We model two existing thermostats and one novel thermostat to see how well they operate under dynamic pricing. The existing thermostats include a traditional thermostat with set temperature goals and a rigid thermostat that minimizes cost while always keeping temperature within a rigid predetermined range. We contrast both with a novel optimizing thermostat that finds the optimal trade-off between comfort and cost. We compare the thermostats’ performance both theoretically and via numerical simulations. The simulations show that, under plausible assumptions, the optimizing thermostat’s advantage is economically large. Importantly, the electricity demand of the rigid thermostat (but not the optimizing thermostat) ceases to respond to electricity prices on precisely the days when the electricity grid tends to be near capacity. These are the times when demand response is the most socially valuable to avoid massive price spikes. The social benefits of the optimizing thermostat may provide incentives for utilities and regulators to encourage its adoption.
{"title":"Thermostats for the Smart Grid: Models, Benchmarks, and Insights","authors":"David I. Levine, Yong Liang, Z. Shen","doi":"10.5547/01956574.33.4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.33.4.4","url":null,"abstract":"We model two existing thermostats and one novel thermostat to see how well they operate under dynamic pricing. The existing thermostats include a traditional thermostat with set temperature goals and a rigid thermostat that minimizes cost while always keeping temperature within a rigid predetermined range. We contrast both with a novel optimizing thermostat that finds the optimal trade-off between comfort and cost. We compare the thermostats’ performance both theoretically and via numerical simulations. The simulations show that, under plausible assumptions, the optimizing thermostat’s advantage is economically large. Importantly, the electricity demand of the rigid thermostat (but not the optimizing thermostat) ceases to respond to electricity prices on precisely the days when the electricity grid tends to be near capacity. These are the times when demand response is the most socially valuable to avoid massive price spikes. The social benefits of the optimizing thermostat may provide incentives for utilities and regulators to encourage its adoption.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127115231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Moore, Daniel K. N. Johnson, Kristina M.L. Acri née Lybecker
Using over 250,000 U.S. patent citations, we test whether knowledge transfers in the energy sector are sensitive to distance, and whether that sensitivity has changed over time. Controlling for self-citation by inventor, assignee and examiner, multivariate regression analysis shows that physical distance is becoming less important for spillovers with time.
{"title":"Sure, but Who has the Energy? The Importance of Location for Knowledge Transfer in the Energy Sector","authors":"J. Moore, Daniel K. N. Johnson, Kristina M.L. Acri née Lybecker","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1970437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1970437","url":null,"abstract":"Using over 250,000 U.S. patent citations, we test whether knowledge transfers in the energy sector are sensitive to distance, and whether that sensitivity has changed over time. Controlling for self-citation by inventor, assignee and examiner, multivariate regression analysis shows that physical distance is becoming less important for spillovers with time.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127716709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many constraints upon REDD policies’ ability to reduce forest loss are common across settings, inherent in the fact that agents making key choices respond also to other factors that influence the overall incentive to clear or to degrade a forest instead of conserving it. The record is mixed, at best, with regard to past public interventions to reduce forest loss, signaling the need to disseminate and to improve conceptual models of policy responses. We summarize 3 distinct models employed by economists to assess policy effectiveness: (1) producer profit maximization in choosing spatial extent and distribution of land uses, given complete markets; (2) rural household optimization given both incomplete markets and varied household assets and tastes; and (3) public optimization within interconnected choices about concessions, corruption and decentralization, all important for degradation (‘D ’ in REDD). Each model’s perspective on impact leads to a review of the evidence. We consider the impacts of forest-conservation and forest-relevant-development policies for the settings and decisions, and at the scales, for which each of the models best applies. Theory and evidence suggest options to increase the impacts of domestic REDD policies.
{"title":"Getting REDDy: Understanding and Improving Domestic Policy Impacts on Forest Loss","authors":"A. Pfaff, G. Amacher, E. Sills","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1973255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1973255","url":null,"abstract":"Many constraints upon REDD policies’ ability to reduce forest loss are common across settings, inherent in the fact that agents making key choices respond also to other factors that influence the overall incentive to clear or to degrade a forest instead of conserving it. The record is mixed, at best, with regard to past public interventions to reduce forest loss, signaling the need to disseminate and to improve conceptual models of policy responses. We summarize 3 distinct models employed by economists to assess policy effectiveness: (1) producer profit maximization in choosing spatial extent and distribution of land uses, given complete markets; (2) rural household optimization given both incomplete markets and varied household assets and tastes; and (3) public optimization within interconnected choices about concessions, corruption and decentralization, all important for degradation (‘D ’ in REDD). Each model’s perspective on impact leads to a review of the evidence. We consider the impacts of forest-conservation and forest-relevant-development policies for the settings and decisions, and at the scales, for which each of the models best applies. Theory and evidence suggest options to increase the impacts of domestic REDD policies.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115492908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay explores the impact of export-driven agricultural policies on the governance of natural capital. Many developing countries have adopted trade liberalization policies that encourage the intensive production of export commodities such as coffee, tea, flowers, and green beans. The primary focus of such policies is maximizing agricultural productivity and global competitiveness, which have been identified as critical factors in promoting economic growth and reducing poverty. When viewed from the perspective of ecosystem services, however, export-driven trade policies are problematic. Export-driven agricultural trade policies leave no incentive to preserve the natural capital upon which the very success of such trade policies is predicated. This essay argues that export-driven agricultural trade policies do not take into account their impact on ecosystem services. Yet, ecosystems provide critical services such as clean and ample water supplies, biodiversity, nutrient cycling, climate regulation, and carbon sequestration. These services are critical to the success of export driven agriculture. In fact, where ecosystem processes fail or are otherwise interrupted, man-made substitutes must be put in place at a substantial cost. In order for developing countries to maximize productivity, this essay argues that export-led trade policies must be sustainable and as such incorporate the need to sustain the productivity of natural capital.
{"title":"Curtailing Ecosystem Exportation: Ecosystem Services as a Basis to Reconsider Export-Driven Agriculture in Economies Highly Dependent on Agricultural Exports","authors":"J. Gathii, Keith H. Hirokawa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1926721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1926721","url":null,"abstract":"This essay explores the impact of export-driven agricultural policies on the governance of natural capital. Many developing countries have adopted trade liberalization policies that encourage the intensive production of export commodities such as coffee, tea, flowers, and green beans. The primary focus of such policies is maximizing agricultural productivity and global competitiveness, which have been identified as critical factors in promoting economic growth and reducing poverty. When viewed from the perspective of ecosystem services, however, export-driven trade policies are problematic. Export-driven agricultural trade policies leave no incentive to preserve the natural capital upon which the very success of such trade policies is predicated. This essay argues that export-driven agricultural trade policies do not take into account their impact on ecosystem services. Yet, ecosystems provide critical services such as clean and ample water supplies, biodiversity, nutrient cycling, climate regulation, and carbon sequestration. These services are critical to the success of export driven agriculture. In fact, where ecosystem processes fail or are otherwise interrupted, man-made substitutes must be put in place at a substantial cost. In order for developing countries to maximize productivity, this essay argues that export-led trade policies must be sustainable and as such incorporate the need to sustain the productivity of natural capital.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123022865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The inspired and compelling article by Patricia Salkin and John Nolon, 'Practically Grounded', suggests that a course in land use law may be well-suited for cutting-edge pedagogical practices. This essay addresses what the authors of Practically Grounded have identified as a present deficiency in legal education: many, perhaps most, future land use lawyers graduate from law school without having looked at a parcel of real property from the perspective of a practicing attorney. This essay explores the opportunities presented in a course that incorporates 'teaching from the dirt' and discusses how such a course can help to connect the dots that lie between legal education and the practice of law. Teaching from the dirt involves using land and real world controversies to facilitate student engagement with the facts and laws that govern land use decision making. Students in such a class are required to perform like lawyers. To accomplish these goals, this course compels students to participate in a simulated regulatory process concerning the development of an actual parcel of vacant property, to engage the controversy on behalf of a client, to navigate the legal process, and to envision how the law applies to the land and influences the outcome of the process.
{"title":"Teaching from the Dirt: Best Practices and Land Use Law Pedagogy","authors":"Keith H. Hirokawa","doi":"10.58948/2164-9936.1009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58948/2164-9936.1009","url":null,"abstract":"The inspired and compelling article by Patricia Salkin and John Nolon, 'Practically Grounded', suggests that a course in land use law may be well-suited for cutting-edge pedagogical practices. This essay addresses what the authors of Practically Grounded have identified as a present deficiency in legal education: many, perhaps most, future land use lawyers graduate from law school without having looked at a parcel of real property from the perspective of a practicing attorney. This essay explores the opportunities presented in a course that incorporates 'teaching from the dirt' and discusses how such a course can help to connect the dots that lie between legal education and the practice of law. Teaching from the dirt involves using land and real world controversies to facilitate student engagement with the facts and laws that govern land use decision making. Students in such a class are required to perform like lawyers. To accomplish these goals, this course compels students to participate in a simulated regulatory process concerning the development of an actual parcel of vacant property, to engage the controversy on behalf of a client, to navigate the legal process, and to envision how the law applies to the land and influences the outcome of the process.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132691409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katarina Östberg, C. Håkansson, L. Hasselström, G. Bostedt
In this study, we used choice experiment data to analyze the accuracy of benefit transfer (BT) between two case study areas in Sweden for attributes relevant to the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive and special consideration zones in marine areas. The accuracy and reliability of a BT based on a model including only easily available socioeconomic information is similar to the accuracy of a BT based on a model that gives the best statistical fit, but requires time-consuming data collection. Further, the former model has almost as good a fit as the latter. The BT error varies significantly across the attributes, regardless of which model is used. The results are inconclusive as to whether socioeconomic adjustments improve transfer or not.
{"title":"Benefit Transfer for Environmental Improvements in Coastal Areas: General vs. Specific Models","authors":"Katarina Östberg, C. Håkansson, L. Hasselström, G. Bostedt","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1757718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1757718","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we used choice experiment data to analyze the accuracy of benefit transfer (BT) between two case study areas in Sweden for attributes relevant to the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive and special consideration zones in marine areas. The accuracy and reliability of a BT based on a model including only easily available socioeconomic information is similar to the accuracy of a BT based on a model that gives the best statistical fit, but requires time-consuming data collection. Further, the former model has almost as good a fit as the latter. The BT error varies significantly across the attributes, regardless of which model is used. The results are inconclusive as to whether socioeconomic adjustments improve transfer or not.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117317024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Even though the Clean Water Act has proven successful in many respects, it has failed to properly address agricultural nonpoint source water pollution. This lack of sufficient legislation has left our nation’s waters polluted and has detrimentally affected much of the wildlife that depend on these waters for survival. In an effort to prevent further deterioration of our water systems, the public should consider using the public trust doctrine as a means of requiring state and local agencies to consider the public’s interests in wildlife and water quality when developing, regulating, and reevaluating nonpoint source pollution control plans.
{"title":"Wildlife, Water Quality and the Public Trust Doctrine: A Means of Enforcing Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Management Plans","authors":"Veronique P. Jarrell-King","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1937414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1937414","url":null,"abstract":"Even though the Clean Water Act has proven successful in many respects, it has failed to properly address agricultural nonpoint source water pollution. This lack of sufficient legislation has left our nation’s waters polluted and has detrimentally affected much of the wildlife that depend on these waters for survival. In an effort to prevent further deterioration of our water systems, the public should consider using the public trust doctrine as a means of requiring state and local agencies to consider the public’s interests in wildlife and water quality when developing, regulating, and reevaluating nonpoint source pollution control plans.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130407563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artisanal mining in Indonesia has been accused as one of the most disastrous cause of environmental destruction. The recently enacted Indonesian Mining Act No. 4 Year 2009 has provided some clauses that obliged the ASMs to follows some procedures on reclamation. Also, the draft of the relevant implementing regulation has specifically determined some articles regarding of that post-mining activities. Although the government had conducted some actions to discipline the artisanal mining long before 2009, some of these actions were not favorable for the miners’ sustainability itself. This paper shall upbring the problems caused and suffered by the ASM based on their account and their dillematic positions. Nevertheless, its importance to regulated reclamation on artisanal mining to support sustainability development on the artisanal mining itself. The implementing laws and its subordinate rulings on this issue has not yet being issued until the paper is submitted. Statutes approach and literature reviews are conducted as the methodology of the research.
{"title":"Why is it Important for Regulating Reclamation on Indonesian Artisanal Mining to Address Sustainability Development?","authors":"Granita R. Layungasri","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1589119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1589119","url":null,"abstract":"Artisanal mining in Indonesia has been accused as one of the most disastrous cause of environmental destruction. The recently enacted Indonesian Mining Act No. 4 Year 2009 has provided some clauses that obliged the ASMs to follows some procedures on reclamation. Also, the draft of the relevant implementing regulation has specifically determined some articles regarding of that post-mining activities. Although the government had conducted some actions to discipline the artisanal mining long before 2009, some of these actions were not favorable for the miners’ sustainability itself. This paper shall upbring the problems caused and suffered by the ASM based on their account and their dillematic positions. Nevertheless, its importance to regulated reclamation on artisanal mining to support sustainability development on the artisanal mining itself. The implementing laws and its subordinate rulings on this issue has not yet being issued until the paper is submitted. Statutes approach and literature reviews are conducted as the methodology of the research.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121304177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, Batabyal and Yoo (2009) have conducted a probabilistic analysis of guided tours for a single class of tourists during the slack season. In this note, we extend the above analysis by considering the case of two distinct classes of tourists. Specifically, we first describe a general model that accounts for the common features of guided tours to city attractions and to other scenic locations. Then, we obtain a closed-form expression for the long run fraction of time that the guided tour providing firm under study is occupied and hence unable to immediately satisfy the demand for additional such tours.
{"title":"A Note on Guided Tours for Two Classes of Tourists During the Slack Season","authors":"A. Batabyal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1529061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1529061","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, Batabyal and Yoo (2009) have conducted a probabilistic analysis of guided tours for a single class of tourists during the slack season. In this note, we extend the above analysis by considering the case of two distinct classes of tourists. Specifically, we first describe a general model that accounts for the common features of guided tours to city attractions and to other scenic locations. Then, we obtain a closed-form expression for the long run fraction of time that the guided tour providing firm under study is occupied and hence unable to immediately satisfy the demand for additional such tours.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"287 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124571044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After four years of efforts to implement the European Directive on strategic environmental assessment (SEA), it remains unclear whether decision-making should actually be subject to the SEA Directive. Unlike the approaches adopted by the European Directive regarding the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to facilitate its implementation, three usual approaches adopted by the European SEA Directive may jeopardize its actual implementation. These include the following: (1) No indicative list provided for plans and programmes (PPs); (2) lack of thresholds for PPs, which are likely to have significant environmental effects (LSEE); (3) the scope and types of SEA PPs is broader and more diverse than that of EIA projects. One potential method to resolve this implementation issue has been pointed out in Article 3(5) of the SEA Directive, which indicates the need to consider and develop multi-approaches, including case-by-case, list, and mixed approaches. However, the dominant SEA-related scientific and legal studies so far have focused on the development of the case-by-case approach, with less attention paid to the advantages and development of the latter two approaches. The main goals of this article are to develop the list and the mixed approaches to facilitate the actual implementation of the SEA Directive, and to apply such approaches to the energy sector, which serves as an exemplar of a traditionally environmentally-sensitive sector. As such, a broad survey of the following three areas will be conducted: energy decision-making from existing SEA cases, provision of energy decision-making in related international, European, and national legislations, and energy and climate change policy papers in selected countries. This article will further evaluate whether the aforementioned energy decision-making processes meet the criteria outlined in the SEA Directive and whether such decision-making processes should be put on the energy SEA list. Finally, a draft 'SEA Directive: Guidance for Energy Plans and Programmes' will be provided at the end of this article.
{"title":"The Application of the European SEA Directive in the Energy Sector: An Attempt to Develop the List Approach to 'Specifying Types of Energy Plans and Programmes'","authors":"Mingxue Gao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1310461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1310461","url":null,"abstract":"After four years of efforts to implement the European Directive on strategic environmental assessment (SEA), it remains unclear whether decision-making should actually be subject to the SEA Directive. Unlike the approaches adopted by the European Directive regarding the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to facilitate its implementation, three usual approaches adopted by the European SEA Directive may jeopardize its actual implementation. These include the following: (1) No indicative list provided for plans and programmes (PPs); (2) lack of thresholds for PPs, which are likely to have significant environmental effects (LSEE); (3) the scope and types of SEA PPs is broader and more diverse than that of EIA projects. One potential method to resolve this implementation issue has been pointed out in Article 3(5) of the SEA Directive, which indicates the need to consider and develop multi-approaches, including case-by-case, list, and mixed approaches. However, the dominant SEA-related scientific and legal studies so far have focused on the development of the case-by-case approach, with less attention paid to the advantages and development of the latter two approaches. The main goals of this article are to develop the list and the mixed approaches to facilitate the actual implementation of the SEA Directive, and to apply such approaches to the energy sector, which serves as an exemplar of a traditionally environmentally-sensitive sector. As such, a broad survey of the following three areas will be conducted: energy decision-making from existing SEA cases, provision of energy decision-making in related international, European, and national legislations, and energy and climate change policy papers in selected countries. This article will further evaluate whether the aforementioned energy decision-making processes meet the criteria outlined in the SEA Directive and whether such decision-making processes should be put on the energy SEA list. Finally, a draft 'SEA Directive: Guidance for Energy Plans and Programmes' will be provided at the end of this article.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131868646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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