MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate the expression of their target genes. The biological functions of miRNAs have been explored considerably. Numerous studies have demonstrated that extracellular miRNA could be implemented as a biomarker for several diseases. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD embodies an array of defects extending from elementary steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, which might advance to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma, which are closely linked to increased activity hepatic morbidity and mortality. Liver biopsy is acknowledged as the most precise practice for diagnosis and staging of NAFLD. Invasive drawbacks have prompted the likelihood of introducing an alternative noninvasive approach for consideration. Several lines of evidence have revealed that miRNAs are emerging as a potentially useful noninvasive marker for the development and progression of NAFLD. In addition, recent studies have identified that miRNAs take part in lipid metabolism linked to NAFLD and its advancement to severity. This article reviews the contemporary corroboration associating miRNAs and NAFLD and emphasizes the potential role of miRNA as a circulatory biomarker that could alert the growing prevalence of NAFLD. Furthermore, it acknowledges the valuable compendium of information regarding biogenesis and the role of circulating miRNA in lipid metabolism, which is intimately linked to NAFLD.
{"title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and MicroRNAs: A Weighty Consideration","authors":"Sanjukta Mishra, Rajlaxmi Sarangi, Swarnalata Das, Amresh Mishra","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_319_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_319_22","url":null,"abstract":"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate the expression of their target genes. The biological functions of miRNAs have been explored considerably. Numerous studies have demonstrated that extracellular miRNA could be implemented as a biomarker for several diseases. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD embodies an array of defects extending from elementary steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, which might advance to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma, which are closely linked to increased activity hepatic morbidity and mortality. Liver biopsy is acknowledged as the most precise practice for diagnosis and staging of NAFLD. Invasive drawbacks have prompted the likelihood of introducing an alternative noninvasive approach for consideration. Several lines of evidence have revealed that miRNAs are emerging as a potentially useful noninvasive marker for the development and progression of NAFLD. In addition, recent studies have identified that miRNAs take part in lipid metabolism linked to NAFLD and its advancement to severity. This article reviews the contemporary corroboration associating miRNAs and NAFLD and emphasizes the potential role of miRNA as a circulatory biomarker that could alert the growing prevalence of NAFLD. Furthermore, it acknowledges the valuable compendium of information regarding biogenesis and the role of circulating miRNA in lipid metabolism, which is intimately linked to NAFLD.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42468190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_362_22
I. Udovychenko, T. Halenova, O. Artemenko, T. Vovk, N. Raksha, Savchuk Olexii, L. Ostapchenko
Background: A growing number of reports indicate that amphibian skin secretions may have a remarkable medical importance; however, the effects of the components of some dermal secretions on blood platelets and hemostasis are inadequately recognized. Since our previous studies demonstrated that the general Bufo bufo skin secretions induced platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma, this work was designed to study the effects of the components of some fractions on platelet functions to comprehend its possible mechanism of action as platelet modulators. Methods: Chromatographic separation of B. bufo general skin secretions was carried out using size exclusion chromatography. Rabbit platelets were purified by column chromatography on Sepharose 4B. Various aspects of platelet function such as activation, aggregation, and adhesion were evaluated. Results: One fraction, out of 7, dose-dependently induced aggregation of isolated platelets and was used in further experiments. The studied fraction was shown to induce platelet adhesion onto fibrinogen-coated surface. Furthermore, the results demonstrated the effects of the fraction on some processes that involved in platelets activation: The fraction components facilitated (Ca2+) i mobilization and attenuated platelets Akt phosphorylation, but had no effect on platelet serotonin secretion. Membrane integrity was determined using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. No increased LDH release was recorded that means no platelet damage, which could lead to misinterpretation of the data, occurred. Conclusion: The results suggest that components of the B. bufo skin secretions may be a promising source of natural compounds which can modulate platelet functions.
{"title":"Modulation of platelet functions by European toad (Bufo Bufo) skin secretions components","authors":"I. Udovychenko, T. Halenova, O. Artemenko, T. Vovk, N. Raksha, Savchuk Olexii, L. Ostapchenko","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_362_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_362_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: A growing number of reports indicate that amphibian skin secretions may have a remarkable medical importance; however, the effects of the components of some dermal secretions on blood platelets and hemostasis are inadequately recognized. Since our previous studies demonstrated that the general Bufo bufo skin secretions induced platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma, this work was designed to study the effects of the components of some fractions on platelet functions to comprehend its possible mechanism of action as platelet modulators. Methods: Chromatographic separation of B. bufo general skin secretions was carried out using size exclusion chromatography. Rabbit platelets were purified by column chromatography on Sepharose 4B. Various aspects of platelet function such as activation, aggregation, and adhesion were evaluated. Results: One fraction, out of 7, dose-dependently induced aggregation of isolated platelets and was used in further experiments. The studied fraction was shown to induce platelet adhesion onto fibrinogen-coated surface. Furthermore, the results demonstrated the effects of the fraction on some processes that involved in platelets activation: The fraction components facilitated (Ca2+) i mobilization and attenuated platelets Akt phosphorylation, but had no effect on platelet serotonin secretion. Membrane integrity was determined using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. No increased LDH release was recorded that means no platelet damage, which could lead to misinterpretation of the data, occurred. Conclusion: The results suggest that components of the B. bufo skin secretions may be a promising source of natural compounds which can modulate platelet functions.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48499749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Fakhraie, J. Ghanavi, K. Saliminejad, P. Farnia
Background: Immune responses may be involved in the development of pseudoexfoliation (PEX), pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG), and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) pathogenesis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of IL12B rs3212227 A/C and INFG rs1861494 T/C polymorphisms with the risk of PEX, PEXG, and POAG in an Iranian population. Methods: Totally, 55 POAG, 57 PEX, and 78 PEXG patient cases as well as 79 healthy controls were included in this study. Genotyping of the IL12B and INFG polymorphisms was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods using TaqI and FauI restriction enzyme, respectively. Results: Results indicated that IL12B AC genotype was significantly higher in POAG (36.4%; P < 0.001; odds ratio [OR] = 4.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7–10.0) and PEX patients (36.4%; P = 0.023; OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.1–6.9) compared to the control group (12.6%). The C allele could be considered a risk factor for POAG (P = 0.002; OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 3.1–6.8) and PEX (P < 0.001; OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 3.4–7.3). INFG TC genotype was significantly higher in PEX (38.6%; P = 0.007; OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.3–6.3) and PEXG patients (37.2%; P = 0.009; OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.1–6.9) compared to the control group (19.0%). The C allele seemed to be a risk factor for PEX (P = 0.002; OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.4–5.7) and PEXG (P = 0.009; OR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.2–4.7). Conclusion: Overall, IL12B was associated with susceptibility to POAG and PEX, and IL12B C allele increased the risk of POAG and PEX. In addition, INFG was associated with susceptibility to PEX and PEXG, and the INFG C allele seemed to be a risk factor for PEX and PEXG.
{"title":"Investigating the association of IL12B and INFG Polymorphisms with the risk of pseudoexfoliation syndrome and glaucoma","authors":"G. Fakhraie, J. Ghanavi, K. Saliminejad, P. Farnia","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_23_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_23_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Immune responses may be involved in the development of pseudoexfoliation (PEX), pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG), and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) pathogenesis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of IL12B rs3212227 A/C and INFG rs1861494 T/C polymorphisms with the risk of PEX, PEXG, and POAG in an Iranian population. Methods: Totally, 55 POAG, 57 PEX, and 78 PEXG patient cases as well as 79 healthy controls were included in this study. Genotyping of the IL12B and INFG polymorphisms was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods using TaqI and FauI restriction enzyme, respectively. Results: Results indicated that IL12B AC genotype was significantly higher in POAG (36.4%; P < 0.001; odds ratio [OR] = 4.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7–10.0) and PEX patients (36.4%; P = 0.023; OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.1–6.9) compared to the control group (12.6%). The C allele could be considered a risk factor for POAG (P = 0.002; OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 3.1–6.8) and PEX (P < 0.001; OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 3.4–7.3). INFG TC genotype was significantly higher in PEX (38.6%; P = 0.007; OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.3–6.3) and PEXG patients (37.2%; P = 0.009; OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.1–6.9) compared to the control group (19.0%). The C allele seemed to be a risk factor for PEX (P = 0.002; OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.4–5.7) and PEXG (P = 0.009; OR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.2–4.7). Conclusion: Overall, IL12B was associated with susceptibility to POAG and PEX, and IL12B C allele increased the risk of POAG and PEX. In addition, INFG was associated with susceptibility to PEX and PEXG, and the INFG C allele seemed to be a risk factor for PEX and PEXG.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47279550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Doddawad, S. Shivananda, H. Kalabharathi, A. Shetty, S. Sowmya, H. Sowmya
Zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes known as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a class of structurally related enzymes that are known to be crucial in the catabolic turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. MMPs are thought to control the activity of a number of non-ECM bioactive substrates, such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and cell receptors, which control the tissue microenvironment. The interaction between cells and ECM plays a key role in normal development and differentiation of organism and many pathological states as well. The primary class of controlling proteases in the ECM is known as MMPs. Aspects of normal physiology and pathology depend on the ability of MMPs to change the structural integrity of tissues. Uncontrolled ECM turnover, tissue remodeling, inflammatory response, cell proliferation, and migration are pathogenic alterations that can result from an imbalance between the concentration of active metalloproteinases and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases [TIMPs]). This detailed review provides some information on the function of MMPs in inflammatory, caries and periapical, cancer, and other oral diseases. Blood and saliva are the two biological fluids that are most frequently used to diagnose oral disorders. Most of the ECM components in patients undergo digestion to lower molecular weight forms, resulting in much higher amounts of MMPs in their saliva/blood than in healthy individuals. Conventional treatment successfully reduces the levels of MMPs which inhibits the progressive breakdown of collagens in ECM components.
{"title":"Matrix metalloproteinases in oral cancer: A catabolic activity on extracellular matrix components","authors":"V. Doddawad, S. Shivananda, H. Kalabharathi, A. Shetty, S. Sowmya, H. Sowmya","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_10_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_10_23","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes known as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a class of structurally related enzymes that are known to be crucial in the catabolic turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. MMPs are thought to control the activity of a number of non-ECM bioactive substrates, such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and cell receptors, which control the tissue microenvironment. The interaction between cells and ECM plays a key role in normal development and differentiation of organism and many pathological states as well. The primary class of controlling proteases in the ECM is known as MMPs. Aspects of normal physiology and pathology depend on the ability of MMPs to change the structural integrity of tissues. Uncontrolled ECM turnover, tissue remodeling, inflammatory response, cell proliferation, and migration are pathogenic alterations that can result from an imbalance between the concentration of active metalloproteinases and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases [TIMPs]). This detailed review provides some information on the function of MMPs in inflammatory, caries and periapical, cancer, and other oral diseases. Blood and saliva are the two biological fluids that are most frequently used to diagnose oral disorders. Most of the ECM components in patients undergo digestion to lower molecular weight forms, resulting in much higher amounts of MMPs in their saliva/blood than in healthy individuals. Conventional treatment successfully reduces the levels of MMPs which inhibits the progressive breakdown of collagens in ECM components.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47106685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neurodegeneration – defined as a progressive cell loss in specific neuronal populations – has devastating clinical consequences with significant societal and economic implications. Although effective preventive measures are still lacking, features of positive mental health and emotional resilience have the potential to reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Romantic experiences – which are characterized by intense emotional intimacy – have complex biological underpinnings including an increased production and release of oxytocin and nerve growth factor (NGF). Because both oxytocin and NGF can protect against neurodegeneration, we propose our hypothesis that being constantly engaged in romantic feelings and experiences may delay or even prevent the onset of NDDs. We also propose that this could occur at the molecular level through the NGF/protein kinase B (Akt)/cyclic-adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein and NGF/Akt/phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-γ) signaling pathways. In this article, we describe this conceptual framework and delineate potential avenues for future research in the field.
{"title":"Constant romantic feelings and experiences can protect against neurodegeneration: Potential role of oxytocin-induced nerve growth factor/protein kinase B/Cyclic response element-binding protein and nerve growth factor/protein kinase B/Phospholipase C-Gamma signaling pathways","authors":"M. Gholami, E. Emanuele, M. Motaghinejad","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_28_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_28_23","url":null,"abstract":"Neurodegeneration – defined as a progressive cell loss in specific neuronal populations – has devastating clinical consequences with significant societal and economic implications. Although effective preventive measures are still lacking, features of positive mental health and emotional resilience have the potential to reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Romantic experiences – which are characterized by intense emotional intimacy – have complex biological underpinnings including an increased production and release of oxytocin and nerve growth factor (NGF). Because both oxytocin and NGF can protect against neurodegeneration, we propose our hypothesis that being constantly engaged in romantic feelings and experiences may delay or even prevent the onset of NDDs. We also propose that this could occur at the molecular level through the NGF/protein kinase B (Akt)/cyclic-adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein and NGF/Akt/phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-γ) signaling pathways. In this article, we describe this conceptual framework and delineate potential avenues for future research in the field.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48253665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_191_22
Ahmed Atia, Bushra Hosien, Howida Belhaj
Background: In low- and middle-income countries, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) imposes a significant burden on patients and health-care systems. Due to a lack of data, the overall impact of AMR in Libya is not well known or documented. As a result, this study presents the results of a review of available data on AMR in Libya over the past 20 years (from 2002 to 2021) to aid understanding of the current AMR situation in this portion of the continent. Methods: Articles related to the topic were researched using databases and search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate websites. These articles were selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The total number of tested isolates for each of the reported Bacterial spp. was used to calculate antibiotic resistance to a specific bacterium. Results: Studies published in the past 20 years, representing reports of 18,160 AMR tests, showed that Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) was the most reported clinical diagnosis in Libya (61.3%). Out of 43 articles, Staphylococcus aureus was the most common Gram-positive bacteria documented in (31, 61.3%) studies, and was most common in 59.78% of skin infections. Whereas, Pseudomonas spps., were the most common Gram-negative bacteria presented in (23, 53.48%) studies, and were commonly isolated in respiratory infection (9.39%). Among Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. reported a high resistance percentage for penicillin beta-lactam antibiotic, i.e., piperacillin (10.4%) and to the first-generation cephalosporins antibiotics, i.e., cefazolin (7.7%). However, they are susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin, and colistin. Gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus shows high resistance to oxacillin, followed by gentamycin and cefoxitin (8.5%, 8.3%, and 8.3%, respectively). Effective antibiotics against S. aureus were azithromycin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole, whose susceptibility was 99.9% each, while 1% of S. aureus were vancomycin-resistant S. aureus. Conclusion: This study gives a comprehensive analysis of the state of AMR in Libya with respect to the most regularly prescribed antibiotics. The findings of the research show the alarmingly persistent occurrences of AMR in Libya, as well as the critical need to establish national action, plans to combat AMR and improve surveillance programs.
{"title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Libya: A systematic literature review of two decades","authors":"Ahmed Atia, Bushra Hosien, Howida Belhaj","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_191_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_191_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In low- and middle-income countries, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) imposes a significant burden on patients and health-care systems. Due to a lack of data, the overall impact of AMR in Libya is not well known or documented. As a result, this study presents the results of a review of available data on AMR in Libya over the past 20 years (from 2002 to 2021) to aid understanding of the current AMR situation in this portion of the continent. Methods: Articles related to the topic were researched using databases and search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate websites. These articles were selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The total number of tested isolates for each of the reported Bacterial spp. was used to calculate antibiotic resistance to a specific bacterium. Results: Studies published in the past 20 years, representing reports of 18,160 AMR tests, showed that Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) was the most reported clinical diagnosis in Libya (61.3%). Out of 43 articles, Staphylococcus aureus was the most common Gram-positive bacteria documented in (31, 61.3%) studies, and was most common in 59.78% of skin infections. Whereas, Pseudomonas spps., were the most common Gram-negative bacteria presented in (23, 53.48%) studies, and were commonly isolated in respiratory infection (9.39%). Among Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. reported a high resistance percentage for penicillin beta-lactam antibiotic, i.e., piperacillin (10.4%) and to the first-generation cephalosporins antibiotics, i.e., cefazolin (7.7%). However, they are susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin, and colistin. Gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus shows high resistance to oxacillin, followed by gentamycin and cefoxitin (8.5%, 8.3%, and 8.3%, respectively). Effective antibiotics against S. aureus were azithromycin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole, whose susceptibility was 99.9% each, while 1% of S. aureus were vancomycin-resistant S. aureus. Conclusion: This study gives a comprehensive analysis of the state of AMR in Libya with respect to the most regularly prescribed antibiotics. The findings of the research show the alarmingly persistent occurrences of AMR in Libya, as well as the critical need to establish national action, plans to combat AMR and improve surveillance programs.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44012078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_201_22
Yousef Za'ror, Z. Zulkafli, L. Al-Eitan, L. Elsalem, B. Al-Husein, M. Azlan
Background: Currently, the high expression of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in sickle cell disease is treated by hydroxyurea (HU). However, potential adverse effect regarding the use of HU is a major concern. Therefore, the search for an alternative therapeutic agent is necessary. By using K562 cells as a model, this research aimed to determine the effect of erythropoietin (EPO) and stem cell factor (SCF) combination therapy on the expression of BCL11A, KLF1, and the ERK of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Methods: K562 cells were treated with SCF, EPO, and a combination of SCF and EPO for 24 h. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect γ-globin mRNA expression. Western blotting was performed to determine the expression of BCL11A, KLF1, and ERK of the MAPK pathway. Results: In contrast to HU, the treatment with SCF and EPO, either separately or together, preserved the expression of the γ-globin gene. In addition, SCF and EPO treatment had no effect on the expression of BCL11A or KLF1 in K562 cells. After receiving SCF and EPO treatment, the ERK signaling of the MAPK remained unaltered. Conclusions: We conclude that the expression of the γ-globin gene, BCL11A, KLF1, and ERK of the MAPK pathway is unaffected by the combination of EPO and SCF.
{"title":"The expression of BCL11A, KLF1, and ERK of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway on stem cell factor and erythropoietin-treated K562 cells","authors":"Yousef Za'ror, Z. Zulkafli, L. Al-Eitan, L. Elsalem, B. Al-Husein, M. Azlan","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_201_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_201_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Currently, the high expression of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in sickle cell disease is treated by hydroxyurea (HU). However, potential adverse effect regarding the use of HU is a major concern. Therefore, the search for an alternative therapeutic agent is necessary. By using K562 cells as a model, this research aimed to determine the effect of erythropoietin (EPO) and stem cell factor (SCF) combination therapy on the expression of BCL11A, KLF1, and the ERK of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Methods: K562 cells were treated with SCF, EPO, and a combination of SCF and EPO for 24 h. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect γ-globin mRNA expression. Western blotting was performed to determine the expression of BCL11A, KLF1, and ERK of the MAPK pathway. Results: In contrast to HU, the treatment with SCF and EPO, either separately or together, preserved the expression of the γ-globin gene. In addition, SCF and EPO treatment had no effect on the expression of BCL11A or KLF1 in K562 cells. After receiving SCF and EPO treatment, the ERK signaling of the MAPK remained unaltered. Conclusions: We conclude that the expression of the γ-globin gene, BCL11A, KLF1, and ERK of the MAPK pathway is unaffected by the combination of EPO and SCF.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44103216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_291_22
Rawaq Hassan, S. Mohammed
Background: Due to increased vaccination rates and the continued spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, many people are developing “hybrid immunity” to the virus. On the other hand, a high body mass index (BMI) has been associated with a reduced immune response to vaccination.the aims of this study was to measuring the level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) generated against different types of vaccines in vaccinated individuals with and without previous infection and with BMI. a cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2021 and April 2022. Methods: A blood sample was obtained from 174 vaccinated persons. SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels and IFN-γ were detected using SARS-CoV-2 IgG II quant and ELISAtechniques, respectively. statistical Analysis Used IBM SPSS version 24 software was used. Quantitative results are indicated as mean ± standard deviation. The statistical significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in IgG and IFN-γ mean levels between the vaccinated individual with and without confirmed previous infection. However, there was a significant difference in the case of the AstraZeneca vaccine regarding IgG levels only. The mean antibody concentration of patients with normal weight who received the Pfizer vaccine showed a slightly significant difference. Regarding the IFN-γ level, there was a significant difference among the three types of vaccines in obese individuals. Conclusion: Previous infection with coronavirus disease-2019 seems to have no effect on IgG and IFN-γ levels after vaccination. In addition, normal-weight individuals might possibly respond better to the vaccine and produce more antibody levels.
{"title":"Impact of previous infection and body mass index on interferon-gamma and immunoglobulin G level generated against three types of vaccines available in Iraq","authors":"Rawaq Hassan, S. Mohammed","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_291_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_291_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Due to increased vaccination rates and the continued spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, many people are developing “hybrid immunity” to the virus. On the other hand, a high body mass index (BMI) has been associated with a reduced immune response to vaccination.the aims of this study was to measuring the level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) generated against different types of vaccines in vaccinated individuals with and without previous infection and with BMI. a cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2021 and April 2022. Methods: A blood sample was obtained from 174 vaccinated persons. SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels and IFN-γ were detected using SARS-CoV-2 IgG II quant and ELISAtechniques, respectively. statistical Analysis Used IBM SPSS version 24 software was used. Quantitative results are indicated as mean ± standard deviation. The statistical significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in IgG and IFN-γ mean levels between the vaccinated individual with and without confirmed previous infection. However, there was a significant difference in the case of the AstraZeneca vaccine regarding IgG levels only. The mean antibody concentration of patients with normal weight who received the Pfizer vaccine showed a slightly significant difference. Regarding the IFN-γ level, there was a significant difference among the three types of vaccines in obese individuals. Conclusion: Previous infection with coronavirus disease-2019 seems to have no effect on IgG and IFN-γ levels after vaccination. In addition, normal-weight individuals might possibly respond better to the vaccine and produce more antibody levels.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46058793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_312_22
Pooja Gadkari, S. Daharwal
Background: Punicalagin is the main phenolic compound present in pomegranate (Punica granatum), it possesses various kinds of activities which is very essential as a dietary supplement, herbal supplements, or nutraceuticals are widely available in the market and are used clinically for various therapeutic activities, in the recent years, especially in the pandemic period of COVID-19. Hence, it is necessary to standardize herbal medicines for quality control, quantitative analysis for purity, and routine analysis. The punicalagin shows potential antiviral activity against the SARS-COV-2 virus, the literature review reveals that punicalagin is the area of interest during the recent research studies, and the present work deals with the quantitative analysis of punicalagin from high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) in marketed herbal preparation and the in-house preparation. Methods: The method development and quantitative analysis of punicalagin in pomegranate are developed using the solvent system chloroform: ethyl acetate: formic acid (4:3:3 v/v/v), and the method is successfully developed. Results: The punicalagin is quantified at 257 nm, acid (4:3:3). The content found in the various samples in PGGO is 3.207 mg, in PGBB is 1.257 mg, in PGNV is 1.743 mg, in PGWE is 807.6μg, in PGDF is 835.2 μg, and in in-house is 867.2 μg of punicalagin, from 1 g of each sample. Conclusion: The method was successfully developed, but there was no method developed for punicalagin in HPTLC, this is the novel approach we have done, and the method can be used for routine analysis.
{"title":"Quantification of punicalagin in pomegranate peels from high-performance thin-layer chromatography","authors":"Pooja Gadkari, S. Daharwal","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_312_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_312_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Punicalagin is the main phenolic compound present in pomegranate (Punica granatum), it possesses various kinds of activities which is very essential as a dietary supplement, herbal supplements, or nutraceuticals are widely available in the market and are used clinically for various therapeutic activities, in the recent years, especially in the pandemic period of COVID-19. Hence, it is necessary to standardize herbal medicines for quality control, quantitative analysis for purity, and routine analysis. The punicalagin shows potential antiviral activity against the SARS-COV-2 virus, the literature review reveals that punicalagin is the area of interest during the recent research studies, and the present work deals with the quantitative analysis of punicalagin from high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) in marketed herbal preparation and the in-house preparation. Methods: The method development and quantitative analysis of punicalagin in pomegranate are developed using the solvent system chloroform: ethyl acetate: formic acid (4:3:3 v/v/v), and the method is successfully developed. Results: The punicalagin is quantified at 257 nm, acid (4:3:3). The content found in the various samples in PGGO is 3.207 mg, in PGBB is 1.257 mg, in PGNV is 1.743 mg, in PGWE is 807.6μg, in PGDF is 835.2 μg, and in in-house is 867.2 μg of punicalagin, from 1 g of each sample. Conclusion: The method was successfully developed, but there was no method developed for punicalagin in HPTLC, this is the novel approach we have done, and the method can be used for routine analysis.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49039880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_265_22
R. Aghanouri, Hedayat Sahraii
Background: Economic sanction is a United Nations' pressure tool on a target government and civilians for changing strategic decisions about violating international norms of behavior, but many authors argue that in several cases, sanctions do not work. A nonpolitical and noneconomic study about economic sanction outcomes is scarce. In this study, we reviewed the related official documents, translated the sanction process by neuroscience language, and tried to recognize the type of stress process related to different outcomes in the target countries. Methods: We do this job in three phases: phase one is related to the literal review, phase two focuses on definition analysis according to neuroscience approaches, and phase three comes on neuroscientific target analysis. Defining stress process related to different outcomes by neuroscience is mentioned in the discussion based on using of other papers' data. Results: Stress act of sanctions As: Act of aggression, Threat, Keeping enemy, Restriction, Pursuing, Blocking, Compression to force, and Loss of some things are means that how could sanctions affect civilians and run the process of social pressure in the target entities. Conclusion: We concluded that sanctions are always threatening political tools and their effectiveness completely depends on the politicians view to threat proximity and the type of response to stresses of sanctions.
{"title":"Process of economic sanctions success or failure: A neuroscience translation – To be or not to be!","authors":"R. Aghanouri, Hedayat Sahraii","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_265_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_265_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Economic sanction is a United Nations' pressure tool on a target government and civilians for changing strategic decisions about violating international norms of behavior, but many authors argue that in several cases, sanctions do not work. A nonpolitical and noneconomic study about economic sanction outcomes is scarce. In this study, we reviewed the related official documents, translated the sanction process by neuroscience language, and tried to recognize the type of stress process related to different outcomes in the target countries. Methods: We do this job in three phases: phase one is related to the literal review, phase two focuses on definition analysis according to neuroscience approaches, and phase three comes on neuroscientific target analysis. Defining stress process related to different outcomes by neuroscience is mentioned in the discussion based on using of other papers' data. Results: Stress act of sanctions As: Act of aggression, Threat, Keeping enemy, Restriction, Pursuing, Blocking, Compression to force, and Loss of some things are means that how could sanctions affect civilians and run the process of social pressure in the target entities. Conclusion: We concluded that sanctions are always threatening political tools and their effectiveness completely depends on the politicians view to threat proximity and the type of response to stresses of sanctions.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49218529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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