs of inflammation or bleeding. They were attributed to kabaragoya claw marks, which are postmortem artifacts that mimic incised wounds. However, there were no areas of tissue loss to indicate that the animal had begun feeding on the corpse. This case discusses the problems faced by medicolegal investigators when encountering this phenomenon which is relatively underreported in the forensic literature.
{"title":"Differentiating postmortem claw marks by the Asian water monitor (kabaragoya) from antemortem sharp weapon trauma based on the injury pattern","authors":"P. Dileka, C. Gunathilaka, T. Ranchamali, S. Gunawardena","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_18_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_18_21","url":null,"abstract":"The Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator) or kabaragoya is the predominant large animal scavenger of human remains in Sri Lanka; however, its significance is rarely discussed in the forensic literature. This is the case of a 54-year-old male with a history of dementia, depression, and wandering behavior whose body was found, partially submerged in a river, 2 days after he was reported missing. There were several linear wounds with regular margins over his arms and face which raised the suspicion of homicidal sharp weapon trauma. The injuries were seen in clusters and did not involve harder structures such as tendons, ligaments, or bones. There were no signs of inflammation or bleeding. They were attributed to kabaragoya claw marks, which are postmortem artifacts that mimic incised wounds. However, there were no areas of tissue loss to indicate that the animal had begun feeding on the corpse. This case discusses the problems faced by medicolegal investigators when encountering this phenomenon which is relatively underreported in the forensic literature.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"114 - 117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43154093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Syamsul Abd Malik, F. Nordin, Saiful Fazamil Mohd Ali, Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah, K. Chang
Introduction: A comprehensive scene reconstruction requires forensic investigators to examine the impact marks left on various surfaces to identify whether a projectile produces a specific hole. Subsequently, it is further necessary to determine whether a particular ammunition has caused the impact. Throughout history, designs of ammunition have evolved with the intended effects, which could leave different impact marks on a target surface, especially by ammunition with a nonconventional design. Careful examination on impact marks and determination of their specific characteristics on sheet metal of vehicle would provide crucial forensic information. Aim: This study was aimed to physically characterize bullet impact holes made by 11 types of 9-mm caliber ammunitions. Materials and Methods: Two automotive doors were shot with different ammunitions from the same firearm, and the morphological features of bullet impact holes were observed and compared. Results: Bullet impact holes produced by the various ammunitions could be differentiated through careful observation of bullet hole circumferences, presence of petalling effect, metallic ring and triangular peak at the edge, and deposition of residue at the peripheral area of bullet impact holes. Ammunitions with nonconventional design such as Inceptor-Polycase and GECO Hexagon showed observable morphological differences and discriminated them from bullet impact holes made by conventional ammunitions. Conclusion: A thorough physical examination could aid in distinguishing bullet impact holes and predicting the possible types of ammunition that had made an impact hole on a surface.
{"title":"Distinctive bullet impact holes by 9-mm caliber projectile on sheet metal surfaces","authors":"Syamsul Abd Malik, F. Nordin, Saiful Fazamil Mohd Ali, Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah, K. Chang","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_83_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_83_21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: A comprehensive scene reconstruction requires forensic investigators to examine the impact marks left on various surfaces to identify whether a projectile produces a specific hole. Subsequently, it is further necessary to determine whether a particular ammunition has caused the impact. Throughout history, designs of ammunition have evolved with the intended effects, which could leave different impact marks on a target surface, especially by ammunition with a nonconventional design. Careful examination on impact marks and determination of their specific characteristics on sheet metal of vehicle would provide crucial forensic information. Aim: This study was aimed to physically characterize bullet impact holes made by 11 types of 9-mm caliber ammunitions. Materials and Methods: Two automotive doors were shot with different ammunitions from the same firearm, and the morphological features of bullet impact holes were observed and compared. Results: Bullet impact holes produced by the various ammunitions could be differentiated through careful observation of bullet hole circumferences, presence of petalling effect, metallic ring and triangular peak at the edge, and deposition of residue at the peripheral area of bullet impact holes. Ammunitions with nonconventional design such as Inceptor-Polycase and GECO Hexagon showed observable morphological differences and discriminated them from bullet impact holes made by conventional ammunitions. Conclusion: A thorough physical examination could aid in distinguishing bullet impact holes and predicting the possible types of ammunition that had made an impact hole on a surface.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"97 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47238295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Among different endangered animal species, snakes are the most neglected creature looked at with apathy and therefore, are ruthlessly killed, illegally trafficked, and poached for their venom, lucrative skin, meat, and bones for manufacturing of medicines, accessories, and food items. Establishing the identity of the endangered snake species is important for punishing the offenders under Wildlife Protection Act (WPA) (1972) but morphological characters fail to establish identity as they are often altered. The technique of identification of snake species at molecular level holds very effective conclusion in punishing offender. Here, we have constructed and demonstrated a novel multiplexing polymerase chain reaction technique, using 16S rRNA and C-mos gene for identification of four Indian snake species, namely Ptyas mucosa, Daboia russellii, Naja naja, and Xenochrophis piscator. They are listed in Appendix-II and III of convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora and Schedule II; Part II of Indian WPA, 1972. Therefore, it may be considered a functional tool for establishing species-specific identity of four Indian snake species and promising to be useful for their conservation.
{"title":"Forensic identification of four Indian snake species using single multiplex polymerase chain reaction","authors":"Ishani Mitra, Soma Roy, I. Haque","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_50_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_50_21","url":null,"abstract":"Among different endangered animal species, snakes are the most neglected creature looked at with apathy and therefore, are ruthlessly killed, illegally trafficked, and poached for their venom, lucrative skin, meat, and bones for manufacturing of medicines, accessories, and food items. Establishing the identity of the endangered snake species is important for punishing the offenders under Wildlife Protection Act (WPA) (1972) but morphological characters fail to establish identity as they are often altered. The technique of identification of snake species at molecular level holds very effective conclusion in punishing offender. Here, we have constructed and demonstrated a novel multiplexing polymerase chain reaction technique, using 16S rRNA and C-mos gene for identification of four Indian snake species, namely Ptyas mucosa, Daboia russellii, Naja naja, and Xenochrophis piscator. They are listed in Appendix-II and III of convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora and Schedule II; Part II of Indian WPA, 1972. Therefore, it may be considered a functional tool for establishing species-specific identity of four Indian snake species and promising to be useful for their conservation.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"81 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45787419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Body fluid identification through messenger RNA (mRNA) has been proposed as a useful supplement to presumptive and confirmatory tests by previous laboratory studies; however, its application in routine clinical forensic examination was rare. We report a case of sexual assault in which body fluid identification by mRNA profiling was used. Vaginal secretions mRNA markers (MUC4, HBD1, and CYP2B7P1) were used to test the sample, being obtained positive results. This case demonstrates that mRNA profiling of body fluids could be applied to routine case examinations as an aid, acting as a scientific collaborative evidence to strengthen the medicolegal opinion.
{"title":"Body fluid identification by messenger RNA profiling in sexual assault","authors":"Chong Wang, Hemiao Zhao, Qingzhen Meng, Hui Sun, Xiu-lan Xu, Wan-shui Li","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_54_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_54_21","url":null,"abstract":"Body fluid identification through messenger RNA (mRNA) has been proposed as a useful supplement to presumptive and confirmatory tests by previous laboratory studies; however, its application in routine clinical forensic examination was rare. We report a case of sexual assault in which body fluid identification by mRNA profiling was used. Vaginal secretions mRNA markers (MUC4, HBD1, and CYP2B7P1) were used to test the sample, being obtained positive results. This case demonstrates that mRNA profiling of body fluids could be applied to routine case examinations as an aid, acting as a scientific collaborative evidence to strengthen the medicolegal opinion.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"118 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47733428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shicheng Hao, Yan Liu, Yan Xu, Dong Zhao, Gexin Liu, Jinpei Zhang, Li Yuan
To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of 19 X-STR loci in the Han population in Northern China, samples from 628 unrelated individuals (314 males and 314 females) were collected and 19 X-STR loci were amplified by AGCU X19 STR System. A total of 270 different alleles were detected in 19 X-STR loci. All loci were in Hardy − Weinberg equilibrium and there was only one pair of linkage loci (DXS10103-DXS10101). There was no significant difference in allele frequency between male and female populations. The combined power of discrimination in males was 1–1.8667 × 10−13, while the combined power of discrimination in females was 1–3.6532 × 10−22. The combined mean paternity exclusion chance (CMEC) for X-chromosomal markers in father/daughter or mother/son duos Mean paternity exclusion chance (MECDesmarais Duo) was 1–5.1109 × 10−9. Moreover, the CMEC for X-chromosomal markers in trios involving daughters (MECDesmarais) was 1–2.0292 × 10−12. The compound amplification system composed of 19 X-STR in this study showed high polymorphism in the Han population of Northern China, which had a high application value in difficult genetic relationship identification.
{"title":"Genetic polymorphism investigation of 19 X-STR loci in the Han population in Northern China","authors":"Shicheng Hao, Yan Liu, Yan Xu, Dong Zhao, Gexin Liu, Jinpei Zhang, Li Yuan","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_60_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_60_21","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of 19 X-STR loci in the Han population in Northern China, samples from 628 unrelated individuals (314 males and 314 females) were collected and 19 X-STR loci were amplified by AGCU X19 STR System. A total of 270 different alleles were detected in 19 X-STR loci. All loci were in Hardy − Weinberg equilibrium and there was only one pair of linkage loci (DXS10103-DXS10101). There was no significant difference in allele frequency between male and female populations. The combined power of discrimination in males was 1–1.8667 × 10−13, while the combined power of discrimination in females was 1–3.6532 × 10−22. The combined mean paternity exclusion chance (CMEC) for X-chromosomal markers in father/daughter or mother/son duos Mean paternity exclusion chance (MECDesmarais Duo) was 1–5.1109 × 10−9. Moreover, the CMEC for X-chromosomal markers in trios involving daughters (MECDesmarais) was 1–2.0292 × 10−12. The compound amplification system composed of 19 X-STR in this study showed high polymorphism in the Han population of Northern China, which had a high application value in difficult genetic relationship identification.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"123 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45422283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Sexual dimorphism of the foramen magnum has increased its interest in forensic science. Gender determination is an important preliminary step in the identification of unknown skeletal remains. This study aimed at determining the dimensions of the foramen magnum in Delta State Nigeria and their role in gender discrimination. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed computed tomographic images of 336 patients (199 males and 137 females) aged ≥18 years, archived in the Radiology Department of a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. Ethical approval was granted by the hospital's ethical board. The length, width, and area of the foramen magnum were measured and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 23. We used an independent t-test and analysis of variance to evaluate the association of these dimensions with sex and age, respectively. The percentage accuracy of sex discrimination and the association between variables were assessed using discriminant functional analysis and Pearson's correlation test correspondingly. The results were considered significant at P < 0.05. Results: The foramen magnum length, width, and area showed a statistically significant gender difference (P < 0.05). The width was the best sex discriminating variable (64.3%) and the overall accuracy of correct sex allocation using all the variables was 75%. All the parameters measured showed a significant strong positive correlation with each other (0.5 ≤ r < 1, P < 0.05). Conclusion: The foramen magnum length width and area were sexually dimorphic. Their high overall accuracy (75%) in gender discrimination implies that they may collectively be utilized in the sex estimation of unknown skulls in Delta State Nigeria.
背景:枕骨枕骨大孔的两性异形现象在法医学上引起了极大的兴趣。性别鉴定是鉴定未知骨骼遗骸的重要初步步骤。这项研究的目的是确定尼日利亚三角洲州枕骨大孔的大小及其在性别歧视方面的作用。材料和方法:我们回顾性分析了尼日利亚一家教学医院放射科存档的年龄≥18岁的336例患者(男性199例，女性137例)的计算机断层图像。医院伦理委员会批准了这一决定。测量枕骨大孔的长度、宽度和面积，并使用社会科学统计软件包软件版本23进行分析。我们分别使用独立t检验和方差分析来评估这些维度与性别和年龄的关联。分别采用判别函数分析和Pearson相关检验评估性别歧视的百分比准确率和变量间的相关性。P < 0.05认为结果显著。结果:枕骨大孔长度、宽度、面积的性别差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。宽度是最佳的性别区分变量(64.3%)，使用所有变量的正确性别分配的总体准确率为75%。各测量参数之间呈显著的强正相关(0.5≤r < 1, P < 0.05)。结论:枕骨大孔的长度、宽度和面积具有两性二形性。它们在性别歧视方面的总体准确度(75%)很高，这意味着它们可以共同用于尼日利亚三角洲州未知头骨的性别估计。
{"title":"A retrospective study to evaluate the morphometry of the foramen magnum and its role in forensic science in a nigerian population of Delta State","authors":"B. Ominde, P. Igbigbi","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_41_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_41_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sexual dimorphism of the foramen magnum has increased its interest in forensic science. Gender determination is an important preliminary step in the identification of unknown skeletal remains. This study aimed at determining the dimensions of the foramen magnum in Delta State Nigeria and their role in gender discrimination. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed computed tomographic images of 336 patients (199 males and 137 females) aged ≥18 years, archived in the Radiology Department of a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. Ethical approval was granted by the hospital's ethical board. The length, width, and area of the foramen magnum were measured and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 23. We used an independent t-test and analysis of variance to evaluate the association of these dimensions with sex and age, respectively. The percentage accuracy of sex discrimination and the association between variables were assessed using discriminant functional analysis and Pearson's correlation test correspondingly. The results were considered significant at P < 0.05. Results: The foramen magnum length, width, and area showed a statistically significant gender difference (P < 0.05). The width was the best sex discriminating variable (64.3%) and the overall accuracy of correct sex allocation using all the variables was 75%. All the parameters measured showed a significant strong positive correlation with each other (0.5 ≤ r < 1, P < 0.05). Conclusion: The foramen magnum length width and area were sexually dimorphic. Their high overall accuracy (75%) in gender discrimination implies that they may collectively be utilized in the sex estimation of unknown skulls in Delta State Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"46 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42317995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crocodiles, gharials and alligators (order Crocodilia), are aquatic reptiles that live in the tropics of Asia, America, Africa, and Australia. Asian countries such as India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and tropics of Australia are the stronghold of the family Crocodylidae. Among all 23 crocodile species, nine species occur in Asia and its surroundings, including the only member of Gavialidae and Alligatoridae family. They are “mugger” or “Crocodylus palustris,” “saltwater crocodile” or “Crocodylus porosus,” “Philippine crocodile” or “Crocodylus mindorensis,” “New Guinea crocodile” or “Crocodylus novaeguineae,” “Siamese crocodile” or “Crocodylus siamensis,” “gharials” or “Gavialis gangeticus,” “false gharial” or “Tomistoma schlegelii,” and “Chinese alligator” or “Alligator sinensis.” All of these species have been encompassed in “Appendix I” and “Appendix II” of the “Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora,” which prevents any kind of trade involving crocodilian species. However, it has been observed that these crocodiles are illegally poached and trafficked for their lucrative skin, meats, eggs, snouts, and bones in medicinal and cosmetic industries. Although many molecular biologists have come forward for the conservation of these species, lack of knowledge about the available, fast, and dependable techniques makes it difficult for forensic identification of seized or confiscated. It has been a major problem for the implementation of the “Wildlife Protection Law” on illegal trade. This article focuses on molecular techniques developed till date for the rapid and reliable species identification and conservation study of them.
{"title":"Asian crocodile poaching: A review of molecular techniques developed for forensic identification","authors":"Ishani Mitra, Soma Roy, I. Haque","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_49_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_49_21","url":null,"abstract":"Crocodiles, gharials and alligators (order Crocodilia), are aquatic reptiles that live in the tropics of Asia, America, Africa, and Australia. Asian countries such as India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and tropics of Australia are the stronghold of the family Crocodylidae. Among all 23 crocodile species, nine species occur in Asia and its surroundings, including the only member of Gavialidae and Alligatoridae family. They are “mugger” or “Crocodylus palustris,” “saltwater crocodile” or “Crocodylus porosus,” “Philippine crocodile” or “Crocodylus mindorensis,” “New Guinea crocodile” or “Crocodylus novaeguineae,” “Siamese crocodile” or “Crocodylus siamensis,” “gharials” or “Gavialis gangeticus,” “false gharial” or “Tomistoma schlegelii,” and “Chinese alligator” or “Alligator sinensis.” All of these species have been encompassed in “Appendix I” and “Appendix II” of the “Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora,” which prevents any kind of trade involving crocodilian species. However, it has been observed that these crocodiles are illegally poached and trafficked for their lucrative skin, meats, eggs, snouts, and bones in medicinal and cosmetic industries. Although many molecular biologists have come forward for the conservation of these species, lack of knowledge about the available, fast, and dependable techniques makes it difficult for forensic identification of seized or confiscated. It has been a major problem for the implementation of the “Wildlife Protection Law” on illegal trade. This article focuses on molecular techniques developed till date for the rapid and reliable species identification and conservation study of them.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"57 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41544777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Road traffic accidents are not a new phenomenon, rather it's a disturbing occurrence which shows no sign of abating very soon. Rather, it remains one of those public health issues which even the most educated and civilized populations tend to ignore, primarily for the thrill of it. This study aims to identify the outcome associated with vehicular accidents and its association with socio-demographic factors. Method: This is a retrospective, record-based study of victims of road traffic accidents admitted in a tertiary care hospital in Nashik, Maharashtra. The data would include records from the 2018 to 2019. The variables will include the socio-demographic factors, site of injuries and its severity. A descriptive analysis would be done by SPSS software to find out the prevalence of vehicular accidents, association of site of injury with age and severity of the trauma. Ethical approval would be taken before the initiation of the study. Result: A total of 486 victims of RTAs were included from the medical records of the casualty of a tertiary care hospital, out of which 330 were from the year 2018 and 156 from 2019. A look at the sociodemographic profiles of the RTA victims showed that females comprised only 19.3% (2018) and 18.6% (2019) of the total victims in road traffic accidents, while majority, 80.6% (2018) and 81.4% (2019) were males during the same period. Overall, we can also observe that both in 2018 (38.5%) and 2019 (50.6%) most of the road traffic accidents among the victims were of moderate grade. Conclusion: The need of the hour is to bring about a change from within through self-reflection of lawmakers, strict implementation of traffic rules and guidelines with hefty fines, lockup, and criminal punishment to habitual wrongdoers.
{"title":"Road traffic accident fatalities and its association with key sociodemographic determinants in Nashik, Maharashtra: A recurring challenge","authors":"T. Chhetri, S. Ahmed","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_84_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_84_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Road traffic accidents are not a new phenomenon, rather it's a disturbing occurrence which shows no sign of abating very soon. Rather, it remains one of those public health issues which even the most educated and civilized populations tend to ignore, primarily for the thrill of it. This study aims to identify the outcome associated with vehicular accidents and its association with socio-demographic factors. Method: This is a retrospective, record-based study of victims of road traffic accidents admitted in a tertiary care hospital in Nashik, Maharashtra. The data would include records from the 2018 to 2019. The variables will include the socio-demographic factors, site of injuries and its severity. A descriptive analysis would be done by SPSS software to find out the prevalence of vehicular accidents, association of site of injury with age and severity of the trauma. Ethical approval would be taken before the initiation of the study. Result: A total of 486 victims of RTAs were included from the medical records of the casualty of a tertiary care hospital, out of which 330 were from the year 2018 and 156 from 2019. A look at the sociodemographic profiles of the RTA victims showed that females comprised only 19.3% (2018) and 18.6% (2019) of the total victims in road traffic accidents, while majority, 80.6% (2018) and 81.4% (2019) were males during the same period. Overall, we can also observe that both in 2018 (38.5%) and 2019 (50.6%) most of the road traffic accidents among the victims were of moderate grade. Conclusion: The need of the hour is to bring about a change from within through self-reflection of lawmakers, strict implementation of traffic rules and guidelines with hefty fines, lockup, and criminal punishment to habitual wrongdoers.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"52 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42706821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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