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Realizable and adaptive maximization of environmental sustainability at the country level using evolutionary strategies 在国家一级利用进化战略实现环境可持续性的可实现和适应性最大化
Q4 Mathematics Pub Date : 2021-08-11 DOI: 10.1080/23737484.2021.1942326
Tatiana Tambouratzis, Vassileios Canellidis, M. Chalikias
Abstract An assortment of evolutionary strategies (EvSs) is put forward for guiding interested countries toward the maximization of their environmental sustainability (ES), as demonstrated on the “landmark” Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) 2005. The EvSs employ: (a) as inputs/chromosomes, the sets of ESI constructs which have been established as significant as well as sufficient in determining country ES; (b) as output, the singleton ESI 2005 scores which express the levels of ES attained by the participating countries; (c) as fitness function, the most accurate first degree (according to the primary literature) polynomials linking (a) and (b); and (d) realistic quasi-monotonic ES improvements, implemented via the application of exclusively positive mutations to the selected genes of each next-generation chromosome and the subsequent changes made to the remaining genes, with the sign and magnitude of each change being determined by the cross-correlation (CC) coefficients between the set of mutated genes and each remaining gene of the new chromosome. The created EvSs cover all the direct and stepwise approximations linking constructs and scores, thus offering alternative paths toward attaining maximal ES. Future research shall focus upon the selection of the EvS which affords maximal ES improvement at each generation.
摘要本文提出了一系列进化策略(evs),以指导感兴趣的国家实现其环境可持续性(ES)的最大化,并在2005年“里程碑式”环境可持续性指数(ESI)中得到了证明。evs使用:(a)作为输入/染色体,在确定国家ES方面已经建立的ESI结构集既重要又足够;(b)作为输出,单一的ESI 2005得分,表示参与国家达到的ES水平;(c)作为适应度函数,表示连接(a)和(b)的最精确的一次多项式(根据原始文献);(d)实际的准单调ES改进,通过对每条下一代染色体的选定基因进行专门的正突变和随后对其余基因进行的改变来实现,每个变化的符号和大小由一组突变基因与新染色体的每个剩余基因之间的交叉相关(CC)系数决定。所创建的evs涵盖了连接结构和分数的所有直接和逐步近似,从而提供了获得最大ES的替代路径。未来的研究将集中在选择每一代ES改善最大的电动汽车上。
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引用次数: 0
Properties of American options under a Markovian Regime Switching Model 马尔可夫制度交换模型下美式期权的性质
Q4 Mathematics Pub Date : 2021-08-02 DOI: 10.1080/23737484.2021.1958272
M. Dimitrov, Lu Jin, Ying Ni
Abstract In this article, a model under which the underlying asset follows a Markov regime-switching process is considered. The underlying economy is partially observable in a form of a signal stochastically related to the actual state of the economy. The American option pricing problem is formulated using a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP). Through the article, a three-state economy is assumed with a focus on the threshold for the early exercise, hold regions and its monotonicity. An extensive numerical experimental study is conducted in order to clarify the relationship between the monotonicity of the exercising strategy and the sufficient conditions which are obtained in Jin, Dimitrov, and Ni. In this article, the effect of sufficient conditions is confirmed. It was shown that sufficient conditions are not necessary for the monotonicity of the exercising strategy, and a discussion including milder conditions is presented based on the numerical studies.
摘要本文考虑了基础资产遵循马尔可夫状态切换过程的模型。潜在的经济是以一种与实际经济状况随机相关的信号的形式部分地观察到的。采用部分可观察马尔可夫决策过程(POMDP)来描述美式期权定价问题。本文通过对三态经济的假设,重点讨论了早期运动的阈值、保持区域及其单调性。为了阐明在Jin, Dimitrov和Ni中得到的充分条件与练习策略的单调性之间的关系,进行了广泛的数值实验研究。本文证实了充分条件的作用。在数值研究的基础上,提出了一种包含较温和条件的讨论方法。
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引用次数: 0
Accuracy of automatic forecasting methods for univariate time series data: A case study predicting the results of the 2018 Swedish general election using decades-long data series 单变量时间序列数据自动预测方法的准确性:使用数十年的数据序列预测2018年瑞典大选结果的案例研究
Q4 Mathematics Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/23737484.2021.1964407
A. Rosenblad
Abstract This study compared the accuracy of automatic time series forecasting methods in predicting the results of the 2018 Swedish general election using data from the Party Preference Survey opinion poll collected during the years 1984–2018. The general exponential smoothing state space (ETS) model performed best, outperforming even the exit poll collected at the time of the election, while the complex seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was beaten by the simple exponential smoothing method. Holt’s linear trend method performed worse than even the naïve method. The results of this study show the usefulness of easily applied automatic forecasting methods.
本研究使用1984-2018年政党偏好调查民意调查数据,比较了自动时间序列预测方法预测2018年瑞典大选结果的准确性。一般指数平滑状态空间(ETS)模型表现最好,甚至优于选举时收集的出口民意调查,而复杂季节性自回归综合移动平均(ARIMA)模型则被简单指数平滑方法击败。Holt的线性趋势方法甚至比naïve方法表现得更差。本研究结果显示了易于应用的自动预测方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 1
Improved estimators for the zero-inflated Poisson regression model in the presence of multicollinearity: simulation and application of maternal death data 多重共线性存在下零膨胀泊松回归模型的改进估计:产妇死亡数据的模拟与应用
Q4 Mathematics Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/23737484.2021.1952493
Talha Omer, P. Sjölander, K. Månsson, B. G. Kibria
Abstract In this article, we propose Liu-type shrinkage estimators for the zero-inflated Poisson regression (ZIPR) model in the presence of multicollinearity. Our new approach is a remedy to the problem of inflated variances for the ML estimation technique—which is a standard approach to estimate these types of count data models. When the data are in the form of non-negative integers with a surplus of zeros it induces overdispersion in the dependent variable. Considerable multicollinearity is frequently observed, but usually disregarded, for these types of data sets. Based on a Monte Carlo study we illustrate that our proposed estimators exhibit better MSE and MAE than the usual ML estimator and some other Liu estimators in the presence of multicollinearity. To demonstrate the advantages and the empirical relevance of our improved estimators, maternal death data are analyzed and the results illustrate similar benefits as is demonstrated in our simulation study.
摘要本文提出了存在多重共线性的零膨胀泊松回归(ZIPR)模型的liu型收缩估计量。我们的新方法是对ML估计技术的膨胀方差问题的补救措施-这是估计这些类型的计数数据模型的标准方法。当数据以非负整数的形式存在余零时,会引起因变量的过分散。对于这些类型的数据集,经常观察到相当大的多重共线性,但通常被忽略。基于蒙特卡罗的研究表明,在多重共线性情况下,我们提出的估计量比通常的ML估计量和其他一些Liu估计量表现出更好的MSE和MAE。为了证明我们改进的估计器的优势和经验相关性,对孕产妇死亡数据进行了分析,结果显示了与我们的模拟研究中所展示的类似的好处。
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引用次数: 2
Age heaping pattern and data quality: evidence from Indian Household Survey Data (1991–2016) 年龄堆积模式与数据质量:来自1991-2016年印度住户调查数据的证据
Q4 Mathematics Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/23737484.2021.1952492
M. Malik
Abstract Age structure is crucial to various socio-economic and demographic factors. Better age quality data are critical to determine the reliability of large scale household surveys and the estimates they provide. Considering the importance and large sample these household surveys represent, we examined one of India’s largest household survey (NFHS) to determine its data quality and accuracy. Using multiple indices we also made a comparison of various age reporting measures to assess pattern of age heaping. Our results found that age heaping is a gray concern for household surveys in India. Though there has been some improvement, but over all age quality data are still very rough, affecting likely the survey estimates. Females are performing better on contrary to what earlier studies have found, which is likely due to improving socio-cultural and living norms in Indian settings. It is clear that age preference can likely cause the substantial biases in demographic factors and survey estimates. Thus studies examining age structure or any such methods where age is significantly important should adjust the age bias before carrying out further analysis. Furthermore, a single approach for age adjustment techniques is must to improve the age quality data for better policy implications.
年龄结构对各种社会经济和人口因素至关重要。更好的年龄质量数据对于确定大规模家庭调查及其提供的估计的可靠性至关重要。考虑到这些家庭调查的重要性和样本量,我们研究了印度最大的家庭调查(NFHS)之一,以确定其数据质量和准确性。我们还采用多指标比较了各种年龄报告方法来评估年龄堆积的模式。我们的研究结果发现,在印度的家庭调查中,年龄堆积是一个灰色问题。虽然有一些改善,但总体而言,年龄质量数据仍然非常粗糙,可能会影响调查的估计。与之前的研究发现相反,女性的表现更好,这可能是由于印度社会文化和生活规范的改善。很明显,年龄偏好可能会导致人口因素和调查估计中的重大偏差。因此,研究年龄结构或任何年龄非常重要的此类方法应该在进行进一步分析之前调整年龄偏差。此外,必须采用年龄调整技术的单一方法来改进年龄质量数据,以便更好地影响政策。
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引用次数: 0
Bayesian analysis of macroeconomic variables on national savings 国民储蓄宏观经济变量的贝叶斯分析
Q4 Mathematics Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/23737484.2021.1964406
Oluwadare O. Ojo, A. Adepoju
Abstract Multicollinearity brings obstacle to estimation of regression models. A major stumbling block of the most classical method of estimation of regression model is that it is indeterminate in the presence of extreme perfect multicollinearity. This study examined the impact of some macroeconomic variables on National savings of the Nigerian economy. Since majority of these macroeconomic variables are highly correlated, the use of classical methods may be disastrously inappropriate. Hence, the Bayesian analysis with conjugate priors are used to explore the relationship between the national savings and these correlated macroeconomic variables of Nigerian economy in order to effectively handle the problem of multicollinearity. The Bayesian method using the Zellner’s prior handled the problem of multicollinearity efficiently.
摘要多重共线性给回归模型的估计带来了障碍。最经典的回归模型估计方法的一个主要障碍是它在存在极端完美多重共线性时是不确定的。本研究考察了一些宏观经济变量对尼日利亚国民储蓄的影响。由于这些宏观经济变量中的大多数是高度相关的,使用经典方法可能是灾难性的不合适。因此,为了有效地处理多重共线性问题,本文采用共轭先验贝叶斯分析来探讨尼日利亚经济中国民储蓄与这些相关宏观经济变量之间的关系。利用Zellner先验的贝叶斯方法有效地处理了多重共线性问题。
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引用次数: 0
Improved longitudinal data analysis for cross-over design settings, with a piecewise linear mixed-effects model 改进了交叉设计设置的纵向数据分析,采用分段线性混合效应模型
Q4 Mathematics Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/23737484.2021.1959468
M. Mwangi, G. Verbeke, E. Njagi, S. Mwalili, Anna Ivanova, Z. Bukania, G. Molenberghs
Abstract Repeated measures data are commonly encountered in a wide variety of disciplines including business, agriculture and medicine. The fact that observations from the same unit, in general, will not be independent poses particular challenges to the statistical procedures used for the analysis of such data. In the statistical literature, analysis of cross-over designs is mainly centred around a single response variable measured at the end of each period after treatment. Less commonly, cross-over design studies are used in more complex settings, for example, repeated measurements collected within each center across a number of centers or within individual’s treatment period(s). A single measurement response analysis approach may lead to loss of information that otherwise would be captured during patients follow-up, thus affecting precision in estimation. To circumvent this limitation, we propose the application of a piecewise linear mixed-effects model. We analyze data from a cross-over design, where both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured repeatedly for each patient within each period. These are continuous variables assumed to arise from the family of Gaussian multivariate distributions. The objective of the study was to investigate changes in the two response variables over time and to detect the role of two treatment dosages of Iodine in household salt associated with a more rapid decrease in the two outcomes.
重复测量数据在商业、农业和医学等各个学科中都很常见。来自同一单位的观测结果一般不会是独立的,这一事实对用于分析这类数据的统计程序提出了特别的挑战。在统计文献中,交叉设计的分析主要集中在治疗后每个时期结束时测量的单一响应变量。不太常见的是,交叉设计研究用于更复杂的环境,例如,在多个中心的每个中心或在个体治疗期间重复收集测量数据。单一的测量响应分析方法可能会导致在患者随访期间捕获的信息丢失,从而影响估计的精度。为了规避这一限制,我们提出了分段线性混合效应模型的应用。我们分析了来自交叉设计的数据,在每个时期重复测量每位患者的收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)。这些是连续变量,假设来自高斯多元分布族。该研究的目的是调查这两个反应变量随时间的变化,并检测两种处理剂量的家用盐碘与这两个结果的更快下降相关的作用。
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引用次数: 1
Multilevel Dimension Reduction for Credit Scoring Modelling and Prediction: Empirical Evidence for Greece 多级降维的信用评分模型和预测:希腊的经验证据
Q4 Mathematics Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.1080/23737484.2021.1936690
P. Giannouli, A. Karagrigoriou, Christos E. Kountzakis, Kimon Ntotsis
Abstract Several works concerning the modelling and the prediction of credit scoring have been made over time, based on features used in credit scoring, the effectiveness of different classification algorithms and also benchmarking studies classification algorithms for credit scoring. The objective of this work is the proposal of an innovative approach to flexible and accurate credit scoring modelling with the use of not only financial but also credit behavioural characteristics. In addition, we propose a multidimensional reduction algorithm in order to divulge the statistically significant variables that prevail and as an extension to create a reliable prediction model for credit scoring based on the effective combination of principal components analysis and regularization methods. The proposed novel procedure is applied to the Greek System separately for small and large enterprises with the use of a Credit Bureau database with more than 200,000 cases.
随着时间的推移,基于信用评分的特征、不同分类算法的有效性以及对信用评分分类算法的基准研究,关于信用评分的建模和预测已经做了一些工作。这项工作的目标是提出一种创新的方法来灵活和准确的信用评分建模,不仅使用金融,而且使用信用行为特征。此外,我们提出了一种多维约简算法,以揭示统计上显着的变量,并作为扩展,基于主成分分析和正则化方法的有效结合,创建可靠的信用评分预测模型。拟议的新程序分别适用于希腊系统,适用于小型和大型企业,并使用信用局的一个数据库,其中有20多万个案例。
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引用次数: 1
Multivariate statistical analysis for exploring road crash-related factors in the Franche-Comté region of France 探讨法国弗朗什-康涅斯地区道路交通事故相关因素的多元统计分析
Q4 Mathematics Pub Date : 2021-06-11 DOI: 10.1080/23737484.2021.1929562
Cécile Spychala, Joël Armand, C. Dombry, C. Goga
Abstract Understanding and modeling road crash data is crucial in fulfilling safety goals by helping national authorities to take necessary measures to reduce crash frequency and severity. This work aims at giving a multivariate statistical analysis of road crash data from the French region of Franche-Comté with special attention to road crash gravity. The first step for this multivariate analysis was to perform multiple correspondence analysis in order to assess associations between the road crash injury and several important accident-related factors and circumstances. Log-linear models are used next in order to detect associations between road crash severity and related factors such as alcohol/drug consumption or spatial crash locations. The effects of each factors have been also evaluated on the road crash gravity by using ordinal logistic regression. Data used in this study are extracted from BAAC files, the French census of road crashes.
通过帮助国家当局采取必要措施减少碰撞频率和严重程度,理解和建模道路碰撞数据对于实现安全目标至关重要。这项工作旨在对来自法国弗朗什-康涅格地区的道路碰撞数据进行多元统计分析,特别关注道路碰撞重力。这个多变量分析的第一步是进行多重对应分析,以评估道路交通事故伤害与几个重要的事故相关因素和情况之间的联系。接下来使用对数线性模型来检测道路碰撞严重程度与酒精/药物消耗或空间碰撞位置等相关因素之间的关联。利用有序逻辑回归分析了各因素对道路碰撞重力的影响。本研究中使用的数据来自法国道路交通事故普查BAAC文件。
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引用次数: 1
A spatio-temporal model for predicting wind speeds in Southern California 预测南加州风速的时空模型
Q4 Mathematics Pub Date : 2021-05-14 DOI: 10.1080/23737484.2023.2217137
M. Puica, F. Benth
Abstract The share of wind power in fuel mixes worldwide has increased considerably. The main ingredient when deriving wind power predictions are wind speed data; the closer to the wind farms, the better they forecast the power supply. The current paper proposes a hybrid model for predicting wind speeds at convenient locations. It is then applied to Southern California power price area. We build random fields with time series of gridded historical forecasts and actual wind speed observations. We estimate with ordinary kriging the spatial variability of the temporal parameters and derive predictions. The advantages of this work are twofold: (1) an accurate daily wind speed forecast at any location in the area and (2) a general method applicable to other markets.
风能在全球燃料组合中的份额已大幅增加。风力预测的主要依据是风速数据;离风力发电场越近,他们对电力供应的预测就越准确。本文提出了一种用于预测方便地点风速的混合模型。并将其应用于南加州电价区。我们用时间序列网格化的历史预报和实际风速观测来建立随机场。我们用普通克里格法估计了时间参数的空间变异性,并推导了预测结果。这项工作的优点有两方面:(1)在该地区任何地点提供准确的每日风速预报;(2)提供适用于其他市场的一般方法。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Communications in Statistics Case Studies Data Analysis and Applications
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