Background: Functionally and esthetically, enamel is the most important dental hard tissue in the tooth structure. It is composed of hydroxyapatite crystals and is the hardest calcified matrix in the body. Erosion of this dental hard tissue due to any underlying pathological disease or regurgitation, vomiting, and gastroesophageal reflux disease is termed tooth erosion or demineralization. Remineralization has to be achieved to prevent sensitivity and altered occlusion. Methods: The sample teeth were cleaned with 1% sodium hypochlorite and then demineralized using 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, which were later brushed twice a till 7 and 14 days using bioactive glass to figure out the extent of demineralization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was analyzed on the 7th and 14th day, respectively. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) model. Results: Remineralization was observed with the help of field-emission-Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis on the exposed surface of the teeth samples which were brushed with a bioactive glass of 100 mg and 200 mg concentrations twice a day till the incubation period. Conclusions: Bioglass explicates the enhanced mineralization on the tooth surface with respect to concentration as well as in incubation. Hence, we found that bioglass is one of the significant materials for tooth remineralization.
{"title":"Investigating the effect of bioactive glasses on enamel remineralization through morphological and elemental analysis","authors":"Britina, M. Yuwanati, S. Chitra","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_24_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_24_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Functionally and esthetically, enamel is the most important dental hard tissue in the tooth structure. It is composed of hydroxyapatite crystals and is the hardest calcified matrix in the body. Erosion of this dental hard tissue due to any underlying pathological disease or regurgitation, vomiting, and gastroesophageal reflux disease is termed tooth erosion or demineralization. Remineralization has to be achieved to prevent sensitivity and altered occlusion. Methods: The sample teeth were cleaned with 1% sodium hypochlorite and then demineralized using 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, which were later brushed twice a till 7 and 14 days using bioactive glass to figure out the extent of demineralization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was analyzed on the 7th and 14th day, respectively. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) model. Results: Remineralization was observed with the help of field-emission-Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis on the exposed surface of the teeth samples which were brushed with a bioactive glass of 100 mg and 200 mg concentrations twice a day till the incubation period. Conclusions: Bioglass explicates the enhanced mineralization on the tooth surface with respect to concentration as well as in incubation. Hence, we found that bioglass is one of the significant materials for tooth remineralization.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44101534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Dziublyk, S. Soloviov, O. Trokhimenko, O. Dziublyk, M. Smetiukh, O. Yakovenko, V. Vasylenko, M. Sidorenko, S. Mickevicius, M. Gumeniuk
Background: The aim of this study was to perform an in vitro evaluation of the antiviral activity of several well-known organic substances against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the prototype strain of the coronavirus family. The new betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 caused COVID-19 and is the fifth pandemic of respiratory disease since the 1918 flu pandemic. There is an urgent need to find new antiviral drugs against respiratory coronaviruses but also to study the antiviral effect of well-known substances in order to identify new therapeutic approaches for people with COVID-19. Methods: The cytotoxic effect of organic substances was evaluated on a monolayer of cell culture baby hamster kidney (BHK)-21. Cultivation, accumulation, and determination of the infectious titer of IBV by cytopathic action were performed using cell cultures of chicken embryo fibroblasts and BHK-21. The antiviral effect of a substance was assessed by measurement of its chemotherapeutic index across three regimens of substance administration: (1) 2 h before infection, (2) simultaneously with infection, and (3) 2 h after infection. Results: This study's results were established in vitro. All the substances showed antiviral activity in the range of nontoxic concentrations in prophylactic regimen. Of the substances tested, 4-aminobutyric acid was the least toxic. Conclusions: Effective inhibition of virus reproduction in preventive and treatment regimens indicated that 4-aminobutyric acid and 6-aminocaproic acid affected the early stages of coronavirus reproduction. 6-aminocaproic acid hydrochloride and 7-aminoheptanoic acid may potentially also affect the early stages of coronavirus reproduction, which requires further in-depth study.
{"title":"In vitro study of the spectrum antiviral activity of aliphatic acid toward the prototype coronavirus strain","authors":"I. Dziublyk, S. Soloviov, O. Trokhimenko, O. Dziublyk, M. Smetiukh, O. Yakovenko, V. Vasylenko, M. Sidorenko, S. Mickevicius, M. Gumeniuk","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_36_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_36_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The aim of this study was to perform an in vitro evaluation of the antiviral activity of several well-known organic substances against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the prototype strain of the coronavirus family. The new betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 caused COVID-19 and is the fifth pandemic of respiratory disease since the 1918 flu pandemic. There is an urgent need to find new antiviral drugs against respiratory coronaviruses but also to study the antiviral effect of well-known substances in order to identify new therapeutic approaches for people with COVID-19. Methods: The cytotoxic effect of organic substances was evaluated on a monolayer of cell culture baby hamster kidney (BHK)-21. Cultivation, accumulation, and determination of the infectious titer of IBV by cytopathic action were performed using cell cultures of chicken embryo fibroblasts and BHK-21. The antiviral effect of a substance was assessed by measurement of its chemotherapeutic index across three regimens of substance administration: (1) 2 h before infection, (2) simultaneously with infection, and (3) 2 h after infection. Results: This study's results were established in vitro. All the substances showed antiviral activity in the range of nontoxic concentrations in prophylactic regimen. Of the substances tested, 4-aminobutyric acid was the least toxic. Conclusions: Effective inhibition of virus reproduction in preventive and treatment regimens indicated that 4-aminobutyric acid and 6-aminocaproic acid affected the early stages of coronavirus reproduction. 6-aminocaproic acid hydrochloride and 7-aminoheptanoic acid may potentially also affect the early stages of coronavirus reproduction, which requires further in-depth study.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45056489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Doddawad, M. Parinitha, H. Sowmya, B. Gurupadayya, BY Akshitha
Background: Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is perceived as pain to any stimuli, affecting all individuals. Propolis and green tea are natural, nontoxic substances. The use of resinous propolis is effective in treating dentinal hypersensitivity, but green tea was unknown, even though it has medicinal properties. There is a lack of information on the application of varnish providing longer exposure than solutions and its efficacy in treating dentinal hypersensitivity. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate and compare the result of propolis varnish and green tea varnish on the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity by occlusion of dentinal tubules using scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging. Methods: Forty-five sound human posterior teeth freshly extracted were stored in formalin until in vitro assessment. Three groups of 15 discs each were divided out of 45 discs and coated with respective varnish such as Group A (saline, control), Group B (propolis varnish, experimental), and Group C (green tea varnish, experimental). All the discs were examined under SEM to observe the occlusion of the dentinal tubules. Results: Statistically significant analysis of Group B and Group C showed more tubule occlusion as compared to control Group A where P = 0.05. Conclusions: Based on our study, the dentinal tubule can be occluded to prevent tooth hypersensitivity by applying varnish with natural products such as propolis and green tea. In addition, propolis varnish and green tea varnish have low toxicity and multiple biological activities that strengthen their application in health care, which is useful and effective in treating DH.
{"title":"Comparison of the effect of propolis varnish and green tea varnish on treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity: An In vitro scanning electron microscope study","authors":"V. Doddawad, M. Parinitha, H. Sowmya, B. Gurupadayya, BY Akshitha","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_71_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_71_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is perceived as pain to any stimuli, affecting all individuals. Propolis and green tea are natural, nontoxic substances. The use of resinous propolis is effective in treating dentinal hypersensitivity, but green tea was unknown, even though it has medicinal properties. There is a lack of information on the application of varnish providing longer exposure than solutions and its efficacy in treating dentinal hypersensitivity. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate and compare the result of propolis varnish and green tea varnish on the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity by occlusion of dentinal tubules using scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging. Methods: Forty-five sound human posterior teeth freshly extracted were stored in formalin until in vitro assessment. Three groups of 15 discs each were divided out of 45 discs and coated with respective varnish such as Group A (saline, control), Group B (propolis varnish, experimental), and Group C (green tea varnish, experimental). All the discs were examined under SEM to observe the occlusion of the dentinal tubules. Results: Statistically significant analysis of Group B and Group C showed more tubule occlusion as compared to control Group A where P = 0.05. Conclusions: Based on our study, the dentinal tubule can be occluded to prevent tooth hypersensitivity by applying varnish with natural products such as propolis and green tea. In addition, propolis varnish and green tea varnish have low toxicity and multiple biological activities that strengthen their application in health care, which is useful and effective in treating DH.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45818424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aditi Chaudhary, Manikantan Pappuswamy, K. Paari, S. Malik, A. Meyyazhagan, H. Bhotla, B. Balasubramanian, V. Arumugam
To stay in sync with environmental cues, the body's metabolic activities must be rhythmic, and these rhythmic functions are known as circadian rhythms, which repeat every 24 h. People's sleep–wake and eating patterns were interrupted as a result of house confinement, making them more vulnerable to noncommunicable chronic diseases during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) period. During the epidemic, there was a greater degree of misalignment with this synchronization. The effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) on the human circadian clock are studied in depth. The literature review was conducted fully online, with the website utilized to collect all of the papers from PubMed, and duplicates were handled only in the first phase. Researchers found that individuals of all ages who are pushed to adjust their daily routines shift to the later chronotype, resulting in lifestyle modifications and an altered biological timing system that contributes to noncommunicable chronic illnesses. Chronic illnesses have bidirectional conductance, which means they can be caused by both environmental and self-modification in daily activity, as was the case during the COVID-19 outbreak, which forced people to stay at home. This review comes to the conclusion that fighting the pandemic may be best done by changing medications and focusing on immune health.
{"title":"Influence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on human biological timekeeping","authors":"Aditi Chaudhary, Manikantan Pappuswamy, K. Paari, S. Malik, A. Meyyazhagan, H. Bhotla, B. Balasubramanian, V. Arumugam","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_57_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_57_23","url":null,"abstract":"To stay in sync with environmental cues, the body's metabolic activities must be rhythmic, and these rhythmic functions are known as circadian rhythms, which repeat every 24 h. People's sleep–wake and eating patterns were interrupted as a result of house confinement, making them more vulnerable to noncommunicable chronic diseases during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) period. During the epidemic, there was a greater degree of misalignment with this synchronization. The effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) on the human circadian clock are studied in depth. The literature review was conducted fully online, with the website utilized to collect all of the papers from PubMed, and duplicates were handled only in the first phase. Researchers found that individuals of all ages who are pushed to adjust their daily routines shift to the later chronotype, resulting in lifestyle modifications and an altered biological timing system that contributes to noncommunicable chronic illnesses. Chronic illnesses have bidirectional conductance, which means they can be caused by both environmental and self-modification in daily activity, as was the case during the COVID-19 outbreak, which forced people to stay at home. This review comes to the conclusion that fighting the pandemic may be best done by changing medications and focusing on immune health.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46429344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Atere, Cinderella Chukwuemeka, Korede O. Oluwatuyi, Blessing Olupeka
Background: Serum amyloid A (SAA) has many pro-inflammatory and proatherogenic activities which are demonstrated to affect atherosclerosis development and may be a good target in managing cardiovascular diseases in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study is aimed at evaluating the role of SAA as an acute phase protein and its correlation with atherogenic indices in T2DM. Methods: This research was carried out on a total of 30 naive diabetic patients, 30 diabetic patients under treatment (DSUT), and 30 nondiabetic subjects as control groups. Six milliliter of venous blood was collected from each patient and dispensed into an appropriate bottle. SAA, fasting blood sugar (FBS), body mass index (BMI) in diabetic patients, and atherogenic indices [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)] were determined using standard laboratory techniques. The data were statistically analyzed correctly, and P < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: The mean values of SAA, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C were significantly higher in both naive and DSUT when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). BMI showed a significant correlation with TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C in naive diabetes patients. Furthermore, SAA had an excellent higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curve than FBS. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a definite relationship between SAA, FBS, and lipid profile parameters in diabetic patients. However, in this study, the role of SAA as an acute phase reactant was established. Furthermore, SAA is noted as a better potential indicator that could facilitate improved diagnosis and management of subjects with T2DM.
{"title":"Serum amyloid a as acute phase protein and its association with dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes","authors":"A. Atere, Cinderella Chukwuemeka, Korede O. Oluwatuyi, Blessing Olupeka","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_27_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_27_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Serum amyloid A (SAA) has many pro-inflammatory and proatherogenic activities which are demonstrated to affect atherosclerosis development and may be a good target in managing cardiovascular diseases in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study is aimed at evaluating the role of SAA as an acute phase protein and its correlation with atherogenic indices in T2DM. Methods: This research was carried out on a total of 30 naive diabetic patients, 30 diabetic patients under treatment (DSUT), and 30 nondiabetic subjects as control groups. Six milliliter of venous blood was collected from each patient and dispensed into an appropriate bottle. SAA, fasting blood sugar (FBS), body mass index (BMI) in diabetic patients, and atherogenic indices [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)] were determined using standard laboratory techniques. The data were statistically analyzed correctly, and P < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: The mean values of SAA, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C were significantly higher in both naive and DSUT when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). BMI showed a significant correlation with TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C in naive diabetes patients. Furthermore, SAA had an excellent higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curve than FBS. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a definite relationship between SAA, FBS, and lipid profile parameters in diabetic patients. However, in this study, the role of SAA as an acute phase reactant was established. Furthermore, SAA is noted as a better potential indicator that could facilitate improved diagnosis and management of subjects with T2DM.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44990325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Priyadharshini Alva, NSuchetha Kumari, A. Bhandary, Lakshmi Manjeera, Neetha Nandan
Background: In women, menopause constitutes the end of a fertile life as a result of ovarian aging. It is characterized by a significant decrease in estrogen concentration along with the change in the body weight, altered distribution of adipose tissue, less energy expenditure as well as modification in insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity resulting in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The low circulating concentration of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) contributes to the increased risk of type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women. Methods: The present study was conducted at Justice K. S. Hegde Charitable Hospital, Deralakatte, Mangaluru. This case–control study was performed on 400 postmenopausal women with and without T2DM, aged 45–65 years, recruited based on the eligibility criteria. Five milliliters of fasting blood were collected, centrifuged, and stored at −80°C until analysis. Genomic DNA was isolated from the whole blood using a standard protocol. DNA was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. Amplified products were sequenced using the Sanger sequencing method. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software version 26. Results: Based on the SHBG single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs1799941, the circulating levels of SHBG showed a significant difference between the genotype. Conclusions: The major allele of rs1799941 has shown reduced the levels of circulating SHBG with an increased risk of T2DM. Hyperglycemia along its association with endogenous hormone and SNP in the SHBG gene may contribute to the diabetic risk in the postmenopausal women.
背景:在女性中，由于卵巢老化，更年期是生育期的结束。其特点是雌激素浓度随体重变化而显著降低，脂肪组织分布改变，能量消耗减少，胰岛素分泌改变，胰岛素敏感性改变，导致2型糖尿病(T2DM)的发生。低循环浓度的性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)有助于增加绝经后妇女患2型糖尿病的风险。方法:本研究在Mangaluru Deralakatte Justice K. S. Hegde慈善医院进行。本病例对照研究纳入了400名绝经后伴有或不伴有2型糖尿病的妇女，年龄45-65岁，根据入选标准招募。收集5毫升空腹血，离心，保存在- 80°C以待分析。基因组DNA是用标准程序从全血中分离出来的。用聚合酶链反应扩增DNA。扩增产物采用Sanger测序法测序。采用SPSS软件26进行统计分析。结果:基于SHBG单核苷酸多态性(SNP) rs1799941, SHBG的循环水平在基因型之间存在显著差异。结论:rs1799941的主要等位基因显示，循环SHBG水平降低，T2DM风险增加。高血糖及其与内源性激素和SHBG基因SNP的关联可能会增加绝经后妇女患糖尿病的风险。
{"title":"Association of sex hormone-binding globulin gene polymorphism and sex hormone-binding globulin levels in postmenopausal women in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus – A case–Control study","authors":"Priyadharshini Alva, NSuchetha Kumari, A. Bhandary, Lakshmi Manjeera, Neetha Nandan","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_51_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_51_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In women, menopause constitutes the end of a fertile life as a result of ovarian aging. It is characterized by a significant decrease in estrogen concentration along with the change in the body weight, altered distribution of adipose tissue, less energy expenditure as well as modification in insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity resulting in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The low circulating concentration of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) contributes to the increased risk of type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women. Methods: The present study was conducted at Justice K. S. Hegde Charitable Hospital, Deralakatte, Mangaluru. This case–control study was performed on 400 postmenopausal women with and without T2DM, aged 45–65 years, recruited based on the eligibility criteria. Five milliliters of fasting blood were collected, centrifuged, and stored at −80°C until analysis. Genomic DNA was isolated from the whole blood using a standard protocol. DNA was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. Amplified products were sequenced using the Sanger sequencing method. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software version 26. Results: Based on the SHBG single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs1799941, the circulating levels of SHBG showed a significant difference between the genotype. Conclusions: The major allele of rs1799941 has shown reduced the levels of circulating SHBG with an increased risk of T2DM. Hyperglycemia along its association with endogenous hormone and SNP in the SHBG gene may contribute to the diabetic risk in the postmenopausal women.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41675630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aparna Khatri, Vinay Singh, R. Prasad, Amit Kumar, V. Singh, D. Joshi
Background: The aim of our study is to identify the novel targets for the SCN1A gene so that we can come up with the potential antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) with the least side effects and best efficacy. Methods: Literature review for candidate genes associated with febrile seizure, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizure plus, dravet syndrome and other idiopathic epilepsy subtypes was done using PubMed, PMC, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Network analysis of selected candidate genes was done based on molecular function and biological processes using Cytoscape software. Selection of candidate proteins targets receptors for AEDs on the basis of first neighbor, structural retrieval analysis, and verification of selected receptors was done using Ramachandran plot analysis server (RAMPAGE) and Protein Data Bank sum server. Molecular docking calculation and analysis were performed using YASARA and BIOVIA Discovery Studio 2019 software. Results: We screened 157 epileptic genes among which 84 genes were classified as purely epileptic genes and 73 genes were classified as neurodevelopment-associated epilepsy genes. 62 childhood-onset and juvenile-onset epilepsy genes were screened excluding neonatal group due to in born errors of metabolism. In this investigation using SCN1A as a candidate gene, we found SCN9A, HCN2, and FGF12 gene-encoding proteins as potential target receptors. Further, the SCN1A protein receptor was used to screen suitable AEDs using molecular docking investigation. We got three novel AEDs against the SCN1A target gene. Conclusions: In silico network analysis has provided various best-screened target receptors from the huge network interaction group of genes for AED targeting. This will help in better understanding of disease mechanisms, analysis, and knowledge of the molecular structure of protein.
背景：我们研究的目的是确定SCN1A基因的新靶点，以便我们能够开发出副作用最小、疗效最好的潜在抗癫痫药物。方法：使用PubMed、PMC、Google Scholar和Science Direct对与热性癫痫、全身性癫痫伴热性癫痫+、dravet综合征和其他特发性癫痫亚型相关的候选基因进行文献综述。基于分子功能和生物学过程，使用Cytoscape软件对所选候选基因进行网络分析。使用Ramachandran图分析服务器（RAMPAGE）和蛋白质数据库总和服务器，在第一邻居、结构检索分析的基础上选择AEDs的候选蛋白质靶向受体，并验证所选受体。使用YASARA和BIOVIA Discovery Studio 2019软件进行分子对接计算和分析。结果：我们筛选出157个癫痫基因，其中84个基因属于纯癫痫基因，73个基因属于神经发育相关癫痫基因。筛选了62个儿童期和青少年期癫痫基因，不包括由于先天代谢错误而导致的新生儿组。在这项使用SCN1A作为候选基因的研究中，我们发现SCN9A、HCN2和FGF12基因编码的蛋白质是潜在的靶受体。此外，SCN1A蛋白受体用于通过分子对接研究筛选合适的AED。我们得到了三种针对SCN1A靶基因的新型AED。结论：计算机网络分析从庞大的AED靶向基因网络相互作用组中提供了各种最佳筛选的靶受体。这将有助于更好地理解疾病机制、分析和了解蛋白质的分子结构。
{"title":"In Silico functional network analysis for the identification of novel target associated with SCN1A gene","authors":"Aparna Khatri, Vinay Singh, R. Prasad, Amit Kumar, V. Singh, D. Joshi","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_46_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_46_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The aim of our study is to identify the novel targets for the SCN1A gene so that we can come up with the potential antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) with the least side effects and best efficacy. Methods: Literature review for candidate genes associated with febrile seizure, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizure plus, dravet syndrome and other idiopathic epilepsy subtypes was done using PubMed, PMC, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Network analysis of selected candidate genes was done based on molecular function and biological processes using Cytoscape software. Selection of candidate proteins targets receptors for AEDs on the basis of first neighbor, structural retrieval analysis, and verification of selected receptors was done using Ramachandran plot analysis server (RAMPAGE) and Protein Data Bank sum server. Molecular docking calculation and analysis were performed using YASARA and BIOVIA Discovery Studio 2019 software. Results: We screened 157 epileptic genes among which 84 genes were classified as purely epileptic genes and 73 genes were classified as neurodevelopment-associated epilepsy genes. 62 childhood-onset and juvenile-onset epilepsy genes were screened excluding neonatal group due to in born errors of metabolism. In this investigation using SCN1A as a candidate gene, we found SCN9A, HCN2, and FGF12 gene-encoding proteins as potential target receptors. Further, the SCN1A protein receptor was used to screen suitable AEDs using molecular docking investigation. We got three novel AEDs against the SCN1A target gene. Conclusions: In silico network analysis has provided various best-screened target receptors from the huge network interaction group of genes for AED targeting. This will help in better understanding of disease mechanisms, analysis, and knowledge of the molecular structure of protein.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48458267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Emerging epidemiological studies indicate a paradoxical association between smoking and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This retrospective study aimed to investigate the association between cycle threshold (Ct) values and clinical type among COVID-19-positive smokers and nonsmokers. Methods: The study was conducted from October 3, 2020, to October 3, 2022. Five hundred and sixty COVID-19 patients were enrolled, which included 320 smoking group (SG) and 240 non-SG (NSG). Demographic and clinical features were acquired, and comparison was based drawn on gender, age, Ct range, and clinical type (mild/mild-moderate/severe COVID-19). COVID-19 was confirmed by real time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction test based on Ct value below 35. Results: Initial evaluation revealed no significant association between Ct range and clinical type either within or between SG and NSG. Follow-up at 7/14 days revealed no significant difference between the groups for Ct range/clinical type; however, within groups Ct range showed a clear change towards higher values. The recovery rate was also evaluated which displayed no difference at 7 days while at 14 days' recover rate was 47.5% for SG and 80.0% for NSG. Moreover, in both groups un-recovered patients were mostly observed either in mild-moderate and severe COVID state; however, SG showed more patients in mild-moderate group and longer discharge time. Conclusions: We found that Ct value and clinical type have no significant association in COVID-19 smokers versus nonsmokers and smokers are at high risk and take a longer time to recover from COVID.
{"title":"Cycle threshold value and coronavirus disease 2019 clinical type among smokers and nonsmokers reveal no significant association despite clinical type shows smokers are at high risk: A retrospective study","authors":"A. Azad, Suboor Naik, A. Malik, Varshiesh Raina","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_86_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_86_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Emerging epidemiological studies indicate a paradoxical association between smoking and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This retrospective study aimed to investigate the association between cycle threshold (Ct) values and clinical type among COVID-19-positive smokers and nonsmokers. Methods: The study was conducted from October 3, 2020, to October 3, 2022. Five hundred and sixty COVID-19 patients were enrolled, which included 320 smoking group (SG) and 240 non-SG (NSG). Demographic and clinical features were acquired, and comparison was based drawn on gender, age, Ct range, and clinical type (mild/mild-moderate/severe COVID-19). COVID-19 was confirmed by real time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction test based on Ct value below 35. Results: Initial evaluation revealed no significant association between Ct range and clinical type either within or between SG and NSG. Follow-up at 7/14 days revealed no significant difference between the groups for Ct range/clinical type; however, within groups Ct range showed a clear change towards higher values. The recovery rate was also evaluated which displayed no difference at 7 days while at 14 days' recover rate was 47.5% for SG and 80.0% for NSG. Moreover, in both groups un-recovered patients were mostly observed either in mild-moderate and severe COVID state; however, SG showed more patients in mild-moderate group and longer discharge time. Conclusions: We found that Ct value and clinical type have no significant association in COVID-19 smokers versus nonsmokers and smokers are at high risk and take a longer time to recover from COVID.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41964522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NSuchetha Kumari, K. Ashwini, Jayaprakash Shetty, Kishan H. L. Prasad, S. Shetty, A. Raghotham, V. Shetty, P. Shetty
Background: The most frequent and most aggressive primary brain tumor, glioblastoma (GBM) has an extremely poor prognosis. Several studies have shown the involvement of sex hormonal receptors and growth factor receptors in the onset of GBM. Recent research has highlighted the importance of inflammatory biomarkers as useful prognostic indicators and survival outcome predictions in several cancer. Based on pretreatment blood tests, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (ELR) have been investigated as potential indicators of prognosis in cancer patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ER), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the GBM tissue blocks and to correlate NLR, PLR, and ELR with clinical parameters. Methods: Receptor expression in the tissue sample was screened by immunohistochemistry. Clinical data of these patients were collected from clinical records and NLR, PLR, and ELR were calculated. Results: The present study showed increased expression of EGFR in the screened sample. We grouped receptor-expressing groups as EGFR expressing group and others (AR and EGFR, ERα). Statistically significant difference in the distribution of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) level was found between the EGFR and other groups. Statistically significant positive correlation was found between NLR and SGOT and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). Statistically significant positive correlation was found between TLC, SGOT with PLR and statistically significant negative correlation was found between hemoglobin and PLR. Statistically significant positive correlation was found between SGOT, SGPT, and ELR. There was no significant correlation found between the position of the tumor and size of the tumor with clinical parameters. Conclusions: These blood biomarkers along with receptor expression should gain more importance in predicting therapy and improving overall survival in GBM patients.
{"title":"Study to evaluate the relationship between receptor expression and clinical parameters in subjects with glioblastoma","authors":"NSuchetha Kumari, K. Ashwini, Jayaprakash Shetty, Kishan H. L. Prasad, S. Shetty, A. Raghotham, V. Shetty, P. Shetty","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_62_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_62_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The most frequent and most aggressive primary brain tumor, glioblastoma (GBM) has an extremely poor prognosis. Several studies have shown the involvement of sex hormonal receptors and growth factor receptors in the onset of GBM. Recent research has highlighted the importance of inflammatory biomarkers as useful prognostic indicators and survival outcome predictions in several cancer. Based on pretreatment blood tests, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (ELR) have been investigated as potential indicators of prognosis in cancer patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ER), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the GBM tissue blocks and to correlate NLR, PLR, and ELR with clinical parameters. Methods: Receptor expression in the tissue sample was screened by immunohistochemistry. Clinical data of these patients were collected from clinical records and NLR, PLR, and ELR were calculated. Results: The present study showed increased expression of EGFR in the screened sample. We grouped receptor-expressing groups as EGFR expressing group and others (AR and EGFR, ERα). Statistically significant difference in the distribution of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) level was found between the EGFR and other groups. Statistically significant positive correlation was found between NLR and SGOT and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). Statistically significant positive correlation was found between TLC, SGOT with PLR and statistically significant negative correlation was found between hemoglobin and PLR. Statistically significant positive correlation was found between SGOT, SGPT, and ELR. There was no significant correlation found between the position of the tumor and size of the tumor with clinical parameters. Conclusions: These blood biomarkers along with receptor expression should gain more importance in predicting therapy and improving overall survival in GBM patients.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45663069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Gopinath, R. Gopinathan, R. Jegatheesh, A. Dhanasezhiyan, M. Amudhan, S. Lallitha
Background: The population-based studies that target the prevalence measure the extent of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in a particular area over a particular period. In this study, we report the findings of the data regarding SARS-CoV-2 in the Theni District, Tamil Nadu. Methods: The study employed 6,21,140 patients with COVID-19 who were tested at the Government Theni Medical College and hospital from March 2020 to May 2022. The data were also accessed from the state COVID-19 portals. Results: A total of 6,21,140 patients were analyzed during the study. Of these, 42,210 confirmed cases of COVID-19 were identified and included in the study. Out of the 6,21,140 patients tested with COVID-19, 533 deaths were reported. The findings reported higher death in older age and higher death in males. The severity of COVID-19 was high in cases with comorbidities and in those who were alcoholics and smokers. Conclusions: As most of the populations are susceptible to infection, the strategy for public health needs to be designed for an inevitable increase in transmission. Surveillance studies are crucial as they created awareness of the extent and speed of transmission.
{"title":"Study on the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 in Theni District, Tamil Nadu","authors":"R. Gopinath, R. Gopinathan, R. Jegatheesh, A. Dhanasezhiyan, M. Amudhan, S. Lallitha","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_30_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_30_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The population-based studies that target the prevalence measure the extent of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in a particular area over a particular period. In this study, we report the findings of the data regarding SARS-CoV-2 in the Theni District, Tamil Nadu. Methods: The study employed 6,21,140 patients with COVID-19 who were tested at the Government Theni Medical College and hospital from March 2020 to May 2022. The data were also accessed from the state COVID-19 portals. Results: A total of 6,21,140 patients were analyzed during the study. Of these, 42,210 confirmed cases of COVID-19 were identified and included in the study. Out of the 6,21,140 patients tested with COVID-19, 533 deaths were reported. The findings reported higher death in older age and higher death in males. The severity of COVID-19 was high in cases with comorbidities and in those who were alcoholics and smokers. Conclusions: As most of the populations are susceptible to infection, the strategy for public health needs to be designed for an inevitable increase in transmission. Surveillance studies are crucial as they created awareness of the extent and speed of transmission.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47695915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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