Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.24193/subbtref.67.2.05
Marianna Bátoriné Misák
"Pedagogy of Teréz Karacs. Teréz Karacs was one of the remarkable pioneers of her age in national female education, with a unique working ability, steadiness, and power. The Trans-Tisza Reformed Diocese, specifically the congregation of Miskolc, can also be very thankful to her. The pedagogy of Karacs was not just up to date but beyond her age. She opened the doors of her finishing school under such harsh circumstances and in an age in which others closed their institutions. Inviting the magistracy of the congregation, she received many promises for the unperturbed functioning of her school; however, the lack of finances meant a permanent struggle in the maintenance of the girls’ school. She also gave in her notice many times because of the unrealized promises. Teréz Karacs trained hundreds of girls in her consistent, thorough, and practical pedagogic method and prepared them for life. She did all her work with such a conviction that her efforts are not purposeless, serving and advancing her country, nation, and church. The upper finishing school of Miskolc put a great effort in the education of religion, which principally meant the shaping of a virtuous life, the inner piety in the century of rationalism and liberalism. Besides various subjects, religious education and nurture played an important part in the education of the girls in her institute. These tendencies also bore the marks of everyday life of the ecclesiastic life of the country. In spite of the fact that religious education appeared from the first lesson of the beginners, she did not mention it in her work Some Words on the Education of Girls. Negligence or slight of religious education would not even befit the careful work of Teréz Karacs, who meant to educate trustful and cultured women. Keywords: 19th century, female education, catechism, Teréz Karacs, Miskolc "
{"title":"Karacs Teréz pedagógiája Vallástanítás a miskolci Felsőbb Leánynevelő Intézetben","authors":"Marianna Bátoriné Misák","doi":"10.24193/subbtref.67.2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24193/subbtref.67.2.05","url":null,"abstract":"\"Pedagogy of Teréz Karacs. Teréz Karacs was one of the remarkable pioneers of her age in national female education, with a unique working ability, steadiness, and power. The Trans-Tisza Reformed Diocese, specifically the congregation of Miskolc, can also be very thankful to her. The pedagogy of Karacs was not just up to date but beyond her age. She opened the doors of her finishing school under such harsh circumstances and in an age in which others closed their institutions. Inviting the magistracy of the congregation, she received many promises for the unperturbed functioning of her school; however, the lack of finances meant a permanent struggle in the maintenance of the girls’ school. She also gave in her notice many times because of the unrealized promises. Teréz Karacs trained hundreds of girls in her consistent, thorough, and practical pedagogic method and prepared them for life. She did all her work with such a conviction that her efforts are not purposeless, serving and advancing her country, nation, and church. The upper finishing school of Miskolc put a great effort in the education of religion, which principally meant the shaping of a virtuous life, the inner piety in the century of rationalism and liberalism. Besides various subjects, religious education and nurture played an important part in the education of the girls in her institute. These tendencies also bore the marks of everyday life of the ecclesiastic life of the country. In spite of the fact that religious education appeared from the first lesson of the beginners, she did not mention it in her work Some Words on the Education of Girls. Negligence or slight of religious education would not even befit the careful work of Teréz Karacs, who meant to educate trustful and cultured women. Keywords: 19th century, female education, catechism, Teréz Karacs, Miskolc \"","PeriodicalId":36470,"journal":{"name":"Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Theologia Reformata Transylvanica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69221529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.24193/subbtref.67.2.14
Balázs Siba
"When (Seemingly) Nothing Happens – Reflection as a Precondition for Change. This is the first of an eight-part series of essays primarily for young adults and those helping them to grow up (parents, teachers, mentors). The entire series deals with the “heroic journey” of growing up, following the monomyth transformation scenario described by Joseph Campbell. This archetypal journey begins with the prelude to change, with the discovery of worlds outside “my world”. Contemplation is part of all our lives, even if we do not foster it so consciously. Whether it takes the form of talking to others, an inner monologue, or a prayer to God, contemplation is important because together with pondering it can be a precursor to life-changing events. Change begins with a sense of lack, of being unsettled, but losing focus is part of the search for a way out. It is usually not easy to remain in a state of cluelessness, of being at a loss, but being out of focus is a chance to deepen our connection to ourselves and to move inner energies that can intuitively help us to find the solution to our questions of life. Keywords: contemplation, change, transformation, reflection, unlearning "
{"title":"Amikor (látszólag) semmi sem történik – A fontolgatás mint a változás feltétele","authors":"Balázs Siba","doi":"10.24193/subbtref.67.2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24193/subbtref.67.2.14","url":null,"abstract":"\"When (Seemingly) Nothing Happens – Reflection as a Precondition for Change. This is the first of an eight-part series of essays primarily for young adults and those helping them to grow up (parents, teachers, mentors). The entire series deals with the “heroic journey” of growing up, following the monomyth transformation scenario described by Joseph Campbell. This archetypal journey begins with the prelude to change, with the discovery of worlds outside “my world”. Contemplation is part of all our lives, even if we do not foster it so consciously. Whether it takes the form of talking to others, an inner monologue, or a prayer to God, contemplation is important because together with pondering it can be a precursor to life-changing events. Change begins with a sense of lack, of being unsettled, but losing focus is part of the search for a way out. It is usually not easy to remain in a state of cluelessness, of being at a loss, but being out of focus is a chance to deepen our connection to ourselves and to move inner energies that can intuitively help us to find the solution to our questions of life. Keywords: contemplation, change, transformation, reflection, unlearning \"","PeriodicalId":36470,"journal":{"name":"Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Theologia Reformata Transylvanica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69221815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.24193/subbtref.67.2.01
Viktor Kókai-Nagy
"Εἰκών in Paul. “And God said, Let us make man in our image (ποιήσωμεν ἄνθρωπον κατ ̓ εἰκόνα ἡμετέραν)...” (Gen 1:26). One assumes that this meaningful phrase has left many traces in the New Testament. But if one looks at the occurrence of the word εἰκών, it becomes quite clear that it has a special theological meaning only for Paul. For him, the word expresses the extraordinary dignity of the human being. In my article I would like to explore this theme and compare Paul’s thoughts on εἰκών with Philo’s concept of εἰκών. In my article I would like to discuss the topic in three points. First, we will briefly look at the εἰκών motif in Genesis. Then we will see how Philo understood the image of God. And at the end we will arrive to Paul. Keywords: Philo, Paul, image of God, εἰκών and σῶμα "
{"title":"Εἰκών bei Paulus","authors":"Viktor Kókai-Nagy","doi":"10.24193/subbtref.67.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24193/subbtref.67.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"\"Εἰκών in Paul. “And God said, Let us make man in our image (ποιήσωμεν ἄνθρωπον κατ ̓ εἰκόνα ἡμετέραν)...” (Gen 1:26). One assumes that this meaningful phrase has left many traces in the New Testament. But if one looks at the occurrence of the word εἰκών, it becomes quite clear that it has a special theological meaning only for Paul. For him, the word expresses the extraordinary dignity of the human being. In my article I would like to explore this theme and compare Paul’s thoughts on εἰκών with Philo’s concept of εἰκών. In my article I would like to discuss the topic in three points. First, we will briefly look at the εἰκών motif in Genesis. Then we will see how Philo understood the image of God. And at the end we will arrive to Paul. Keywords: Philo, Paul, image of God, εἰκών and σῶμα \"","PeriodicalId":36470,"journal":{"name":"Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Theologia Reformata Transylvanica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47085106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.24193/subbtref.67.2.02
B. Németh
"The paper proposes an analysis of learning-based approaches for automated vehicle control systems from an ethical viewpoint. An analysis using analogies between selected biblical texts and operation concepts of learning-based approaches is performed. Thus, analogies for supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning-based approaches are created. Through the analogies, the root of the automatic control design problems, i.e. forming objective functions, on a theological level is explored. The analysis leads to three consequences, which are related to the difficulty of forming control objective, the difficulty of considering human objectives in control, and the necessity of viewing systems in all their complexity. The paper proposes the application of the consequences in an illustrative route selection vehicle control example. A multi-layer control concept involving the consequences of the analysis is proposed, with which some ethical challenges of the selected control problem can be handled. Keywords: biblical analogies, automated vehicle control, ethical challenges, machine learning "
{"title":"Consequences of an Analysis Using Biblical Analogies for Automated Vehicle Control Design","authors":"B. Németh","doi":"10.24193/subbtref.67.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24193/subbtref.67.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"\"The paper proposes an analysis of learning-based approaches for automated vehicle control systems from an ethical viewpoint. An analysis using analogies between selected biblical texts and operation concepts of learning-based approaches is performed. Thus, analogies for supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning-based approaches are created. Through the analogies, the root of the automatic control design problems, i.e. forming objective functions, on a theological level is explored. The analysis leads to three consequences, which are related to the difficulty of forming control objective, the difficulty of considering human objectives in control, and the necessity of viewing systems in all their complexity. The paper proposes the application of the consequences in an illustrative route selection vehicle control example. A multi-layer control concept involving the consequences of the analysis is proposed, with which some ethical challenges of the selected control problem can be handled. Keywords: biblical analogies, automated vehicle control, ethical challenges, machine learning \"","PeriodicalId":36470,"journal":{"name":"Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Theologia Reformata Transylvanica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69221308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.24193/subbtref.67.2.07
J. Kerekes
"The Relocation of the Reformed Law Academy in Máramarossziget to Hungary. The law academy in Máramarossziget, founded in 1837, was shut down in 1854 by Minister of the Interior Bach because of its participation in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. It reopened its gates to the students only in 1869. The law-academy flourished in the 20th century, having more than 120 students. It received support and sponsorship from the Prime Minister himself. However, the Great War sealed its fate. Two thirds of the whole faculty and most of the students were enrolled in the army. This tragedy was followed by an even greater one: the Spanish flu epidemic. Also, the Russian army ravaged the land, followed by the regime change. After the Peace Dictate, the law academy became part of the Romanian Kingdom’s territory. The faculty accepted the invitation of the town of Hódmezővásárhely and relocated itself to Hungary in 1921. Unfortunately, because of its unfavourable financial state and the decision of the Reformed Diocese of Tiszántúl, the Minister of Cults and Education closed down the academy for good in 1923. This was the last law academy founded by the church. Its rightful successor became the law academy of Kecskemét, one that was acknowledged nation-wide by the Reformed Church of Hungary. Keywords: Máramarossziget, law academy, hopelessness, relocation, Hódmezővásárhely, financial situation, liquidation, successor "
{"title":"A Máramarosszigeti Református Jogakadémia „áttelepülése” Magyarországra","authors":"J. Kerekes","doi":"10.24193/subbtref.67.2.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24193/subbtref.67.2.07","url":null,"abstract":"\"The Relocation of the Reformed Law Academy in Máramarossziget to Hungary. The law academy in Máramarossziget, founded in 1837, was shut down in 1854 by Minister of the Interior Bach because of its participation in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. It reopened its gates to the students only in 1869. The law-academy flourished in the 20th century, having more than 120 students. It received support and sponsorship from the Prime Minister himself. However, the Great War sealed its fate. Two thirds of the whole faculty and most of the students were enrolled in the army. This tragedy was followed by an even greater one: the Spanish flu epidemic. Also, the Russian army ravaged the land, followed by the regime change. After the Peace Dictate, the law academy became part of the Romanian Kingdom’s territory. The faculty accepted the invitation of the town of Hódmezővásárhely and relocated itself to Hungary in 1921. Unfortunately, because of its unfavourable financial state and the decision of the Reformed Diocese of Tiszántúl, the Minister of Cults and Education closed down the academy for good in 1923. This was the last law academy founded by the church. Its rightful successor became the law academy of Kecskemét, one that was acknowledged nation-wide by the Reformed Church of Hungary. Keywords: Máramarossziget, law academy, hopelessness, relocation, Hódmezővásárhely, financial situation, liquidation, successor \"","PeriodicalId":36470,"journal":{"name":"Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Theologia Reformata Transylvanica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69221368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.21827/tr.65.4.338-353
M. Kater
The German homiletician Rudolf Bohren speaks of “preaching as play, a play which must be qualified because preaching is a serious act. This essay reviews Bohren’s view of the art and nature of the ‘preaching game’ and how this influences the writing of sermons. It then examines elements of this game as discussed by Johan Huizinga in his Homo ludens, in order to uncover the contributions of ‘preaching as play’ to Reformed homiletics. The essay ends with an evaluation of the preacher as ‘homo ludens’, the sermon preparation as play, and preaching itself as play. It concludes by suggesting that preaching as play belongs to the theological locus of pneumatology.
{"title":"Er staat wat op het spel in de prediking. Het spel en de prediker als homo ludens in Bohrens Homiletik","authors":"M. Kater","doi":"10.21827/tr.65.4.338-353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21827/tr.65.4.338-353","url":null,"abstract":"The German homiletician Rudolf Bohren speaks of “preaching as play, a play which must be qualified because preaching is a serious act. This essay reviews Bohren’s view of the art and nature of the ‘preaching game’ and how this influences the writing of sermons. It then examines elements of this game as discussed by Johan Huizinga in his Homo ludens, in order to uncover the contributions of ‘preaching as play’ to Reformed homiletics. The essay ends with an evaluation of the preacher as ‘homo ludens’, the sermon preparation as play, and preaching itself as play. It concludes by suggesting that preaching as play belongs to the theological locus of pneumatology.","PeriodicalId":36470,"journal":{"name":"Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Theologia Reformata Transylvanica","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86001211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.21827/tr.65.4.354-370
R.W.N. Kuil
Historian and linguist Johan Huizinga’s theory of the function of play in human culture in Homo ludens (1938) includes a discussion of the close link between liturgy and play. In the 1980’s author and cultural critic Frans Kellendonk put forward the notion of sincerelyfeigning (‘oprecht veinzen’) in relation to faith in a post-Christian society. This article examines the socio-cultural background of Huizinga’s and Kellendonk’s ideas and their personal commitment to the faith. It concludes with a consideration of the question: Towhat extent can sincerely feigning be considered a sign of longing?
{"title":"Veinzen of verlangen? Spel en geloof bij Johan Huizinga en Frans Kellendonk","authors":"R.W.N. Kuil","doi":"10.21827/tr.65.4.354-370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21827/tr.65.4.354-370","url":null,"abstract":"Historian and linguist Johan Huizinga’s theory of the function of play in human culture in Homo ludens (1938) includes a discussion of the close link between liturgy and play. In the 1980’s author and cultural critic Frans Kellendonk put forward the notion of sincerelyfeigning (‘oprecht veinzen’) in relation to faith in a post-Christian society. This article examines the socio-cultural background of Huizinga’s and Kellendonk’s ideas and their personal commitment to the faith. It concludes with a consideration of the question: Towhat extent can sincerely feigning be considered a sign of longing?","PeriodicalId":36470,"journal":{"name":"Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Theologia Reformata Transylvanica","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80151828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.21827/tr.65.4.387-396
H. Peels
N.a.v.: Louis Stulman en Edward Silver, The Oxford Handbook of Jeremiah (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021) xix + 683 p., £ 97,00 (ISBN 9780190693060).
{"title":"Focus","authors":"H. Peels","doi":"10.21827/tr.65.4.387-396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21827/tr.65.4.387-396","url":null,"abstract":"N.a.v.: Louis Stulman en Edward Silver, The Oxford Handbook of Jeremiah (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021) xix + 683 p., £ 97,00 (ISBN 9780190693060). ","PeriodicalId":36470,"journal":{"name":"Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Theologia Reformata Transylvanica","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84740744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.21827/tr.65.4.371-386
W.P. Verbeek
In Homo Ludens Johan Huizinga argues that play is a necessary condition of culture, as for example in the placement of objects in the Rijksmuseum: their arrangement produces different layers of meaning that can be uncovered in various ways by visitors. Huizinga opposes the idea of the as a museum of art because combining objects of art and historical objects will lead to a ‘historical sensationalism’. The polyptych “The Seven Works of Mercy” (De zeven werken van barmhartigheid) shows how a Christian-religious object can function in the Rijksmuseum’s environment, defined by secular rules of presentation.
Johan Huizinga在《Homo Ludens》一书中认为，游戏是文化的必要条件，就像在国立博物馆中放置物品一样:它们的排列产生了不同层次的意义，可以通过各种方式被游客发现。Huizinga反对作为艺术博物馆的想法，因为将艺术品和历史物品结合起来会导致“历史轰动主义”。“七件仁慈的作品”(De zeven werken van barmhartigheid)展示了基督教宗教物品如何在国家博物馆的环境中发挥作用，由世俗的呈现规则定义。
{"title":"Spel en betekenisgeving bij de musealisering van christelijk-religieus erfgoed","authors":"W.P. Verbeek","doi":"10.21827/tr.65.4.371-386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21827/tr.65.4.371-386","url":null,"abstract":"In Homo Ludens Johan Huizinga argues that play is a necessary condition of culture, as for example in the placement of objects in the Rijksmuseum: their arrangement produces different layers of meaning that can be uncovered in various ways by visitors. Huizinga opposes the idea of the as a museum of art because combining objects of art and historical objects will lead to a ‘historical sensationalism’. The polyptych “The Seven Works of Mercy” (De zeven werken van barmhartigheid) shows how a Christian-religious object can function in the Rijksmuseum’s environment, defined by secular rules of presentation.","PeriodicalId":36470,"journal":{"name":"Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Theologia Reformata Transylvanica","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86096555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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