Background: The promising use of lignocellulosic materials as a substrate for the synthesis of biochemical and biofuels has long been recognized. The bioconversion of all lignocellulosic sugars into useful products results in high sugar yields, which makes lignocelluloses appealing for use. Pretreatment and hydrolysis of lignocelluloses at high solids loadings are vital throughout industrial processes, making them more cost-effective and ecologically friendly by lowering the need for capital expenditures, energy use, and water use. The high expense of fermentation medium hinders heterotrophic oleaginous microorganisms' ability to metabolically synthesize single-cell oils for biodiesel use. This study's objective was to ascertain whether bagasse hydrolysate could be used as a cost-effective feedstock for oleaginous Rhodococcus opacus to produce microbial lipids. Methods: R. opacus a strain was used in this study. The culture was first of all maintained at soytone nutrient growth medium (i.e. GROTH MEDIUM 56) and subcultured at regular intervals and as well as preserved at 4°C. For the production media, a minimal salt medium is used. Sugarcane bagasse is pretreated by acidic hydrolysis followed by detoxification of hydrolysate and lipid extraction is done by Folch's extraction process. Results: After a brief adaptation/lag phase, the strain showed a viable growth pattern once the nutrients were detoxicated through the removal of inhibitors (e.g. hydroxymethyl-furfural [HMF]). R. opacus was grown via shake flask fermentation in bagasse hydrolysate with different sugar concentrations. When cultivated in S2 experiment, R. opacus obtained over 50% of its dry cell weight as a lipid with a lipid yield of 64.47% and productivity is 0.015 g/L/h. Conclusions: Depending on the available substrates, different microbial oils had different compositions. These findings suggest that lignocellulosic hydrolysate can be utilized as an inexpensive fermentation substrate for the R. opacus to produce microbial lipids. As a result, the range of uses for aqueous liquors produced by lignocellulosic pretreatment has increased, enabling further improvement.
{"title":"Rhodococcus opacus high-cell-density batch cultivation with a bagasse hydrolysate for possible triacylglycerol synthesis","authors":"Z. Mahmood, L. Singh","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_55_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_55_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The promising use of lignocellulosic materials as a substrate for the synthesis of biochemical and biofuels has long been recognized. The bioconversion of all lignocellulosic sugars into useful products results in high sugar yields, which makes lignocelluloses appealing for use. Pretreatment and hydrolysis of lignocelluloses at high solids loadings are vital throughout industrial processes, making them more cost-effective and ecologically friendly by lowering the need for capital expenditures, energy use, and water use. The high expense of fermentation medium hinders heterotrophic oleaginous microorganisms' ability to metabolically synthesize single-cell oils for biodiesel use. This study's objective was to ascertain whether bagasse hydrolysate could be used as a cost-effective feedstock for oleaginous Rhodococcus opacus to produce microbial lipids. Methods: R. opacus a strain was used in this study. The culture was first of all maintained at soytone nutrient growth medium (i.e. GROTH MEDIUM 56) and subcultured at regular intervals and as well as preserved at 4°C. For the production media, a minimal salt medium is used. Sugarcane bagasse is pretreated by acidic hydrolysis followed by detoxification of hydrolysate and lipid extraction is done by Folch's extraction process. Results: After a brief adaptation/lag phase, the strain showed a viable growth pattern once the nutrients were detoxicated through the removal of inhibitors (e.g. hydroxymethyl-furfural [HMF]). R. opacus was grown via shake flask fermentation in bagasse hydrolysate with different sugar concentrations. When cultivated in S2 experiment, R. opacus obtained over 50% of its dry cell weight as a lipid with a lipid yield of 64.47% and productivity is 0.015 g/L/h. Conclusions: Depending on the available substrates, different microbial oils had different compositions. These findings suggest that lignocellulosic hydrolysate can be utilized as an inexpensive fermentation substrate for the R. opacus to produce microbial lipids. As a result, the range of uses for aqueous liquors produced by lignocellulosic pretreatment has increased, enabling further improvement.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46785087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Shaik, S. Kuragayala, S. Madhuri, M. Shaik, S. BabuLal, Subrahmanyam Gangapatnam
Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD), the leading cause of mortality globally. Very few studies on Vitamin D receptor (VDR) single-nucleotide polymorphisms in association with CAD were available. The current study explored the association between VDR regions Fok I (rs10735810), Bsm I (rs1544410), ApaI (rs7975232), and Taq I (rs731236) with CAD risk. Methods: A study was conducted on 100 patients with CAD along with control subjects without CAD. Correlation assessed between 1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D levels and VDR gene polymorphism. Results: The frequency of Genotype Bb was increased (13%) in co-dominant (odds ratio [OR]: 1.95; confidence interval [CI]: 0.96–4.0; P = 0.004) and over-dominant (OR: 2.4; CI: 1.25–4.6; P = 0.0075) models in cases than compared to control. Genotype Aa was increased (13%) in co-dominant (OR: 2.29; CI: 1.3–3.98, P = 0.003) and in over-dominant (OR: 1.72; CI: 1.0–2.8, P = 0.03) models. The genotype ff was decreased (11.5%) in co-dominant (OR: 0.18; CI: 0.07–0.48, P = 0.0008) and recessive models (OR: 0.15; CI: 0.08–0.5, P = 0.0003) in cases. VDR Genotypes such as Aa + aa (21%), BB + Bb (14%), Aa (13%), Bb (13%), FF + Ff (12%), Tt + tt (8%), aa (8%), Ff (8%), and tt (8%) were responsible for higher CAD risk. Alleles a (14%), B (8%), and t (8%) lead to higher CAD risk. Serum Vitamin-D levels were lower in “Aa,” Aa + aa, and BB + Bb genotypes, while higher in aa, tt, Tt + tt, bb, FF + Ff and Ff, and Ff genotypes of VDR. Conclusions: Significant association observed between serum Vitamin D levels and Aa + aa of APA 1, Tt + tt of VDR gene (P < 0.001). Deficiency of 1, 25-dihydroxy Vitamin D and the prevalence of APA I, BsmI, Taq1, Fok I polymorphisms are important risk markers for CAD.
背景:冠状动脉疾病(CAD)是全球死亡的主要原因。维生素D受体(VDR)单核苷酸多态性与CAD的相关性研究很少。本研究探讨了VDR区域Fok I (rs10735810)、Bsm I (rs1544410)、ApaI (rs7975232)和Taq I (rs731236)与CAD风险之间的关系。方法:对100例冠心病患者和非冠心病对照组进行研究。评估1,25-二羟基维生素D水平与VDR基因多态性的相关性。结果:共显性中Bb基因型的频率增加(13%)(优势比[OR]: 1.95;置信区间[CI]: 0.96-4.0;P = 0.004)和过显性(OR: 2.4;置信区间:1.25—-4.6;P = 0.0075)模型。共显性Aa基因型增加(13%)(OR: 2.29;CI: 1.3-3.98, P = 0.003)和过显性(OR: 1.72;CI: 1.0-2.8, P = 0.03)模型。共显性ff基因型降低(11.5%)(OR: 0.18;CI: 0.07-0.48, P = 0.0008)和隐性模型(OR: 0.15;CI: 0.08-0.5, P = 0.0003)。VDR基因型如Aa + Aa(21%)、BB + BB(14%)、Aa(13%)、BB(13%)、FF + FF(12%)、Tt + Tt(8%)、Aa(8%)、FF(8%)和Tt(8%)是CAD风险较高的原因。等位基因a(14%)、B(8%)和t(8%)导致更高的冠心病风险。VDR“Aa”、“Aa + Aa”和BB + BB基因型血清维生素d水平较低，Aa、tt、tt + tt、BB、FF + FF和FF基因型血清维生素d水平较高。结论:血清维生素D水平与APA 1的Aa + Aa、VDR基因的Tt + Tt有显著相关性(P < 0.001)。1,25 -二羟基维生素D缺乏和APA I、BsmI、Taq1、Fok I多态性的流行是CAD的重要危险标志。
{"title":"Association of Vitamin D receptor genetic variant Fok1, Bsm1, Apa1, and Taq1 polymorphism and Vitamin D deficiency with increased incidence of coronary artery disease","authors":"M. Shaik, S. Kuragayala, S. Madhuri, M. Shaik, S. BabuLal, Subrahmanyam Gangapatnam","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_81_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_81_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD), the leading cause of mortality globally. Very few studies on Vitamin D receptor (VDR) single-nucleotide polymorphisms in association with CAD were available. The current study explored the association between VDR regions Fok I (rs10735810), Bsm I (rs1544410), ApaI (rs7975232), and Taq I (rs731236) with CAD risk. Methods: A study was conducted on 100 patients with CAD along with control subjects without CAD. Correlation assessed between 1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D levels and VDR gene polymorphism. Results: The frequency of Genotype Bb was increased (13%) in co-dominant (odds ratio [OR]: 1.95; confidence interval [CI]: 0.96–4.0; P = 0.004) and over-dominant (OR: 2.4; CI: 1.25–4.6; P = 0.0075) models in cases than compared to control. Genotype Aa was increased (13%) in co-dominant (OR: 2.29; CI: 1.3–3.98, P = 0.003) and in over-dominant (OR: 1.72; CI: 1.0–2.8, P = 0.03) models. The genotype ff was decreased (11.5%) in co-dominant (OR: 0.18; CI: 0.07–0.48, P = 0.0008) and recessive models (OR: 0.15; CI: 0.08–0.5, P = 0.0003) in cases. VDR Genotypes such as Aa + aa (21%), BB + Bb (14%), Aa (13%), Bb (13%), FF + Ff (12%), Tt + tt (8%), aa (8%), Ff (8%), and tt (8%) were responsible for higher CAD risk. Alleles a (14%), B (8%), and t (8%) lead to higher CAD risk. Serum Vitamin-D levels were lower in “Aa,” Aa + aa, and BB + Bb genotypes, while higher in aa, tt, Tt + tt, bb, FF + Ff and Ff, and Ff genotypes of VDR. Conclusions: Significant association observed between serum Vitamin D levels and Aa + aa of APA 1, Tt + tt of VDR gene (P < 0.001). Deficiency of 1, 25-dihydroxy Vitamin D and the prevalence of APA I, BsmI, Taq1, Fok I polymorphisms are important risk markers for CAD.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44707213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a severe form of leukemia marked by an excess of lymphoblasts or lymphocytes in the bone marrow and peripheral circulation. While hepatitis is a well-known consequence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment, the link between aberrant liver biochemistry and early leukemia presentation is poorly understood. The aim of this study is to assess the state of liver function in those with acute leukemia by monitoring the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) , and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) , levels of bilirubin, as well as assessing the impact of ALL on other variables including calcium and phosphorus. Methods: In this research, 40 ALL patients and a control group of 40 healthy individuals were included in the study. The functioning of the liver was examined by measuring the activities of ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin levels in blood samples. Besides that, measuring serum calcium and phosphorus levels. Results: In accordance with the findings, there were substantial differences in ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin between the control and patient groups. In addition, there were a significant differences between patients and controls regarding the serum content of calcium and phosphorus. Conclusions: A liver function test should be done on leukemia patients before treatment, according to this study, which found that blood ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin levels are high at the time of acute leukemia diagnosis.
{"title":"Study of liver functions and some biomarkers in leukemia patients","authors":"Nuha Altalib, S. Mohialdeen, Saba K. Chlimeran","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_79_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_79_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a severe form of leukemia marked by an excess of lymphoblasts or lymphocytes in the bone marrow and peripheral circulation. While hepatitis is a well-known consequence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment, the link between aberrant liver biochemistry and early leukemia presentation is poorly understood. The aim of this study is to assess the state of liver function in those with acute leukemia by monitoring the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) , and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) , levels of bilirubin, as well as assessing the impact of ALL on other variables including calcium and phosphorus. Methods: In this research, 40 ALL patients and a control group of 40 healthy individuals were included in the study. The functioning of the liver was examined by measuring the activities of ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin levels in blood samples. Besides that, measuring serum calcium and phosphorus levels. Results: In accordance with the findings, there were substantial differences in ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin between the control and patient groups. In addition, there were a significant differences between patients and controls regarding the serum content of calcium and phosphorus. Conclusions: A liver function test should be done on leukemia patients before treatment, according to this study, which found that blood ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin levels are high at the time of acute leukemia diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44253382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Ishma, A. Akter, Eiva Akter, M. Momo, Raquiba Sultana, S. Munshi, S. Alam, M. Uddin
Background: Neoteric times have witnessed antibiotic resistance and the increase of infectious diseases; hence these trends lead people toward natural products. Probiotics are considered a natural source for maintaining human health from the past decades. Owing to their health benefits consuming probiotics nowadays is becoming a very popular approach for managing the digestive tract and immune health of human beings as well as promising against some human diseases. The aim of this study was to observe the inhibitory effect of probiotics on some clinically isolated drug-resistant enteric pathogens. Methods: Six commercially available probiotics (capsules) were collected from different medicine shops of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Agar well-diffusion technique was employed to observe the antimicrobial efficacy of these samples against different pathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical specimens. Different concentrations of the probiotics were subjected to microdilution assay to determine their minimal inhibitory concentration. Results: Gram-negative bacterial pathogens such as Shigella spp., Vibrio spp., Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., and Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from clinical specimens. The isolates were biochemically identified and determined to be multidrug resistant. All the probiotic samples contained lactic acid bacteria as conferred by their presence on magnetic resonance spectroscopy agar media and most of them displayed significant antibacterial activity as these samples produced a zone of inhibition against the studied bacterial isolates. Conclusions: The samples showed varying degrees of effectiveness against the clinical pathogens. Luvena, Acteria, Probio, and Good gut exhibited remarkable antibacterial traits, which could effectively inhibit the growth of most of the clinical isolates. On the other hand, samples from Prolacto and Enterogermina merely had an antimicrobial effect. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value at 512 μL was found against the majority of the pathogenic isolates, while 256 μl was recorded to be the lowest MIC value. Hence, the antimicrobial efficacy of the studied samples revealed the potency of the probiotic capsules against drug-resistant enteric pathogens.
{"title":"Effect of commercial probiotics on the drug-resistant enteric pathogens isolated from clinical specimens","authors":"T. Ishma, A. Akter, Eiva Akter, M. Momo, Raquiba Sultana, S. Munshi, S. Alam, M. Uddin","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_65_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_65_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Neoteric times have witnessed antibiotic resistance and the increase of infectious diseases; hence these trends lead people toward natural products. Probiotics are considered a natural source for maintaining human health from the past decades. Owing to their health benefits consuming probiotics nowadays is becoming a very popular approach for managing the digestive tract and immune health of human beings as well as promising against some human diseases. The aim of this study was to observe the inhibitory effect of probiotics on some clinically isolated drug-resistant enteric pathogens. Methods: Six commercially available probiotics (capsules) were collected from different medicine shops of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Agar well-diffusion technique was employed to observe the antimicrobial efficacy of these samples against different pathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical specimens. Different concentrations of the probiotics were subjected to microdilution assay to determine their minimal inhibitory concentration. Results: Gram-negative bacterial pathogens such as Shigella spp., Vibrio spp., Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., and Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from clinical specimens. The isolates were biochemically identified and determined to be multidrug resistant. All the probiotic samples contained lactic acid bacteria as conferred by their presence on magnetic resonance spectroscopy agar media and most of them displayed significant antibacterial activity as these samples produced a zone of inhibition against the studied bacterial isolates. Conclusions: The samples showed varying degrees of effectiveness against the clinical pathogens. Luvena, Acteria, Probio, and Good gut exhibited remarkable antibacterial traits, which could effectively inhibit the growth of most of the clinical isolates. On the other hand, samples from Prolacto and Enterogermina merely had an antimicrobial effect. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value at 512 μL was found against the majority of the pathogenic isolates, while 256 μl was recorded to be the lowest MIC value. Hence, the antimicrobial efficacy of the studied samples revealed the potency of the probiotic capsules against drug-resistant enteric pathogens.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47981638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Repetitive elements constitute a significant proportion of metazoan genomes. These elements form different types of unusual structures, such as left-handed Z-DNA, triple-stranded H-DNA, G-quadruplex, and cruciform, and are related to various diseases. Methods: A simple and swift approach was used for the identification of mirror repeats within ced-9 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans. Another non-B-DNA tool was also utilized for the identification of mirror repeats. Results: We identified 53 mirror repeats within ced-9 gene of C. elegans, and these identified mirror repeats were explored among the genome of other organisms such as Caenorhabditis vulgaris, Xenopus tropicalis, and Drosophila melanogaster. Conclusions: At the first time, we have characterized mirror repeats within ced-9 gene of C. elegans. We identified some homopurine- and homopyrimidine-rich sequences that have the potential to form unusual DNA structures.
{"title":"In silico Evaluation of mirror repeats within ced-9 Gene of Caenorhabditis elegans","authors":"Mamta Dhankhar, Deepti Yadav, V. Bhardwaj","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_58_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_58_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Repetitive elements constitute a significant proportion of metazoan genomes. These elements form different types of unusual structures, such as left-handed Z-DNA, triple-stranded H-DNA, G-quadruplex, and cruciform, and are related to various diseases. Methods: A simple and swift approach was used for the identification of mirror repeats within ced-9 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans. Another non-B-DNA tool was also utilized for the identification of mirror repeats. Results: We identified 53 mirror repeats within ced-9 gene of C. elegans, and these identified mirror repeats were explored among the genome of other organisms such as Caenorhabditis vulgaris, Xenopus tropicalis, and Drosophila melanogaster. Conclusions: At the first time, we have characterized mirror repeats within ced-9 gene of C. elegans. We identified some homopurine- and homopyrimidine-rich sequences that have the potential to form unusual DNA structures.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48380831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_354_22
S. Adiga, U. Adiga, N. Honnalli
Background: One of the metabolic processes of sodium valproate (SV) metabolism is cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated oxidation. Polymorphism of the genes coding CYP enzymes can cause the changes in steady state SV concentration and clinical outcome. The study's objective was to explore the CYP gene polymorphism patterns in pediatric epileptic patients and its influence on SV concentration and clinical outcome. Methods: Ninety-nine pediatric epileptics aged 2–18 years who were receiving SV monotherapy were included in this cohort study. Polymerase Chain Reaction–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was adopted to examine the genetic polymorphism patterns of CYP2C9*2 and CYP3A4*1B. HPLC was used to estimate the serum valproate concentration at the trough level. SPSS 23 was used to examine the relationship between SV concentration and CYP genotypes. Analysis of variance test was utilized, and a P < 0.05 was regarded statistically significant. Results: PCR-RFLP showed homozygous pattern (GG wild type) was observed in 37.3%, whereas heterozygous in 46.6% (mutant GA) and homozygous recessive (AA) in 16.1% patients in CYP3A4*1B (G331A). Homozygous (CC-Wild) and heterozygous (CT) pattern of polymorphism was observed in 90% and 10% patients in CYP2C9*2 (C430T). The mean serum valproate concentration assayed was 105.40 ± 49.9 μg/ml. The associations between the gene polymorphism of CYP3A4*1B (G331A) and CYP2C9*2 (C375T) with SV concentration were insignificant, The SNPs were not in equilibrium. The study findings indicated that patients of homozygous (wild type) CYP2C9*2 had bad clinical outcome compared to other patterns, although statistically insignificant. Conclusions: The association of serum concentration of SV with the different alleles of CYP3A4*1B and CYP2C9*2 was insignificant. SV should be cautiously used in patients with homozygous pattern of CYP2C9*2 due to concern of recurrent seizure episodes. The study may be of great use in personalized therapy in pediatric epilepsy.
{"title":"Cytochrome P450 gene and pediatric epilepsy: An observational study","authors":"S. Adiga, U. Adiga, N. Honnalli","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_354_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_354_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: One of the metabolic processes of sodium valproate (SV) metabolism is cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated oxidation. Polymorphism of the genes coding CYP enzymes can cause the changes in steady state SV concentration and clinical outcome. The study's objective was to explore the CYP gene polymorphism patterns in pediatric epileptic patients and its influence on SV concentration and clinical outcome. Methods: Ninety-nine pediatric epileptics aged 2–18 years who were receiving SV monotherapy were included in this cohort study. Polymerase Chain Reaction–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was adopted to examine the genetic polymorphism patterns of CYP2C9*2 and CYP3A4*1B. HPLC was used to estimate the serum valproate concentration at the trough level. SPSS 23 was used to examine the relationship between SV concentration and CYP genotypes. Analysis of variance test was utilized, and a P < 0.05 was regarded statistically significant. Results: PCR-RFLP showed homozygous pattern (GG wild type) was observed in 37.3%, whereas heterozygous in 46.6% (mutant GA) and homozygous recessive (AA) in 16.1% patients in CYP3A4*1B (G331A). Homozygous (CC-Wild) and heterozygous (CT) pattern of polymorphism was observed in 90% and 10% patients in CYP2C9*2 (C430T). The mean serum valproate concentration assayed was 105.40 ± 49.9 μg/ml. The associations between the gene polymorphism of CYP3A4*1B (G331A) and CYP2C9*2 (C375T) with SV concentration were insignificant, The SNPs were not in equilibrium. The study findings indicated that patients of homozygous (wild type) CYP2C9*2 had bad clinical outcome compared to other patterns, although statistically insignificant. Conclusions: The association of serum concentration of SV with the different alleles of CYP3A4*1B and CYP2C9*2 was insignificant. SV should be cautiously used in patients with homozygous pattern of CYP2C9*2 due to concern of recurrent seizure episodes. The study may be of great use in personalized therapy in pediatric epilepsy.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42102441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Sannathimmappa, Vinod Nambiar, R. Aravindakshan, Elham S Al-Risi
Background: Enterococci are recognized as an important nosocomial opportunistic pathogens in recent times and are difficult to treat due to their intrinsic and acquired resistance to many antibiotics. In this study, we analyzed the clinical profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern with an emphasis on vancomycin resistance among Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from various clinical samples. Methods: This retrospective study was carried out in Sohar Hospital, Oman, after obtaining an ethical approval from the Ministry of Health, Oman. Enterococci isolates identified as E. faecalis and E. faecium from the positive bacterial culture in patients' suspicion of bacterial infection during the study period from January 2017 to December 2021 were analyzed. Details of the study population such as demography, clinical samples, and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the enterococci isolates were extracted from the hospital electronic health record system. The data were entered into Microsoft Excel sheet, cleaned for errors, and statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. The quantitative variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation while qualitative variables presented as frequencies. Results: In total, 132 nonduplicate E. faecalis and E. faecium were studied. E. faecalis (68.9%) was the predominantly isolated species followed by E. faecium (31.1%). The frequency of isolation was more among females (54.5%) and elderly (47.7%) aged more than 60 years. Majority of enterococci were isolated from urine (49.6%), followed by blood (29.1%) and pus/wound swab (11.8%). All isolates were susceptible to linezolid, while all isolates showed resistance to clindamycin. None of the E. faecalis isolates exhibited resistance to vancomycin, while 13.5% of E. faecium isolates were resistant to vancomycin. E. faecium showed higher resistance to beta lactams, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin (>80%), while E. faecalis demonstrated low resistance to beta-lactams and nitrofurantoin (<10%). Conclusions: Linezolid and vancomycin were effective against Enterococci causing nosocomial infection in our tertiary care hospital. However, continuous and frequent surveillance for resistance patterns is critical for judicious and evidence-based use of antibiotics.
背景:肠球菌是近年来公认的重要的医院条件致病菌，由于其对许多抗生素具有内在和获得性耐药，使其难以治疗。在本研究中，我们分析了从不同临床样本中分离的粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的临床概况和抗生素药敏模式，重点研究了它们对万古霉素的耐药性。方法:在获得阿曼卫生部的伦理批准后，本回顾性研究在阿曼Sohar医院进行。分析2017年1月至2021年12月研究期间疑似细菌感染患者细菌培养阳性肠球菌中分离到的粪肠球菌和粪肠球菌。从医院电子健康记录系统中提取研究人群的详细信息，如人口统计学、临床样本和分离肠球菌的抗生素敏感性模式。将数据输入到Microsoft Excel表格中，清除错误，并使用SPSS (Statistical Package for The Social Sciences)版本26进行统计分析。定量变量以均数±标准差表示，定性变量以频率表示。结果:共检出粪肠杆菌和粪肠杆菌132株。主要分离种为粪肠球菌(68.9%)，其次为粪肠球菌(31.1%)。女性(54.5%)和60岁以上老年人(47.7%)的分离率较高。大多数肠球菌来自尿液(49.6%)，其次是血液(29.1%)和脓液/伤口拭子(11.8%)。所有分离株对利奈唑胺敏感，对克林霉素耐药。所有粪肠球菌对万古霉素均无耐药性，但有13.5%的粪肠球菌对万古霉素有耐药性。粪肠杆菌对-内酰胺类、环丙沙星和呋喃妥因的耐药性较高(≤80%)，而粪肠杆菌对-内酰胺类和呋喃妥因的耐药性较低(<10%)。结论:利奈唑胺和万古霉素对三级医院肠球菌感染有较好的治疗效果。然而，持续和频繁地监测耐药模式对于明智和循证使用抗生素至关重要。
{"title":"Clinical profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium with an emphasis on vancomycin resistance","authors":"M. Sannathimmappa, Vinod Nambiar, R. Aravindakshan, Elham S Al-Risi","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_38_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_38_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Enterococci are recognized as an important nosocomial opportunistic pathogens in recent times and are difficult to treat due to their intrinsic and acquired resistance to many antibiotics. In this study, we analyzed the clinical profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern with an emphasis on vancomycin resistance among Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from various clinical samples. Methods: This retrospective study was carried out in Sohar Hospital, Oman, after obtaining an ethical approval from the Ministry of Health, Oman. Enterococci isolates identified as E. faecalis and E. faecium from the positive bacterial culture in patients' suspicion of bacterial infection during the study period from January 2017 to December 2021 were analyzed. Details of the study population such as demography, clinical samples, and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the enterococci isolates were extracted from the hospital electronic health record system. The data were entered into Microsoft Excel sheet, cleaned for errors, and statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. The quantitative variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation while qualitative variables presented as frequencies. Results: In total, 132 nonduplicate E. faecalis and E. faecium were studied. E. faecalis (68.9%) was the predominantly isolated species followed by E. faecium (31.1%). The frequency of isolation was more among females (54.5%) and elderly (47.7%) aged more than 60 years. Majority of enterococci were isolated from urine (49.6%), followed by blood (29.1%) and pus/wound swab (11.8%). All isolates were susceptible to linezolid, while all isolates showed resistance to clindamycin. None of the E. faecalis isolates exhibited resistance to vancomycin, while 13.5% of E. faecium isolates were resistant to vancomycin. E. faecium showed higher resistance to beta lactams, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin (>80%), while E. faecalis demonstrated low resistance to beta-lactams and nitrofurantoin (<10%). Conclusions: Linezolid and vancomycin were effective against Enterococci causing nosocomial infection in our tertiary care hospital. However, continuous and frequent surveillance for resistance patterns is critical for judicious and evidence-based use of antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43096673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Srinidhi Rai, Tirthal Rai, S. Acharya, Priyadharshini Alva, J. Dsa
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) can develop many complications, including hypogonadism, the prevalence of which is largely unknown. Male hypogonadism is an endocrine disease characterized by low-serum testosterone levels and is closely related to the development of diabetes. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 male patients with type 2 (DM) for 2 years. Plasma glucose, lipid profile, serum insulin, and sex hormone levels were measured. Weight and height were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance was measured. The percentage was used to document the prevalence of hypogonadism in type 2 diabetics. The correlations between the patients' metabolic index and sex hormone levels were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The prevalence of hypogonadism in male type 2 diabetics was 26%. Primary hypogonadism was present in 48.1% and secondary hypogonadism was present in 51.9% of male type 2 diabetics. The percentage of the study participants with hypogonadism increased with an increase in BMI. Total testosterone showed a negative correlation with BMI, which was statistically significant (r = −0.246 and P < 005). Fasting blood sugar and BMI correlated negatively with sex hormone-binding globulin and were statistically significant (r = −0.196 and P < 0.01), (r = −0.175 and P < 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of hypogonadism calls for implementing early, universal screening programs, irrespective of the symptoms of androgen deficiency, to detect those who have low-serum total testosterone levels at an early stage and supplement testosterone accordingly.
{"title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hypogonadism in Male Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"Srinidhi Rai, Tirthal Rai, S. Acharya, Priyadharshini Alva, J. Dsa","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_82_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_82_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) can develop many complications, including hypogonadism, the prevalence of which is largely unknown. Male hypogonadism is an endocrine disease characterized by low-serum testosterone levels and is closely related to the development of diabetes. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 male patients with type 2 (DM) for 2 years. Plasma glucose, lipid profile, serum insulin, and sex hormone levels were measured. Weight and height were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance was measured. The percentage was used to document the prevalence of hypogonadism in type 2 diabetics. The correlations between the patients' metabolic index and sex hormone levels were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The prevalence of hypogonadism in male type 2 diabetics was 26%. Primary hypogonadism was present in 48.1% and secondary hypogonadism was present in 51.9% of male type 2 diabetics. The percentage of the study participants with hypogonadism increased with an increase in BMI. Total testosterone showed a negative correlation with BMI, which was statistically significant (r = −0.246 and P < 005). Fasting blood sugar and BMI correlated negatively with sex hormone-binding globulin and were statistically significant (r = −0.196 and P < 0.01), (r = −0.175 and P < 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of hypogonadism calls for implementing early, universal screening programs, irrespective of the symptoms of androgen deficiency, to detect those who have low-serum total testosterone levels at an early stage and supplement testosterone accordingly.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41917956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rocío Castillo-Sánchez, M. Candia-Plata, Astrid Ramirez-Romero, A. Mata-Pineda, J. Martínez-Soto, L. López-Soto, J. Galván-Moroyoqui, R. Palomares, C. Rodríguez-Beas, M. Alvarez-Ramos, E. Pérez-Salazar, A. Soto-Guzmán
Background: The goal of this study was to analyze the in vitro effect of plasma-isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs) from patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) on cell migration and angiogenic score on human endothelial cells (EA.hy926) cultures. Methods: Plasma samples from five patients with IFG, five with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and five normoglycemic subjects (controls) were used. Plasma-derived EVs were characterized by electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and Western blotting, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), and endoglin detected in EVs by flow cytometry; wound closure assays and angiogenic score by matrigel assays in EA.hy926 cells were performed. Results: EA.hy926 cell migration induced by plasma-derived EVs from patients with IFG was greater than in control subjects (P = 0.023). EVs from patients with T2DM and IFG induced higher angiogenic scores than EVs from control subjects (P = 0.012 and P = 0.036, respectively). Conclusions: Endoglin and VEGFR-2 levels in EVs from IFG or T2DM patients were not different from those in control subjects. Plasma-derived EVs from patients with IFG and T2DM positively influenced human endothelial cell migration and angiogenic activity in vitro.
{"title":"Angiogenic potential of plasma-derived extracellular vesicles from impaired fasting glucose patients: A pilot study","authors":"Rocío Castillo-Sánchez, M. Candia-Plata, Astrid Ramirez-Romero, A. Mata-Pineda, J. Martínez-Soto, L. López-Soto, J. Galván-Moroyoqui, R. Palomares, C. Rodríguez-Beas, M. Alvarez-Ramos, E. Pérez-Salazar, A. Soto-Guzmán","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_56_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_56_23","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The goal of this study was to analyze the in vitro effect of plasma-isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs) from patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) on cell migration and angiogenic score on human endothelial cells (EA.hy926) cultures. Methods: Plasma samples from five patients with IFG, five with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and five normoglycemic subjects (controls) were used. Plasma-derived EVs were characterized by electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and Western blotting, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), and endoglin detected in EVs by flow cytometry; wound closure assays and angiogenic score by matrigel assays in EA.hy926 cells were performed. Results: EA.hy926 cell migration induced by plasma-derived EVs from patients with IFG was greater than in control subjects (P = 0.023). EVs from patients with T2DM and IFG induced higher angiogenic scores than EVs from control subjects (P = 0.012 and P = 0.036, respectively). Conclusions: Endoglin and VEGFR-2 levels in EVs from IFG or T2DM patients were not different from those in control subjects. Plasma-derived EVs from patients with IFG and T2DM positively influenced human endothelial cell migration and angiogenic activity in vitro.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43956734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Reddy, P. Koppolu, Arpita Gur, V. Samuel, A. Lingam, R. Abdelrahim, Abdulaziz Samran, Tahseen Khan
Viral fever with thrombocytopenia is an insidious cause of postoperative hemorrhage. Timely diagnosis and prompt treatment of this disorder will ensure minimal morbidity and mortality. The present study reported the case of a 19-year-old male with postoperative viral pyrexia with thrombocytopenia following a periodontal flap procedure and its management. The present case study demonstrates the significance of a rigid follow-up routine even after minor surgery. Clinicians must be aware of the optimal diagnosis and treatment for pyrexia with thrombocytopenia.
{"title":"Viral pyrexia with thrombocytopenia after periodontal flap surgery","authors":"R. Reddy, P. Koppolu, Arpita Gur, V. Samuel, A. Lingam, R. Abdelrahim, Abdulaziz Samran, Tahseen Khan","doi":"10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_63_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_63_23","url":null,"abstract":"Viral fever with thrombocytopenia is an insidious cause of postoperative hemorrhage. Timely diagnosis and prompt treatment of this disorder will ensure minimal morbidity and mortality. The present study reported the case of a 19-year-old male with postoperative viral pyrexia with thrombocytopenia following a periodontal flap procedure and its management. The present case study demonstrates the significance of a rigid follow-up routine even after minor surgery. Clinicians must be aware of the optimal diagnosis and treatment for pyrexia with thrombocytopenia.","PeriodicalId":36500,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42409148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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