Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_296_22
M. Nabila, K. Krishnan
Background: The extensive research in the field of aquaculture is essential to combat the fish bacterial diseases causing massive economic loss to the aquaculture industry and these pathogens remains to be a threat to human well-being due to consumption of fish and fish products as a major food source. Methods: This study focuses on extraction and identification of the antibacterial compound produced by Streptomyces sp. VITNK9 against selected fish bacterial pathogens. Results: Bioactivity-guided extraction of ethyl acetate extract and purification results in isolation of the lead compound 1-(2-hydroperoxycyclopentyl)-4-hydroxytridecan-7-one (HCHD) from Streptomyces sp. VITNK9 having a chemical formula of C18H34O4 and a molecular weight of 314.46 g/mol. HCHD (100 μg/ml) demonstrated antibacterial activity with the inhibition zone of 19.33 ± 0.47 mm and the MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) of 3.125 μg/ml toward Edwardsiella tarda and 16.66 ± 0.47 mm and the MIC value of 12.5 μg/ml against Aeromonas hydrophila. In silico molecular docking studies showed the interaction of HCHD with the drug target enzyme acetate kinase of E. tarda and A. hydrophila. It showed the least binding free energy of-6.5Kcal/mol and-6.1 Kcal/mol with acetate kinase of E. tarda and A. hydrophila, respectively. Conclusion: The outcome of this study suggests that the inhibition of bacterial acetate kinase by the lead compound HCHD and thereby affects the bacterial metabolism. Streptomyces species are more promising source for isolating antibacterial secondary metabolites for controlling fish bacterial pathogens.
{"title":"Streptomyces sp. Vitnk9 derived compound against fish bacterial pathogens","authors":"M. Nabila, K. Krishnan","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_296_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_296_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The extensive research in the field of aquaculture is essential to combat the fish bacterial diseases causing massive economic loss to the aquaculture industry and these pathogens remains to be a threat to human well-being due to consumption of fish and fish products as a major food source. Methods: This study focuses on extraction and identification of the antibacterial compound produced by Streptomyces sp. VITNK9 against selected fish bacterial pathogens. Results: Bioactivity-guided extraction of ethyl acetate extract and purification results in isolation of the lead compound 1-(2-hydroperoxycyclopentyl)-4-hydroxytridecan-7-one (HCHD) from Streptomyces sp. VITNK9 having a chemical formula of C18H34O4 and a molecular weight of 314.46 g/mol. HCHD (100 μg/ml) demonstrated antibacterial activity with the inhibition zone of 19.33 ± 0.47 mm and the MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) of 3.125 μg/ml toward Edwardsiella tarda and 16.66 ± 0.47 mm and the MIC value of 12.5 μg/ml against Aeromonas hydrophila. In silico molecular docking studies showed the interaction of HCHD with the drug target enzyme acetate kinase of E. tarda and A. hydrophila. It showed the least binding free energy of-6.5Kcal/mol and-6.1 Kcal/mol with acetate kinase of E. tarda and A. hydrophila, respectively. Conclusion: The outcome of this study suggests that the inhibition of bacterial acetate kinase by the lead compound HCHD and thereby affects the bacterial metabolism. Streptomyces species are more promising source for isolating antibacterial secondary metabolites for controlling fish bacterial pathogens.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"494 - 500"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45263152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_287_22
Mariia Palamarchuk, Timur Niyazmetov, T. Halenova, N. Raksha, O. Maievskyi, I. Dzevulska, K. Zaichko, O. Savchuk, L. Ostapchenko
Background: Vipera berus berus and Vipera berus nikolskii are the most widely spread Old World vipers in Europe, who contribute to almost all cases of snakebites on this territory. Their venoms are known to cause proteolysis, thrombocytopenia, induction of neurotoxicity and haemorrhage, among which proteolytic action constitute to the possible affection of all metabolic pathways in the targeted organs and in the whole organism. Methods: The influence of the viper venoms on the adrenal glands and testicles of injected rats was studied through the analysis of the concentration of proteins (Bradford method), evaluation of the qualitative protein profile (disc electrophoresis), distribution of active proteolytic molecules in the studied tissues (enzyme electrophoresis) and estimation of the appearance of low molecular weight molecules. Results: The decline of the number of the total protein, the alterations of the protein composition and the enzymatic redistribution were declared to appear in these organs under the action of the studied venoms proving the assumption of the proteolysis activation. Whereas, the increase in the level of low molecular weight molecules has emerged showing the onset of the state of toxicity. Conclusion: the study of the influence of the V. berus berus and V. berus nikolskii venoms on the protein balance of adrenal glands and testicles was performed, showing the impact on the amount of total proteins, its redistribution and connection with toxicity and proving the onset of pathological process.
{"title":"Effect of Vipera berus berus and Vipera berus nikolskii venom on proteolytic balance in the tissue of the adrenal glands and testicles of rats","authors":"Mariia Palamarchuk, Timur Niyazmetov, T. Halenova, N. Raksha, O. Maievskyi, I. Dzevulska, K. Zaichko, O. Savchuk, L. Ostapchenko","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_287_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_287_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vipera berus berus and Vipera berus nikolskii are the most widely spread Old World vipers in Europe, who contribute to almost all cases of snakebites on this territory. Their venoms are known to cause proteolysis, thrombocytopenia, induction of neurotoxicity and haemorrhage, among which proteolytic action constitute to the possible affection of all metabolic pathways in the targeted organs and in the whole organism. Methods: The influence of the viper venoms on the adrenal glands and testicles of injected rats was studied through the analysis of the concentration of proteins (Bradford method), evaluation of the qualitative protein profile (disc electrophoresis), distribution of active proteolytic molecules in the studied tissues (enzyme electrophoresis) and estimation of the appearance of low molecular weight molecules. Results: The decline of the number of the total protein, the alterations of the protein composition and the enzymatic redistribution were declared to appear in these organs under the action of the studied venoms proving the assumption of the proteolysis activation. Whereas, the increase in the level of low molecular weight molecules has emerged showing the onset of the state of toxicity. Conclusion: the study of the influence of the V. berus berus and V. berus nikolskii venoms on the protein balance of adrenal glands and testicles was performed, showing the impact on the amount of total proteins, its redistribution and connection with toxicity and proving the onset of pathological process.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"543 - 549"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44642827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_290_22
R. Tahseen, M. Parvez, G. Kumar, P. Jahan
Background: Asthma is a chronic obstructive airway disease, associated with an altered leukocyte population in the airways as well as in blood circulation with dysregulated immune responses. Limited studies are available that suggest the role of neutrophils and their derived markers in asthma severity, however, no reports exist on the combined effect. Methods: To examine these markers' individual and combined influence, we recruited a total of 92 individuals, 60 asthmatics (30 mild and 30 moderate) and 32 nonasthmatic healthy controls from South India. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were obtained from the complete blood count, and serum neutrophil elastase (sNE) was estimated through ELISA. Results: A significant variation in the means of ANC, NLR, and sNE was observed between asthma patients and healthy controls, whereas mild and moderate asthmatics demonstrated the difference in only neutrophil derivates (NLR and sNE). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed NLR as an excellent diagnostic marker (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.79, cutoff = 1.51, Sn = 95, Sp = 65.53, P = 0.0001), whereas sNE has an excellent diagnostic and prognostic capacity (AUC = 0.92, cutoff = 14.27, Sn = 81.67, Sp = 90.63, P = 0.0001 and AUC = 0.86, cutoff = 18.82, Sen = 80, Spe = 83.33, P = 0.0001). No correlation was noted between NLR and sNE, signifying their independent control on asthma severity. The additive influence of NLR and sNE was noted when analyzed together in a Combination of NLR and sNE (CNN). CNN-1 score exhibited a 5-fold and CNN-2 19-fold increased risk of asthma severity. Conclusion: Based on the present findings, it appears that CNN may emerge as a single predictive marker in asthma prognosis. This is the first study of its kind projecting the potentiality of CNN that needs to be tested in a large cohort as the limitation of the current study is the sample size.
{"title":"Combined Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Serum Neutrophil Elastase: Is it an Emerging Marker of Asthma Prognosis?","authors":"R. Tahseen, M. Parvez, G. Kumar, P. Jahan","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_290_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_290_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Asthma is a chronic obstructive airway disease, associated with an altered leukocyte population in the airways as well as in blood circulation with dysregulated immune responses. Limited studies are available that suggest the role of neutrophils and their derived markers in asthma severity, however, no reports exist on the combined effect. Methods: To examine these markers' individual and combined influence, we recruited a total of 92 individuals, 60 asthmatics (30 mild and 30 moderate) and 32 nonasthmatic healthy controls from South India. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were obtained from the complete blood count, and serum neutrophil elastase (sNE) was estimated through ELISA. Results: A significant variation in the means of ANC, NLR, and sNE was observed between asthma patients and healthy controls, whereas mild and moderate asthmatics demonstrated the difference in only neutrophil derivates (NLR and sNE). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed NLR as an excellent diagnostic marker (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.79, cutoff = 1.51, Sn = 95, Sp = 65.53, P = 0.0001), whereas sNE has an excellent diagnostic and prognostic capacity (AUC = 0.92, cutoff = 14.27, Sn = 81.67, Sp = 90.63, P = 0.0001 and AUC = 0.86, cutoff = 18.82, Sen = 80, Spe = 83.33, P = 0.0001). No correlation was noted between NLR and sNE, signifying their independent control on asthma severity. The additive influence of NLR and sNE was noted when analyzed together in a Combination of NLR and sNE (CNN). CNN-1 score exhibited a 5-fold and CNN-2 19-fold increased risk of asthma severity. Conclusion: Based on the present findings, it appears that CNN may emerge as a single predictive marker in asthma prognosis. This is the first study of its kind projecting the potentiality of CNN that needs to be tested in a large cohort as the limitation of the current study is the sample size.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"538 - 542"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48832394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_281_22
Deepti Yadav, Mamta Dhankhar, Kavita Saini, V. Bhardwaj
Background: Repetitive sequences constitute the major portion of genomic DNA in most of the organisms and are responsible for variation in DNA structure, function, etc., These sequences also have the potential to adopt various noncanonical DNA structures. Methods: By using a swift, manual approach mirror repeats has been identified within the complete engrailed homeobox-1 gene (en-1) of X. tropicalis. Another tool Non- B DNA motif search was also deployed for comparative analysis. Results: A total of 166 mirror repeats were identified within the complete en-1 gene of X. tropicalis. The similar sequences were also searched among the genome of different organisms such as Xenopus laevis, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, etc., Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, it was novel identification of mirror repeats in the engrailed-1 gene of X. tropicalis. Few of these sequences may adopt various noncanonical B-DNA forms and are potent sites for mutation and recombination events.
{"title":"A novel approach for identification of mirror repeats within the Engrailed Homeobox-1 gene of Xenopus tropicalis","authors":"Deepti Yadav, Mamta Dhankhar, Kavita Saini, V. Bhardwaj","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_281_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_281_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Repetitive sequences constitute the major portion of genomic DNA in most of the organisms and are responsible for variation in DNA structure, function, etc., These sequences also have the potential to adopt various noncanonical DNA structures. Methods: By using a swift, manual approach mirror repeats has been identified within the complete engrailed homeobox-1 gene (en-1) of X. tropicalis. Another tool Non- B DNA motif search was also deployed for comparative analysis. Results: A total of 166 mirror repeats were identified within the complete en-1 gene of X. tropicalis. The similar sequences were also searched among the genome of different organisms such as Xenopus laevis, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, etc., Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, it was novel identification of mirror repeats in the engrailed-1 gene of X. tropicalis. Few of these sequences may adopt various noncanonical B-DNA forms and are potent sites for mutation and recombination events.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"532 - 537"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47760150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_293_22
A. Atere, Cinderella Chukwuemeka, O. Popoola, Temiloluwa Olawoye
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) is carbohydrate intolerance that causes hyperglycemia in pregnancy. It increases maternal and perinatal mortality. This study aims to determine the relationship between gestational diabetes and plasma iron and methemoglobin levels. Methods: The study included 40 GDM patients, 30 nongestational diabetes pregnant women (NGPW) attending the antenatal clinic of Federal Medical Centre, Owo, and 30 women with neither diabetes nor pregnancy (NDNP). Ten milliliters of venous blood was collected from each individual and dispensed into an appropriate bottle. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), serum level of iron (Fe2+), methemoglobin (MetHb) concentration, and packed cell volume (PCV) were determined using standard laboratory techniques. The data were properly analyzed statistically, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean value of MetHb and Fe2+ was significantly higher among GDM and NGPW when compared with NDNP (P < 0.05) while the mean value of PCV was considerably lower (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between FBS and PCV in GDM, while FBS had a negative correlation with only Fe2+ in GDM. Conclusion: It was concluded that elevated serum iron levels and MetHb were found to be associated with the development of GDM in this study, and could thus be used as biomarkers for assessment.
{"title":"Serum iron level and methemoglobin concentration among women with gestational diabetes","authors":"A. Atere, Cinderella Chukwuemeka, O. Popoola, Temiloluwa Olawoye","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_293_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_293_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) is carbohydrate intolerance that causes hyperglycemia in pregnancy. It increases maternal and perinatal mortality. This study aims to determine the relationship between gestational diabetes and plasma iron and methemoglobin levels. Methods: The study included 40 GDM patients, 30 nongestational diabetes pregnant women (NGPW) attending the antenatal clinic of Federal Medical Centre, Owo, and 30 women with neither diabetes nor pregnancy (NDNP). Ten milliliters of venous blood was collected from each individual and dispensed into an appropriate bottle. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), serum level of iron (Fe2+), methemoglobin (MetHb) concentration, and packed cell volume (PCV) were determined using standard laboratory techniques. The data were properly analyzed statistically, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean value of MetHb and Fe2+ was significantly higher among GDM and NGPW when compared with NDNP (P < 0.05) while the mean value of PCV was considerably lower (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between FBS and PCV in GDM, while FBS had a negative correlation with only Fe2+ in GDM. Conclusion: It was concluded that elevated serum iron levels and MetHb were found to be associated with the development of GDM in this study, and could thus be used as biomarkers for assessment.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"550 - 555"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44272040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_302_22
N. Jomehzadeh, K. Ahmadi, Hasti Shaabaninejad, G. Eslami
Background: In Gram-negative bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, the production of AmpC beta-lactamase enzymes is one of the main resistance mechanisms for beta-lactam antibiotics. This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of AmpC beta-lactamases in K. pneumoniae clinical isolates in Southwest Iran. Methods: This study was conducted on 55 K. pneumoniae strains collected from various clinical samples. Identification of isolates was done using routine bacteriological and biochemical tests. After performing the antibiotic sensitivity test, the cefoxitin-resistant strains were analyzed using the phenotypic test in terms of the production of AmpC beta-lactamase enzymes. Finally, the frequency of plasmid-mediated AmpC genes was determined using a polymerase chain reaction test. Results: Out of the 55 isolates, 63.6% (n = 35) were obtained from urine, 9.1% (n = 5) from blood, 12.7% (n = 7) from wounds, and 14.6% (n = 8) from sputum. The highest resistance rate was observed against amoxicillin (98.2%), followed by cefotaxime (78.2%) and ceftriaxone (72.7%). According to the phenotypic tests, the prevalence of AmpC producers was 25.4%. Of all isolates, 36.3% (20/55) harbored different AmpC-associated genes, and blaMOX, blaCIT, blaEBC, and blaDHA genes were detected in 1, 2, 8, and 13 strains, respectively. None of the isolates harbored blaACC and blaFOX genes. Conclusion: It is important to revise the prescription policy of effective antibiotics in this region, since a significant prevalence of AmpC beta-lactamase-producing isolates has made antibiotic resistance a serious concern.
{"title":"Plasmid-mediated AmpC β-Lactamase gene analysis in Klebsiella Pneumoniae clinical isolates","authors":"N. Jomehzadeh, K. Ahmadi, Hasti Shaabaninejad, G. Eslami","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_302_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_302_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In Gram-negative bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, the production of AmpC beta-lactamase enzymes is one of the main resistance mechanisms for beta-lactam antibiotics. This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of AmpC beta-lactamases in K. pneumoniae clinical isolates in Southwest Iran. Methods: This study was conducted on 55 K. pneumoniae strains collected from various clinical samples. Identification of isolates was done using routine bacteriological and biochemical tests. After performing the antibiotic sensitivity test, the cefoxitin-resistant strains were analyzed using the phenotypic test in terms of the production of AmpC beta-lactamase enzymes. Finally, the frequency of plasmid-mediated AmpC genes was determined using a polymerase chain reaction test. Results: Out of the 55 isolates, 63.6% (n = 35) were obtained from urine, 9.1% (n = 5) from blood, 12.7% (n = 7) from wounds, and 14.6% (n = 8) from sputum. The highest resistance rate was observed against amoxicillin (98.2%), followed by cefotaxime (78.2%) and ceftriaxone (72.7%). According to the phenotypic tests, the prevalence of AmpC producers was 25.4%. Of all isolates, 36.3% (20/55) harbored different AmpC-associated genes, and blaMOX, blaCIT, blaEBC, and blaDHA genes were detected in 1, 2, 8, and 13 strains, respectively. None of the isolates harbored blaACC and blaFOX genes. Conclusion: It is important to revise the prescription policy of effective antibiotics in this region, since a significant prevalence of AmpC beta-lactamase-producing isolates has made antibiotic resistance a serious concern.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"582 - 585"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47825087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_266_22
Arefeh Khodaee, Nima Shirmohammadi, R. Aghanouri
Background: The pandemic situation of the new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-COV-2]) forces drug designers to formulate a new intelligent drug for this disease effective to treat all mutations of the virus. One way to control all mutations of virus is inhibition of spike protein (binding with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [ACE-2]) duo to inhibit the viral entry. Viral entry is the first step for virus to start infection. Methods: In this work, the interactions of SARS-COV-2 spike protein and ACE-2 are evaluated in silico by docking process and four different ligands are estimated to simulate those interactions to avoid bindings with ACE-2 needed for viral entry in reality. All ligand–receptor interactions are considered. Results: Results approve the suggested ligands in this work, have a definite inhibitory effect on SARS-COV-2 spike protein based on the interactions which they make with the receptor-binding domain. Docking process is done repeatedly to assure conclusions. Conclusion: All interactions were considered by docking of the receptor and ligands. All kinds of interactions contain Hydrogen bonds, steric bonds and etc approving the possibility of ligands to bind the receptor. These interactions approve the antiviral effects of ligands. As the result, ligands were approved to have an antiviral effect on SARS -COV -2. ligands 1 and 2 have higher affinity than other ligands which is completely compatible with the results invitro done by this paper authors.
{"title":"Modified intelligent magnetic nanoparticles as a treatment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 In Silico","authors":"Arefeh Khodaee, Nima Shirmohammadi, R. Aghanouri","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_266_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_266_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The pandemic situation of the new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-COV-2]) forces drug designers to formulate a new intelligent drug for this disease effective to treat all mutations of the virus. One way to control all mutations of virus is inhibition of spike protein (binding with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [ACE-2]) duo to inhibit the viral entry. Viral entry is the first step for virus to start infection. Methods: In this work, the interactions of SARS-COV-2 spike protein and ACE-2 are evaluated in silico by docking process and four different ligands are estimated to simulate those interactions to avoid bindings with ACE-2 needed for viral entry in reality. All ligand–receptor interactions are considered. Results: Results approve the suggested ligands in this work, have a definite inhibitory effect on SARS-COV-2 spike protein based on the interactions which they make with the receptor-binding domain. Docking process is done repeatedly to assure conclusions. Conclusion: All interactions were considered by docking of the receptor and ligands. All kinds of interactions contain Hydrogen bonds, steric bonds and etc approving the possibility of ligands to bind the receptor. These interactions approve the antiviral effects of ligands. As the result, ligands were approved to have an antiviral effect on SARS -COV -2. ligands 1 and 2 have higher affinity than other ligands which is completely compatible with the results invitro done by this paper authors.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"510 - 514"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43560563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_180_22
Amin Nasrollah, P. Farnia, Saba Hamidgorgani, J. Ghanavi
Background: Nowadays, ionic polymer–metal composites are widely used in various industries. They are in the group of electroactive polymers and smart materials with electromechanical properties. By applying a small amount of voltage, the nonlinear stress inside them will happen and their deformation can be seen. The energy transformation from electrical to mechanical is observable during the process of giving voltage to a specimen. The aim of this study is to investigate a novel experimental static deflection equation for specific cantilever beam made of ionic polymer–metal composite. Methods: In this paper, an ionic-polymer-metal composite is provided; the main core is based on an electroactive Fluoropolymer named Nafion, and the coated electrodes are made of Platinum. The length of the specimen is 27.131 mm and its width is 5.728mm. Voltage from 1.5 to 4.3V was applied to the specimen used in this study; the y-directional displacement of the IPMC at each step is measured and recorded; then, a finite element analysis was performed. Curve fitting of the data for the experimental analysis was also done. Moreover, the governing relations of IPMC according to the Nernst–Planck equation were investigated in this study. Results: The results have been validated in two forms of finite element method and experimental analysis. The results of finite element analysis showed that the ion flux in the polymer is calculated by the equation: [INSIDE:1]. In other words, this equation, which is called Nernst–Planck, is the basic equation of this type of material. This equation is the main governing equation to describe the transfer phenomena of IPMC materials. Furthermore, in order to calculate the deflection of IPMC membrane, 19 equations designed in this study were used. In the next step, the results of the experimental analysis showed that, based on the field emission scanning electron microscope images, the Nafion surface is completely sandblasted and its area is completely uniform. The right image taken by Dino-Lite shows the thesis effect on the electrode. Furthermore, the results showed that IPMC has high-quality coated electrodes. Conclusions: It is shown that a nonlinear equation governs the behavior of IPMCs' deflection versus voltage.
{"title":"A novel experimental static deflection equation for specific cantilever beam made of ionic polymer–metal composite","authors":"Amin Nasrollah, P. Farnia, Saba Hamidgorgani, J. Ghanavi","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_180_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_180_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nowadays, ionic polymer–metal composites are widely used in various industries. They are in the group of electroactive polymers and smart materials with electromechanical properties. By applying a small amount of voltage, the nonlinear stress inside them will happen and their deformation can be seen. The energy transformation from electrical to mechanical is observable during the process of giving voltage to a specimen. The aim of this study is to investigate a novel experimental static deflection equation for specific cantilever beam made of ionic polymer–metal composite. Methods: In this paper, an ionic-polymer-metal composite is provided; the main core is based on an electroactive Fluoropolymer named Nafion, and the coated electrodes are made of Platinum. The length of the specimen is 27.131 mm and its width is 5.728mm. Voltage from 1.5 to 4.3V was applied to the specimen used in this study; the y-directional displacement of the IPMC at each step is measured and recorded; then, a finite element analysis was performed. Curve fitting of the data for the experimental analysis was also done. Moreover, the governing relations of IPMC according to the Nernst–Planck equation were investigated in this study. Results: The results have been validated in two forms of finite element method and experimental analysis. The results of finite element analysis showed that the ion flux in the polymer is calculated by the equation: [INSIDE:1]. In other words, this equation, which is called Nernst–Planck, is the basic equation of this type of material. This equation is the main governing equation to describe the transfer phenomena of IPMC materials. Furthermore, in order to calculate the deflection of IPMC membrane, 19 equations designed in this study were used. In the next step, the results of the experimental analysis showed that, based on the field emission scanning electron microscope images, the Nafion surface is completely sandblasted and its area is completely uniform. The right image taken by Dino-Lite shows the thesis effect on the electrode. Furthermore, the results showed that IPMC has high-quality coated electrodes. Conclusions: It is shown that a nonlinear equation governs the behavior of IPMCs' deflection versus voltage.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"429 - 437"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48428149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The contemporary usage of leather products has established large number of tanneries worldwide and increased the production of leather goods, releasing huge solid and liquid tannery waste. The amount of firm waste from the unprocessed skins and hides generated from tannery is increased day by day posing a solemn threat to the health and environment. It was reported to account 5-7% of the total solid wastes. This study aims for the biological approach of utilizing tannery hide waste for the production of bacterial enzymes. Proteases produced by the microbes have multiple commercial and industrial applications. Methods: The physiochemical property of raw trimming of bovine tannery hides was analyzed for the segregation of protease constructing bacteria. Seven bacterial isolates from the raw trimming bovine tannery hides were isolated and screened for their protease production and activity. The isolated bacterial strains were documented through morphological, biochemical tests and confirmed by MALDI-TOF and 16S rRNA sequencing as Bacillus safensis. Results: Among the seven isolates, Bacillus safensis established better proteolytic action. The culture conditions and media requirements were optimized for the maximum growth of the chosen bacteria. The crude proteolytic enzyme from Bacillus safensis was extracted, analyzed for its application in tannery hide dehairing activity through microbial fermentation. Further, the antibacterial and antioxidant properties displayed by the protease crude extract from Bacillus safensis could be explored for potential industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Conclusion: The verdict of the present study reveals a novel source of protease enzyme with the superior dehairing activity. Further, the research shed light on the strategies to reduce environmental pollution by the conversion of tannery waste into economically important products.
{"title":"Biological liquefaction and dehairing of tannery hides using protease crude extract from Bacillus safensis","authors":"Saranya Nachimuthu, Lavanya Nehru, Preethi Kathirvel","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_96_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_96_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The contemporary usage of leather products has established large number of tanneries worldwide and increased the production of leather goods, releasing huge solid and liquid tannery waste. The amount of firm waste from the unprocessed skins and hides generated from tannery is increased day by day posing a solemn threat to the health and environment. It was reported to account 5-7% of the total solid wastes. This study aims for the biological approach of utilizing tannery hide waste for the production of bacterial enzymes. Proteases produced by the microbes have multiple commercial and industrial applications. Methods: The physiochemical property of raw trimming of bovine tannery hides was analyzed for the segregation of protease constructing bacteria. Seven bacterial isolates from the raw trimming bovine tannery hides were isolated and screened for their protease production and activity. The isolated bacterial strains were documented through morphological, biochemical tests and confirmed by MALDI-TOF and 16S rRNA sequencing as Bacillus safensis. Results: Among the seven isolates, Bacillus safensis established better proteolytic action. The culture conditions and media requirements were optimized for the maximum growth of the chosen bacteria. The crude proteolytic enzyme from Bacillus safensis was extracted, analyzed for its application in tannery hide dehairing activity through microbial fermentation. Further, the antibacterial and antioxidant properties displayed by the protease crude extract from Bacillus safensis could be explored for potential industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Conclusion: The verdict of the present study reveals a novel source of protease enzyme with the superior dehairing activity. Further, the research shed light on the strategies to reduce environmental pollution by the conversion of tannery waste into economically important products.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"326 - 336"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44273737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) is a potentially life-threatening liver infection. Little is known about seroprevalence at the community level. A cross-sectional, community-based study was conducted at Okopko, an urban slum in Ogbaru Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria, using a multistage sampling technique. Stages were the constituency level, ward, and household levels. A total of 867 participants were enrolled. Methods: Testing for the markers of HBV was performed using Diagnostic Kit (USA). The test panel detects hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg), antibody to e antigen (HBeAb), core antibody (HBcAb), and surface antibody (HBsAb) using colloidal gold and membrane chromatographic technology. Results: The seroprevalence of HBsAg was 6.6%. Seroprevalence was higher in males (7.4%) than in females (5.5%) (P > 0.05). The peak seroprevalence occurred in the age group of 40–49 years for both males (13.6%) and females (8.1%) (P < 0.05). Exactly 4.7% were positive for HBeAg and 5.8% for HBsAg + HBeAg + HBcAb. Only 1% was positive for HBsAb. Conclusion: Okpoko community has a high intermediate prevalence rate of HBV infection. The HBV vaccination level is very low in the community.
{"title":"Seroprevalence of hepatitis B viral infection in the okpoko community","authors":"N. Nwachukwu, C. Okoronkwo, Precious Duru","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_85_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_85_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) is a potentially life-threatening liver infection. Little is known about seroprevalence at the community level. A cross-sectional, community-based study was conducted at Okopko, an urban slum in Ogbaru Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria, using a multistage sampling technique. Stages were the constituency level, ward, and household levels. A total of 867 participants were enrolled. Methods: Testing for the markers of HBV was performed using Diagnostic Kit (USA). The test panel detects hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg), antibody to e antigen (HBeAb), core antibody (HBcAb), and surface antibody (HBsAb) using colloidal gold and membrane chromatographic technology. Results: The seroprevalence of HBsAg was 6.6%. Seroprevalence was higher in males (7.4%) than in females (5.5%) (P > 0.05). The peak seroprevalence occurred in the age group of 40–49 years for both males (13.6%) and females (8.1%) (P < 0.05). Exactly 4.7% were positive for HBeAg and 5.8% for HBsAg + HBeAg + HBcAb. Only 1% was positive for HBsAb. Conclusion: Okpoko community has a high intermediate prevalence rate of HBV infection. The HBV vaccination level is very low in the community.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"454 - 457"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46401526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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