Pub Date : 2014-03-01DOI: 10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1039321.V1
N. Arora
Foreign Direct Investment has gained huge importance in developing countries in past few decades. The positive benefits of FDI to the receiving host country include capital, skill and technology transfer, market access and export promotion (Acharyya, 2009). However, it also brings along with it negative cost for the host country. Mining sector in India is growing at a fast pace and is a sector crucial for India’s economic growth. The result is that the present day society, especially in emerging economies like India and China is crucially dependent on the minerals industry for sustained economic progress that will alleviate poverty and improve the quality of life. (Sustainable Development Emerging Issues in India’s Mineral Sector, 2012). The present study tries to evaluate the environmental impacts of foreign direct investment in mining sector in India using the secondary data.
{"title":"Environmental Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment in Mining Sector in India","authors":"N. Arora","doi":"10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1039321.V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1039321.V1","url":null,"abstract":"Foreign Direct Investment has gained huge importance in developing countries in past few decades. The positive benefits of FDI to the receiving host country include capital, skill and technology transfer, market access and export promotion (Acharyya, 2009). However, it also brings along with it negative cost for the host country. Mining sector in India is growing at a fast pace and is a sector crucial for India’s economic growth. The result is that the present day society, especially in emerging economies like India and China is crucially dependent on the minerals industry for sustained economic progress that will alleviate poverty and improve the quality of life. (Sustainable Development Emerging Issues in India’s Mineral Sector, 2012). The present study tries to evaluate the environmental impacts of foreign direct investment in mining sector in India using the secondary data.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121393417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Iskandar Malaysia, a major economic zone in the southern part of Malaysia, is experiencing meteoric growth. Given that the zone lies along the Straits of Johor, how will the increasing industrialisation and urbanisation seen in the area affect the marine and coastal environment? Also, what are the implications of this growth for Singapore, whose northern coast lies on the other side of the Straits? This NTS Insight investigates these questions and suggests ways to mitigate the potential impacts of developments in Iskandar Malaysia on Singapore’s marine and coastal environment.
{"title":"The Rise of Iskandar Malaysia: Implications for Singapore's Marine and Coastal Environment","authors":"P. Hangzo, A. Cook","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2392135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2392135","url":null,"abstract":"Iskandar Malaysia, a major economic zone in the southern part of Malaysia, is experiencing meteoric growth. Given that the zone lies along the Straits of Johor, how will the increasing industrialisation and urbanisation seen in the area affect the marine and coastal environment? Also, what are the implications of this growth for Singapore, whose northern coast lies on the other side of the Straits? This NTS Insight investigates these questions and suggests ways to mitigate the potential impacts of developments in Iskandar Malaysia on Singapore’s marine and coastal environment.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124725684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Indrajaya, E. van der Werf, E. V. van Ierland, F. Mohren
Papers on optimal harvesting regimes for maximizing land expectation value (LEV) that compare different logging practices often ignore differences in variable costs and in damages on the residual stand between logging practices. We use data on a multi-age, multi-species forest in East-Kalimantan to study optimal harvest regimes for Conventional Logging (CL) and for Reduced Impact Logging (RIL). We simulate a range of carbon prices with compensation for additional carbon stored under sustainable forest management (RIL). According to our detailed data, RIL has higher fixed costs but lower variable costs than CL, and leads to less damages on the residual stand. We show that when these differences are taken into account, RIL leads to highest LEV for low to intermediate carbon prices, while for high carbon prices conventional logging is preferred. Conventional logging, however, does not qualify for carbon payments. Furthermore, we show that ignoring damages in the model leads to vast overestimations of LEV and large underestimations of optimal cutting cycles for all carbon prices, and to a different choice of logging practice for low and high carbon prices. Ignoring differences in variable costs between CL and RIL leads to small overestimations of LEV for low carbon prices and small underestimations of LEV for high carbon prices, with small to zero differences in optimal cutting cycles.
{"title":"Optimal Forest Management When Logging Damages and Costs Differ between Logging Practices","authors":"Y. Indrajaya, E. van der Werf, E. V. van Ierland, F. Mohren","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2398267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2398267","url":null,"abstract":"Papers on optimal harvesting regimes for maximizing land expectation value (LEV) that compare different logging practices often ignore differences in variable costs and in damages on the residual stand between logging practices. We use data on a multi-age, multi-species forest in East-Kalimantan to study optimal harvest regimes for Conventional Logging (CL) and for Reduced Impact Logging (RIL). We simulate a range of carbon prices with compensation for additional carbon stored under sustainable forest management (RIL). According to our detailed data, RIL has higher fixed costs but lower variable costs than CL, and leads to less damages on the residual stand. We show that when these differences are taken into account, RIL leads to highest LEV for low to intermediate carbon prices, while for high carbon prices conventional logging is preferred. Conventional logging, however, does not qualify for carbon payments. Furthermore, we show that ignoring damages in the model leads to vast overestimations of LEV and large underestimations of optimal cutting cycles for all carbon prices, and to a different choice of logging practice for low and high carbon prices. Ignoring differences in variable costs between CL and RIL leads to small overestimations of LEV for low carbon prices and small underestimations of LEV for high carbon prices, with small to zero differences in optimal cutting cycles.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127124234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the depletion of Bluefin Tuna from an international law perspective, in order to analyze how international organizations might better manage and redistribute scarce resources. It assesses regime interplay, linkages, and new developments in the law of international organizations, to argue that coastal nations and distant water fishing nations should be strategically linking issues to reduce overfishing, and moreover, that Regional Fisheries Management Organizations should (and in some cases must, as a matter of law) improve their internal governance. The article argues that financial incentives to encourage a lower catch will ultimately lead to a more equitable and efficient system.
{"title":"Overfishing of Bluefin Tuna: Incentivizing Inclusive Solutions","authors":"Kristen E. Boon","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2356566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2356566","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the depletion of Bluefin Tuna from an international law perspective, in order to analyze how international organizations might better manage and redistribute scarce resources. It assesses regime interplay, linkages, and new developments in the law of international organizations, to argue that coastal nations and distant water fishing nations should be strategically linking issues to reduce overfishing, and moreover, that Regional Fisheries Management Organizations should (and in some cases must, as a matter of law) improve their internal governance. The article argues that financial incentives to encourage a lower catch will ultimately lead to a more equitable and efficient system.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"347 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132483053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A concern of many environmentalists is that the use of biomass energy will decimate the forests. Searchinger et al. (2008, 2009) examined this issue related to corn ethanol and suggested that substituting corn ethanol for petroleum would increase carbon emissions associated with the land conversion abroad necessary to offset the decline in corn availability. Associated with these concerns is the overall issue of climate change (IPCC 2006). This issue is broader than simply corn. If agricultural croplands are drawn into the production of biofuel feedstocks, commodity prices are expected to rise, triggering land conversions overseas, releasing carbon emissions, and offsetting the carbon reductions expected from bioenergy. Using a general stylized forest sector management model, our study examines the economic potential of traditional industrial forests and supplemental dedicated fuelwood plantations to produce biomass on submarginal lands. It finds that these sources can economically produce large levels of biomass without compromising crop production, thereby mitigating the land conversion and carbon emissions effects posited by the Searchinger Hypothesis.
{"title":"Wood Bioenergy and Land Use: A Challenge to the Searchinger Hypothesis","authors":"R. Sedjo, B. Sohngen, A. Riddle","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2352480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2352480","url":null,"abstract":"A concern of many environmentalists is that the use of biomass energy will decimate the forests. Searchinger et al. (2008, 2009) examined this issue related to corn ethanol and suggested that substituting corn ethanol for petroleum would increase carbon emissions associated with the land conversion abroad necessary to offset the decline in corn availability. Associated with these concerns is the overall issue of climate change (IPCC 2006). This issue is broader than simply corn. If agricultural croplands are drawn into the production of biofuel feedstocks, commodity prices are expected to rise, triggering land conversions overseas, releasing carbon emissions, and offsetting the carbon reductions expected from bioenergy. Using a general stylized forest sector management model, our study examines the economic potential of traditional industrial forests and supplemental dedicated fuelwood plantations to produce biomass on submarginal lands. It finds that these sources can economically produce large levels of biomass without compromising crop production, thereby mitigating the land conversion and carbon emissions effects posited by the Searchinger Hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123769996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research showcases multi attribute decision support methodology applied to analyze the impact of shopping malls on the city structure. Influence of shopping mall on the city is described as the sum of effects, which affects the quality of life, the neighborhood, the work of city transportation system and architectural and urban perception of the city. The influence of shopping mall is measured in the form of different attributes rated on a scale and then rating summation is carried using Compensatory model to evaluate each attribute with respect to belief and actual impact. The main attributes are distinguished to measure the influence of shopping malls on quality of life, the work of transportation system, the economics and the architectural & urban perception of the city. The weights of attributes are estimated from a data collected through surveys conducted through an online survey system. The initial rating for the attributes is done through surveys carried out among the experts in the city of Normal and Bloomington. Compensatory models/Multi attribute model is used to evaluate high preference attitude towards ranking the attributes as per the weights estimated through the model. A quantitative analysis using multiple regression analysis is carried out to check the viability of the results calculated through compensatory model. A multivariate correlation analysis is carried out to showcase the interrelation of the attributes and how the change in one attribute showcases a change or stability in another attribute. Overall the research estimates the effect of shopping mall on the city structure where the attributes are rated by the factor of belief and final outcome.
{"title":"Quantitative Analysis of Compensatory Model: Effects of Influence of Shopping Mall on the City Structure","authors":"Prathamesh Muzumdar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2290560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2290560","url":null,"abstract":"This research showcases multi attribute decision support methodology applied to analyze the impact of shopping malls on the city structure. Influence of shopping mall on the city is described as the sum of effects, which affects the quality of life, the neighborhood, the work of city transportation system and architectural and urban perception of the city. The influence of shopping mall is measured in the form of different attributes rated on a scale and then rating summation is carried using Compensatory model to evaluate each attribute with respect to belief and actual impact. The main attributes are distinguished to measure the influence of shopping malls on quality of life, the work of transportation system, the economics and the architectural & urban perception of the city. The weights of attributes are estimated from a data collected through surveys conducted through an online survey system. The initial rating for the attributes is done through surveys carried out among the experts in the city of Normal and Bloomington. Compensatory models/Multi attribute model is used to evaluate high preference attitude towards ranking the attributes as per the weights estimated through the model. A quantitative analysis using multiple regression analysis is carried out to check the viability of the results calculated through compensatory model. A multivariate correlation analysis is carried out to showcase the interrelation of the attributes and how the change in one attribute showcases a change or stability in another attribute. Overall the research estimates the effect of shopping mall on the city structure where the attributes are rated by the factor of belief and final outcome.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130390073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Unless there is managerial intervention, the ability of an ecological-economic system to provide humans with key services will decline probabilistically. We model such an ecological-economic system with a Brownian motion process with negative drift. The manager’s goal is to prevent this system’s ability to provide key services from declining to a level below the so called safe minimum standard (SMS). We model this goal rigorously and then, on the assumption that the goal is met, we characterize the steady state probability distribution function of the ecological-economic system under study.
{"title":"Aspects of the Management of Ecological-Economic Systems with a Safe Minimum Standard","authors":"A. Batabyal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2262480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2262480","url":null,"abstract":"Unless there is managerial intervention, the ability of an ecological-economic system to provide humans with key services will decline probabilistically. We model such an ecological-economic system with a Brownian motion process with negative drift. The manager’s goal is to prevent this system’s ability to provide key services from declining to a level below the so called safe minimum standard (SMS). We model this goal rigorously and then, on the assumption that the goal is met, we characterize the steady state probability distribution function of the ecological-economic system under study.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133007503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we use the Global Gas Model to analyze the perspectives and infrastructure needs of the European natural gas market until 2050. Three pathways of natural gas consumption in a future low-carbon energy system in Europe are envisaged: i) a decreasing natural gas consumption, along the results of the PRIMES model for the EMF decarbonization scenarios; ii) a moderate increase of natural gas consumption, along the lines of the IEA (2012) World Energy Outlook's New Policy Scenario; and iii) a temporary increase of natural gas use as a bridge technology, followed by a strong decrease after 2030. Our results show that import infrastructure and intra-European transit capacity currently in place or under construction are largely sufficient to accommodate the import needs of the EMF decarbonization scenarios, despite the reduction of domestic production and the increase of import dependency. However, due to strong demand in Asia which draws LNG and imports from Russia, Europe has to increasingly rely on pipeline exports from Africa and the Caspian region from where new pipelines are built. Moreover, pipeline investments open up new import and transit paths, including reverse flow capacity, which improves the diversification of supplies. In the high gas consumption scenario similar pipeline links are realized-though on a larger scale, doubling the costs of infrastructure expansion. In the bridge technology scenario, the utilization rates of (idle) LNG import capacity can be increased for the short period of temporary strong natural gas demand.
{"title":"The Role of Natural Gas in a Low-Carbon Europe: Infrastructure and Regional Supply Security in the Global Gas Model","authors":"F. Holz, Philipp M. Richter, Ruud Egging","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2239652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2239652","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we use the Global Gas Model to analyze the perspectives and infrastructure needs of the European natural gas market until 2050. Three pathways of natural gas consumption in a future low-carbon energy system in Europe are envisaged: i) a decreasing natural gas consumption, along the results of the PRIMES model for the EMF decarbonization scenarios; ii) a moderate increase of natural gas consumption, along the lines of the IEA (2012) World Energy Outlook's New Policy Scenario; and iii) a temporary increase of natural gas use as a bridge technology, followed by a strong decrease after 2030. Our results show that import infrastructure and intra-European transit capacity currently in place or under construction are largely sufficient to accommodate the import needs of the EMF decarbonization scenarios, despite the reduction of domestic production and the increase of import dependency. However, due to strong demand in Asia which draws LNG and imports from Russia, Europe has to increasingly rely on pipeline exports from Africa and the Caspian region from where new pipelines are built. Moreover, pipeline investments open up new import and transit paths, including reverse flow capacity, which improves the diversification of supplies. In the high gas consumption scenario similar pipeline links are realized-though on a larger scale, doubling the costs of infrastructure expansion. In the bridge technology scenario, the utilization rates of (idle) LNG import capacity can be increased for the short period of temporary strong natural gas demand.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"149 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115584095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Hübler, Lavinia Baumstark, Marian Leimbach, O. Edenhofer, N. Bauer
We introduce endogenous directed technical change into numerical integrated climate and development policy assessment. We distinguish expenditures on innovation (R&D) and imitation (international technology spillovers) and consider the role of capital investment in creating and implementing new technologies. Our main contribution is to calibrate and numerically solve the model and to examine the model's sensitivity. As an application, we assess a carbon budget-based climate policy and vary the beginning of energy-saving technology transfer. Accordingly, China is a main beneficiary of early technology transfer. Herein, our results highlight the importance of timely international technology transfer for efficiently meeting global emission targets. Most of the consumption gains from endogenous growth are captured in the baseline. Moreover, mitigation costs turn out to be insensitive to changes in most of the parameters of endogenous growth. A higher effectivity of energy-specific relative to labor-specific expenditures on innovation and imitation reduces mitigation costs, though.
{"title":"An Integrated Assessment Model with Endogenous Growth","authors":"Michael Hübler, Lavinia Baumstark, Marian Leimbach, O. Edenhofer, N. Bauer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2141927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2141927","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce endogenous directed technical change into numerical integrated climate and development policy assessment. We distinguish expenditures on innovation (R&D) and imitation (international technology spillovers) and consider the role of capital investment in creating and implementing new technologies. Our main contribution is to calibrate and numerically solve the model and to examine the model's sensitivity. As an application, we assess a carbon budget-based climate policy and vary the beginning of energy-saving technology transfer. Accordingly, China is a main beneficiary of early technology transfer. Herein, our results highlight the importance of timely international technology transfer for efficiently meeting global emission targets. Most of the consumption gains from endogenous growth are captured in the baseline. Moreover, mitigation costs turn out to be insensitive to changes in most of the parameters of endogenous growth. A higher effectivity of energy-specific relative to labor-specific expenditures on innovation and imitation reduces mitigation costs, though.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130607976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We consider the problem of hedging European options written on natural gas futures, in a market where prices of traded assets exhibit jumps, by trading in the underlying asset. We provide a general expression for the hedging strategy which minimizes the variance of the terminal hedging error, in terms of stochastic integral representations of the payoffs of the options involved. This formula is then applied to compute hedge ratios for common options in various models with jumps, leading to easily computable expressions. As a benchmark we take the standard Black-Scholes-Merton delta hedges. We show that in natural gas option markets minimal variance hedging with underlying consistently outperform the benchmarks by quite a margin.
{"title":"Minimal Variance Hedging of Natural Gas Derivatives in Exponential Levy Models: Theory and Empirical Performance","authors":"C. Ewald, Roy Nawar, T. Siu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2145306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2145306","url":null,"abstract":"We consider the problem of hedging European options written on natural gas futures, in a market where prices of traded assets exhibit jumps, by trading in the underlying asset. We provide a general expression for the hedging strategy which minimizes the variance of the terminal hedging error, in terms of stochastic integral representations of the payoffs of the options involved. This formula is then applied to compute hedge ratios for common options in various models with jumps, leading to easily computable expressions. As a benchmark we take the standard Black-Scholes-Merton delta hedges. We show that in natural gas option markets minimal variance hedging with underlying consistently outperform the benchmarks by quite a margin.","PeriodicalId":365212,"journal":{"name":"Environment & Natural Resources eJournal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133234628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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