Expert evidence is admissible under articles 59 and 164 of Qanun-e-Shahadat Ordinance, 1984 (Law of Evidence), in the courts of law in Pakistan. However, the enacted laws and judicial precedents are inadequate to help a trial judge to get an answer to the question about the reliability and credibility of expert evidence. The process of judicial scrutiny of the expert evidence is challenging in the absence of national guidelines/standards, nonaccreditation of crime laboratories, and poor scientific knowledge of judges and lawyers. Therefore, the judges encounter difficulty in evaluating the knowledge and skills of an expert, validity of principles and methodologies used, application of quality management system, relatability, and reliability of expert evidence. While facing difficulty in ascertaining the level of certitude of expert evidence, the courts accept the expert testimony only when it corroborates the prosecution's propositions, which is a kind of disservice to justice. The reliance of courts on expert evidence varies from case to case, which can be observed in the form of many sporadic judicial decisions.
{"title":"Challenges for expert evidence in the justice system of pakistan","authors":"N. Rasool, Muzamal Rasool","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_16_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_16_21","url":null,"abstract":"Expert evidence is admissible under articles 59 and 164 of Qanun-e-Shahadat Ordinance, 1984 (Law of Evidence), in the courts of law in Pakistan. However, the enacted laws and judicial precedents are inadequate to help a trial judge to get an answer to the question about the reliability and credibility of expert evidence. The process of judicial scrutiny of the expert evidence is challenging in the absence of national guidelines/standards, nonaccreditation of crime laboratories, and poor scientific knowledge of judges and lawyers. Therefore, the judges encounter difficulty in evaluating the knowledge and skills of an expert, validity of principles and methodologies used, application of quality management system, relatability, and reliability of expert evidence. While facing difficulty in ascertaining the level of certitude of expert evidence, the courts accept the expert testimony only when it corroborates the prosecution's propositions, which is a kind of disservice to justice. The reliance of courts on expert evidence varies from case to case, which can be observed in the form of many sporadic judicial decisions.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"62 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41318117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hemiao Zhao, Qingluan Lin, Qi Zhang, Jing Chen, Z. Tu, Ruiqin Yang, Lan Hu, Chong Wang
Unlike DNA profiling, mRNA profiling is greatly affected by external factors. To analyze the influence of different stain carriers on the detectability of mRNA markers from bloodstains, this study examined 10 carriers, including a knife, cotton swab, paper, plastic, leather, cement, chopsticks, clothes, ceramic block, and wall. After detecting five specific mRNA markers (HBA, HBB, ALAS2, GYPA, and SPTB) and the housekeeping gene B2M in peripheral blood samples, no statistically significant differences in the effects of the carriers were found. The results suggest that when performing mRNA testing on bloodstains, the effect of the stain carrier has little influence.
{"title":"The impact of different stain carriers on the mrna profiling from bloodstains","authors":"Hemiao Zhao, Qingluan Lin, Qi Zhang, Jing Chen, Z. Tu, Ruiqin Yang, Lan Hu, Chong Wang","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_36_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_36_21","url":null,"abstract":"Unlike DNA profiling, mRNA profiling is greatly affected by external factors. To analyze the influence of different stain carriers on the detectability of mRNA markers from bloodstains, this study examined 10 carriers, including a knife, cotton swab, paper, plastic, leather, cement, chopsticks, clothes, ceramic block, and wall. After detecting five specific mRNA markers (HBA, HBB, ALAS2, GYPA, and SPTB) and the housekeeping gene B2M in peripheral blood samples, no statistically significant differences in the effects of the carriers were found. The results suggest that when performing mRNA testing on bloodstains, the effect of the stain carrier has little influence.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"76 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44886553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fiber evidence has played a crucial role in ascertaining various characteristics and has aided in providing evidential value to the fiber evidence as well as reconstructing events during crime scene investigation. Although fibers are transferred easily at the crime scene and various methods of interpretation exist, it is challenging to get a fiber match. The present study aims to provide a systematic review of the role of fiber as trace evidence. It explores the fiber population, transfer and persistence of fibers, fiber shedability and recovery, effect of laundry on fibers, stabbing events, the resistance of fabric against weapon's penetration, the behavior of fabric upon ballistic impact, and various analytical techniques of fiber examination. The study approaches to evaluate the significances and uncertainties of the recovered fiber evidence.
{"title":"Study on transfer and persistence of fibers: A systematic review","authors":"M. Mane, G. Devika","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_59_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_59_21","url":null,"abstract":"Fiber evidence has played a crucial role in ascertaining various characteristics and has aided in providing evidential value to the fiber evidence as well as reconstructing events during crime scene investigation. Although fibers are transferred easily at the crime scene and various methods of interpretation exist, it is challenging to get a fiber match. The present study aims to provide a systematic review of the role of fiber as trace evidence. It explores the fiber population, transfer and persistence of fibers, fiber shedability and recovery, effect of laundry on fibers, stabbing events, the resistance of fabric against weapon's penetration, the behavior of fabric upon ballistic impact, and various analytical techniques of fiber examination. The study approaches to evaluate the significances and uncertainties of the recovered fiber evidence.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"74 1","pages":"68 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70793671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The pathophysiology of lethal head trauma in infants and young children involves repetitive rotational forces of sufficient magnitude to produce subdural hemorrhage and brain swelling, which leads to considerable morbidity and mortality. The precise mechanism for brain swelling is unclear. Materials and Methods: We examined cerebral tissue from ten pediatric deaths due to blunt force trauma, along with seven control infants who asphyxiated in unsafe sleep environments. To assess the competence of the blood–brain barrier, we performed immunohistochemical stains for albumin and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Results: IgG and albumin were increased in subpial and superficial perivascular tissue in those cases due to blunt force trauma, and in particular, the blunt force trauma associated with subdural hematoma. This included two deaths at the scene without hospital survival time. Conclusions: Our findings suggest disruption of the blood–brain barrier with vasogenic edema as an early event in head trauma involving young children upstream of global ischemic brain injury. We hypothesize that mechanical injury to the cortical vasculature results in vasogenic edema by oncotic (increased plasma proteins in the cortical interstitium) and hydrostatic (increased capillary pressure) mechanisms, with subsequent cortical ischemia. This may explain why ischemic sequelae appear to occur in head trauma involving young children, regardless of whether anoxia, hypotension, or cardiac arrest complicate the disease course and may in part underlie the high morbidity and mortality of head trauma in early childhood.
{"title":"Evidence for cerebral microvascular injury in head trauma involving infants and young children","authors":"Rudolph Castellani, A. Scholl, Carl J. Schmidt","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_41_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_41_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The pathophysiology of lethal head trauma in infants and young children involves repetitive rotational forces of sufficient magnitude to produce subdural hemorrhage and brain swelling, which leads to considerable morbidity and mortality. The precise mechanism for brain swelling is unclear. Materials and Methods: We examined cerebral tissue from ten pediatric deaths due to blunt force trauma, along with seven control infants who asphyxiated in unsafe sleep environments. To assess the competence of the blood–brain barrier, we performed immunohistochemical stains for albumin and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Results: IgG and albumin were increased in subpial and superficial perivascular tissue in those cases due to blunt force trauma, and in particular, the blunt force trauma associated with subdural hematoma. This included two deaths at the scene without hospital survival time. Conclusions: Our findings suggest disruption of the blood–brain barrier with vasogenic edema as an early event in head trauma involving young children upstream of global ischemic brain injury. We hypothesize that mechanical injury to the cortical vasculature results in vasogenic edema by oncotic (increased plasma proteins in the cortical interstitium) and hydrostatic (increased capillary pressure) mechanisms, with subsequent cortical ischemia. This may explain why ischemic sequelae appear to occur in head trauma involving young children, regardless of whether anoxia, hypotension, or cardiac arrest complicate the disease course and may in part underlie the high morbidity and mortality of head trauma in early childhood.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"41 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47349340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Calliphoridae plays a key role in forensic entomology research, which is one of the first insects to decompose animal carcasses.The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) are among the most widely used molecular markers for insect taxonomic characterization. Aim: The aim of the study was to test the suitability of two genetic markers based on conducting the molecular identification of six necrophagous Calliphorid flies. Materials and Methods: Fourteen Calliphoridae flies were collected and classified with traditional morphological characteristics. The DNA of flies was extracted and the fragments of COI and ITS2 were amplified and sequenced. All the sequences were aligned and analyzed by MEGA 7 software for NCBI BLAST, nucleotide composition, intra- and inter-specific divergence calculation, and phylogenetic tree inference successively. Results: The results indicated that COI and ITS2 genes were robust in the identification of Calliphoridae at the species level and ITS2 gene sequence possessed a strong resolution power as it showed higher variation values between Lucilia sericata and Lucilia cuprina, Calliphora vomitoria and Triceratopyga calliphoroides, C.vomitoria and Aldrichina grahami, but inferior to COI for T. calliphoroides and A. grahami. Conclusions: Our results showed that combination of COI + ITS2 genes yields more accurate identification and diagnoses and better agreement with morphological data than the mitochondrial barcodes alone. As a supplementary method for morphological identification, we advocated for the combination of nuclear and mitochondrial gene approaches to address the taxonomy and phylogeny of forensic relevant flies, especially of closely related species and populations.
{"title":"Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA-based identification of some forensically important calliphoridae (diptera) in Luoyang of China","authors":"Meng Yang, Weiping Zhang, Adilai Tuerxun, Yaonan Mo, X. Zhai","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_3_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_3_21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Calliphoridae plays a key role in forensic entomology research, which is one of the first insects to decompose animal carcasses.The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) are among the most widely used molecular markers for insect taxonomic characterization. Aim: The aim of the study was to test the suitability of two genetic markers based on conducting the molecular identification of six necrophagous Calliphorid flies. Materials and Methods: Fourteen Calliphoridae flies were collected and classified with traditional morphological characteristics. The DNA of flies was extracted and the fragments of COI and ITS2 were amplified and sequenced. All the sequences were aligned and analyzed by MEGA 7 software for NCBI BLAST, nucleotide composition, intra- and inter-specific divergence calculation, and phylogenetic tree inference successively. Results: The results indicated that COI and ITS2 genes were robust in the identification of Calliphoridae at the species level and ITS2 gene sequence possessed a strong resolution power as it showed higher variation values between Lucilia sericata and Lucilia cuprina, Calliphora vomitoria and Triceratopyga calliphoroides, C.vomitoria and Aldrichina grahami, but inferior to COI for T. calliphoroides and A. grahami. Conclusions: Our results showed that combination of COI + ITS2 genes yields more accurate identification and diagnoses and better agreement with morphological data than the mitochondrial barcodes alone. As a supplementary method for morphological identification, we advocated for the combination of nuclear and mitochondrial gene approaches to address the taxonomy and phylogeny of forensic relevant flies, especially of closely related species and populations.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"11 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44777893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dmitry Afonin, I. Hora, V. Kolesnyk, I. Popovych, I. Kuchynska
Background: The paper examines the state and prospects of using 3D modeling in solving identification, classification, diagnostic and situational tasks of forensic examination. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze the world expert practice of using scientific and technical means of three-dimensional modeling in solving problems of forensic examination, using the example of our country, the leading countries of Europe, as well as the United States. Materials and Methods: The empirical basis of the study is the results of the systematization of scientific and technical means for 3D modeling in solving identification, classification, diagnostic and situational problems of forensic examinations used in the expert practice of Ukraine, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and the USA. Results: The systematization of modern scientific and technical means for 3D modeling, used in solving identification, classification, diagnostic and situational tasks of forensic examination, has been carried out. We analyzed and identified 3D modeling software that most fully meets the requirements of effective forensic expert activities. The features of the use of effective 3D modeling mean for solving identification, classification, diagnostic and situational tasks of forensic examination, namely the software systems “ToolScan” and “TrasoScan”, and the SketchUp program have been disclosed. Conclusion: The introduction of the SketchUp 8 software into forensic expert activities will increase the effectiveness of the modeling method in forensic examinations, which, in turn, will have an impact on the effectiveness of expert conclusions, increase their evidentiary value and, as a result, contribute to the entire process of a criminal investigation.
{"title":"On the possibilities of using some modern three-dimensional modeling means in forensic examination","authors":"Dmitry Afonin, I. Hora, V. Kolesnyk, I. Popovych, I. Kuchynska","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_57_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_57_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The paper examines the state and prospects of using 3D modeling in solving identification, classification, diagnostic and situational tasks of forensic examination. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze the world expert practice of using scientific and technical means of three-dimensional modeling in solving problems of forensic examination, using the example of our country, the leading countries of Europe, as well as the United States. Materials and Methods: The empirical basis of the study is the results of the systematization of scientific and technical means for 3D modeling in solving identification, classification, diagnostic and situational problems of forensic examinations used in the expert practice of Ukraine, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and the USA. Results: The systematization of modern scientific and technical means for 3D modeling, used in solving identification, classification, diagnostic and situational tasks of forensic examination, has been carried out. We analyzed and identified 3D modeling software that most fully meets the requirements of effective forensic expert activities. The features of the use of effective 3D modeling mean for solving identification, classification, diagnostic and situational tasks of forensic examination, namely the software systems “ToolScan” and “TrasoScan”, and the SketchUp program have been disclosed. Conclusion: The introduction of the SketchUp 8 software into forensic expert activities will increase the effectiveness of the modeling method in forensic examinations, which, in turn, will have an impact on the effectiveness of expert conclusions, increase their evidentiary value and, as a result, contribute to the entire process of a criminal investigation.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"17 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47460167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Aluminium phosphide is a usual ingredient of rodenticide and its poisoning is a common cause of suicide in India. Signs and symptoms of its toxicity are well-known. Its toxic effects are mainly due to liberation of phosphine gas which causes cell hypoxia due to inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and results in circulatory failure. Aims and Objectives: Mortality with aluminium phosphide is high as there is no specific antidote available yet. And hence we need to explore holistic treatment approach to improve patient outcomes in aluminium phosphide poisoning. Materials and Methods: Present study discusses a holistic treatment approach to aluminium phosphide poisoning in this retrospective analysis of 100 cases from a tertiary care hospital in this study. Results: Around 65% patients survived due to the holistic treatment approach and correct treatment protocol with supportive therapy. Conclusions: The aggressive and appropriate management with continuous hemodynamic monitoring and holistic treatment approach can reduce the mortality significantly in aluminium phosphide poisoning.
{"title":"Management of aluminium phosphide poisoning with a holistic approach at NHL municipal medical college and hospital, Ahmedabad","authors":"D. More, M. Wankhede, H. Malve","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_52_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_52_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Aluminium phosphide is a usual ingredient of rodenticide and its poisoning is a common cause of suicide in India. Signs and symptoms of its toxicity are well-known. Its toxic effects are mainly due to liberation of phosphine gas which causes cell hypoxia due to inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and results in circulatory failure. Aims and Objectives: Mortality with aluminium phosphide is high as there is no specific antidote available yet. And hence we need to explore holistic treatment approach to improve patient outcomes in aluminium phosphide poisoning. Materials and Methods: Present study discusses a holistic treatment approach to aluminium phosphide poisoning in this retrospective analysis of 100 cases from a tertiary care hospital in this study. Results: Around 65% patients survived due to the holistic treatment approach and correct treatment protocol with supportive therapy. Conclusions: The aggressive and appropriate management with continuous hemodynamic monitoring and holistic treatment approach can reduce the mortality significantly in aluminium phosphide poisoning.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"6 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48232148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Drommi, R. Barranco, Arianna Balbo, S. Errico, Francesca Elena Frigiolini, Manuela Mangioni, G. Molinari, Alessandra Zappi, P. Caligiuri, F. Stefano, F. Ventura
COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is highly contagious. The persistence of the virus after infected individuals die remains unclear. This article reports the findings taken from postmortem nasopharyngeal swabs performed to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the corpses transferred to the Genoa District Mortuary from the outset of the Italian lockdown (March 9) to the end of the first emergency phase (July 13). One hundred and eighty swabs were carried out: 13 corpses resulted positive for the virus, with the diagnosis being reached only after death. Seven were male and 6 female with an average age of 73.5 years old. The most frequent comorbidities recorded were arterial hypertension, diabetes, Alzheimer's, and pulmonary disease. In two cases, the swab tested positive at a distance of 125 h and 165 h from actual death. The nasopharyngeal swab results a useful way to screen corpses for COVID-19 and to handle bodies in Legal Medicine Centers where safe autoptic rooms are not available. Swabs are also a means of safeguarding forensic pathologists, identifying the presence of breeding grounds in the community and providing information for the Public Prosecutor's Office in legal cases. They are able to produce reliable results up to at least 7 days following death, provided that the corpse is correctly preserved.
{"title":"Postmortem nasopharyngeal swabs performed during the COVID-19 infection: Analysis of preliminary clinical records by the genoa institute of legal medicine (North-West Italy)","authors":"M. Drommi, R. Barranco, Arianna Balbo, S. Errico, Francesca Elena Frigiolini, Manuela Mangioni, G. Molinari, Alessandra Zappi, P. Caligiuri, F. Stefano, F. Ventura","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_5_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_5_21","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is highly contagious. The persistence of the virus after infected individuals die remains unclear. This article reports the findings taken from postmortem nasopharyngeal swabs performed to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the corpses transferred to the Genoa District Mortuary from the outset of the Italian lockdown (March 9) to the end of the first emergency phase (July 13). One hundred and eighty swabs were carried out: 13 corpses resulted positive for the virus, with the diagnosis being reached only after death. Seven were male and 6 female with an average age of 73.5 years old. The most frequent comorbidities recorded were arterial hypertension, diabetes, Alzheimer's, and pulmonary disease. In two cases, the swab tested positive at a distance of 125 h and 165 h from actual death. The nasopharyngeal swab results a useful way to screen corpses for COVID-19 and to handle bodies in Legal Medicine Centers where safe autoptic rooms are not available. Swabs are also a means of safeguarding forensic pathologists, identifying the presence of breeding grounds in the community and providing information for the Public Prosecutor's Office in legal cases. They are able to produce reliable results up to at least 7 days following death, provided that the corpse is correctly preserved.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"24 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44893497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Krishna Rao, Radhika Doppalapudi, Naif Al-Shammari, S. Patil, Sudhakar Vundavalli, M. Alam
Purpose: Identification of sex of unknown people becomes important in situations of mass disaster. Previous studies have shown that morphological characteristic of frontal sinus is distinctive to particular individual and hence, literature suggests that it can be used in establishing identification of a person. However, few researches have concluded that, its use in determining sexual dimorphism is limited. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate frontal sinus index using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and differentiate sex dimorphism based on the index obtained. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was undertaken using three-dimensional-CBCT scans. By simple random sampling method, 150 scans were selected, out of which 74 were of male and 76 were of female within the age group of 20–64 years. The frontal sinus width and the height were measured, and the ratio was taken as frontal sinus index. This index was correlated to the differentiation of sex. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and sex dimorphism was assessed using discriminant function analysis. Results: The mean height of the frontal sinus in both males and females was 30.12 ± 7.6 mm and 30.14 ± 7.8 mm, respectively. The mean width of frontal sinus in males (13.39 ± 3.6 mm) was slightly more than that of females (12.06 ± 3 mm). Conclusion: The parameter frontal sinus index measured using CBCT was found to be a contributing factor in sex determination in forensic identification within the sample population.
{"title":"Evaluation of frontal sinus index in establishing sex dimorphism using three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography in Northern Saudi Arabian population","authors":"Krishna Rao, Radhika Doppalapudi, Naif Al-Shammari, S. Patil, Sudhakar Vundavalli, M. Alam","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_19_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_19_21","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Identification of sex of unknown people becomes important in situations of mass disaster. Previous studies have shown that morphological characteristic of frontal sinus is distinctive to particular individual and hence, literature suggests that it can be used in establishing identification of a person. However, few researches have concluded that, its use in determining sexual dimorphism is limited. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate frontal sinus index using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and differentiate sex dimorphism based on the index obtained. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was undertaken using three-dimensional-CBCT scans. By simple random sampling method, 150 scans were selected, out of which 74 were of male and 76 were of female within the age group of 20–64 years. The frontal sinus width and the height were measured, and the ratio was taken as frontal sinus index. This index was correlated to the differentiation of sex. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and sex dimorphism was assessed using discriminant function analysis. Results: The mean height of the frontal sinus in both males and females was 30.12 ± 7.6 mm and 30.14 ± 7.8 mm, respectively. The mean width of frontal sinus in males (13.39 ± 3.6 mm) was slightly more than that of females (12.06 ± 3 mm). Conclusion: The parameter frontal sinus index measured using CBCT was found to be a contributing factor in sex determination in forensic identification within the sample population.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41938946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The defendant's mental capacity is often crucial in criminal procedure, and an expert witness may be requested to conduct a forensic psychiatric evaluation. This paper analyzes the law and clinical practice of adult defendants' forensic psychiatric evaluation in criminal courts between Mainland China and Taiwan China. Results indicated that the law in Taiwan China explicitly mentioned more mental illness and mental capacity than the law in Mainland China regarding forensic psychiatric evaluation. Concerning expert witnesses, Mainland China has established a registration and management system, but in Taiwan China, the judge decides the expert witness's admissibility. Furthermore, clinical evaluation guidelines have been promulgated in Mainland China, while none in Taiwan China. Implications of the findings were discussed.
{"title":"Comparison of adult defendants' forensic psychiatric evaluation in criminal courts between Mainland China and Taiwan China: From law to clinical practice","authors":"W. Tam","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_76_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_76_20","url":null,"abstract":"The defendant's mental capacity is often crucial in criminal procedure, and an expert witness may be requested to conduct a forensic psychiatric evaluation. This paper analyzes the law and clinical practice of adult defendants' forensic psychiatric evaluation in criminal courts between Mainland China and Taiwan China. Results indicated that the law in Taiwan China explicitly mentioned more mental illness and mental capacity than the law in Mainland China regarding forensic psychiatric evaluation. Concerning expert witnesses, Mainland China has established a registration and management system, but in Taiwan China, the judge decides the expert witness's admissibility. Furthermore, clinical evaluation guidelines have been promulgated in Mainland China, while none in Taiwan China. Implications of the findings were discussed.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":"32 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47747287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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