The State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan is preparing for its 20th anniversary. However, there is nothing to celebrate: despite huge spending, the country’s role as an economic leader in the region is declining and people are suffering from poverty and poor social services. Oil and gas revenues have brought neither improved welfare nor democracy to Azerbaijan.
{"title":"State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan: Huge Spending and Overwhelming Poverty","authors":"G. Ibadoghlu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3489617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3489617","url":null,"abstract":"The State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan is preparing for its 20th anniversary. However, there is nothing to celebrate: despite huge spending, the country’s role as an economic leader in the region is declining and people are suffering from poverty and poor social services. Oil and gas revenues have brought neither improved welfare nor democracy to Azerbaijan.","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114853391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jules H. van Binsbergen, Jungsuk Han, Hongxun Ruan, Ran Xing
We propose a model featuring horizon-specific mutual fund manager skill. Managers optimally choose their holdings based on their skill and the price impact of their trades. Fund turnover negatively correlates with the horizon over which value is added and positively correlates with price impact costs, while the correlation with fund size is ambiguous. We empirically evaluate the model using transaction-level data and decompose funds' value added based on the past length of funds' holdings. Holdings of high-turnover funds add a substantial amount of value in the first two months, while holdings of low-turnover funds only add value over longer horizons.
{"title":"A Horizon Based Decomposition of Mutual Fund Value Added Using Transactions","authors":"Jules H. van Binsbergen, Jungsuk Han, Hongxun Ruan, Ran Xing","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3478745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3478745","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a model featuring horizon-specific mutual fund manager skill. Managers optimally choose their holdings based on their skill and the price impact of their trades. Fund turnover negatively correlates with the horizon over which value is added and positively correlates with price impact costs, while the correlation with fund size is ambiguous. We empirically evaluate the model using transaction-level data and decompose funds' value added based on the past length of funds' holdings. Holdings of high-turnover funds add a substantial amount of value in the first two months, while holdings of low-turnover funds only add value over longer horizons.","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128006390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work explores the consequences that different energy poverty definitions might have in the energy policy debate. We estimate the ten percent rule index (TPRI) while proposing and measuring a multidimensional energy poverty index (PMEPI). Both indices uses the 2017 National Survey of Public Perception on Energy applied to a sample of 3,500 households in Chile. Although both measures find that the energy poor represents about 15% of the population, energy poverty levels vary differently across the population depending on the employed measure. Moreover, the indices produce different energy poverty rankings across the territory, and most energy poor households are either TPRI poor or PMEPI poor. We found that this discrepancy between both energy poverty measures is mostly explained by territorylinked factors such as public lighting, service quality, service reliability, and thermal comfort. Consequently, an energy poverty analysis based solely on income or energy expenditure information (TPRI) is likely to neglect supply side constraints that are captured by the PMEPI. When identifying and targeting the energy deprived, the conclusion is that both energy poverty measures should not be used as substitutes but as complements.
{"title":"Energy Poverty Measures and the Identification of the Energy Poor: A Comparison between the Utilitarian and Multidimensional Approaches in Chile","authors":"C. Villalobos, Carlos Chávez, Adolfo Uribe","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3564827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3564827","url":null,"abstract":"This work explores the consequences that different energy poverty definitions might have in the energy policy debate. We estimate the ten percent rule index (TPRI) while proposing and measuring a multidimensional energy poverty index (PMEPI). Both indices uses the 2017 National Survey of Public Perception on Energy applied to a sample of 3,500 households in Chile. Although both measures find that the energy poor represents about 15% of the population, energy poverty levels vary differently across the population depending on the employed measure. Moreover, the indices produce different energy poverty rankings across the territory, and most energy poor households are either TPRI poor or PMEPI poor. We found that this discrepancy between both energy poverty measures is mostly explained by territorylinked factors such as public lighting, service quality, service reliability, and thermal comfort. Consequently, an energy poverty analysis based solely on income or energy expenditure information (TPRI) is likely to neglect supply side constraints that are captured by the PMEPI. When identifying and targeting the energy deprived, the conclusion is that both energy poverty measures should not be used as substitutes but as complements.","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133000436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the introduction of the Resource Sustainability Act (RSA) on 5 August 2019, Singapore has embarked on its journey towards building a circular economy. Circularity was further emphasized and detailed in the Zero Waste Masterplan 2019 (ZWMP) launched on 30 August 2019. One of the main pillars of the Resource Sustainability Act (RSA) which was passed in Parliament on 4 September 2019, is the introduction of the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) scheme for electronic waste by 2021. Under the ZWMP, EPR will also be extended to packaging waste by 2025. This paper will review the consultative democratic exercise of the Year Towards Zero Waste (YTZW) that has shaped the RSA, the new e-waste EPR provisions in the RSA, as well as highlight the complexities in extending EPR to packaging waste.
{"title":"Extended Producer Responsibility in Singapore’s Resource Sustainability Act","authors":"E. Bea, Melissa Low","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3474816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3474816","url":null,"abstract":"With the introduction of the Resource Sustainability Act (RSA) on 5 August 2019, Singapore has embarked on its journey towards building a circular economy. Circularity was further emphasized and detailed in the Zero Waste Masterplan 2019 (ZWMP) launched on 30 August 2019. One of the main pillars of the Resource Sustainability Act (RSA) which was passed in Parliament on 4 September 2019, is the introduction of the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) scheme for electronic waste by 2021. Under the ZWMP, EPR will also be extended to packaging waste by 2025. This paper will review the consultative democratic exercise of the Year Towards Zero Waste (YTZW) that has shaped the RSA, the new e-waste EPR provisions in the RSA, as well as highlight the complexities in extending EPR to packaging waste.","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114759043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The historic signing of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) on 21 March 2018 marked a momentums milestone for regional economic integration in Africa. Despite the strong signals of commitment by policy makers and African leaders to regional economic integration, the process faces challenges such as limited energy and infrastructure development, insecurity and violent conflicts, multiple and overlapping membership of Regional Economic Communities (RECs), poor sequencing of the regional integration arrangements and limited financial resources (UN Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, 2019: Assessing Regional Integration in Africa (Part ix). Regional integration is now widely accepted as indispensable for expanding economic opportunities in Africa. African nations are vigorously pursuing an integration agenda in order to participate effectively in the globalization process. African leaders therefore view regional integration the most direct route to fast, broad-based economic development, an effective way to overcome the limitations of small internal markets and reducing the high rates of poverty and unemployment plaguing the continent. In view of the slow pace of continent-wide integration, African leaders have provided a framework for the implementation of the integration agenda. This framework is enshrined in the Abuja Treaty of 1991, which provides, inter alia, for the establishment of the African Economic Community (AEC), sets out its objectives and lay out six stages for the implementation of the integration agenda. Included in this framework is the critical role of African Regional Economic Communities (RECs), as the building blocks of the AEC in ensuring harmonization of their monetary, financial and payment policies, in order to boost intracommunity trade, establish a common market and to enhance monetary and financial cooperation among Member States. Accordingly, African leaders have firmly committed themselves to accelerating regional integration and cooperation. Underlying this commitment is a belief that most African countries cannot achieve rapid economic growth and development in a reasonable time without first overcoming the constraints of small economies and populations. Of the 54 African countries, 32 have populations of less than 15 million, while one third have populations of 3 million or less. Moreover, of the 46 least developed countries in the world, 31 are in Africa. Thus, the contribution of regional integration and cooperation to the promotion of intra-group trade, growth, development, social and political cohesion is unquestionable. Removal of border controls, harmonization of macroeconomic, sectoral and institutional policies and actions, liberalization of trade, free movement of people, goods, services and capital are expected to result in more efficient use of resources as well as in productivity and income gains. Participating countries are expected to fare better with integration than without it. T
{"title":"Legal Aspects of Economic Integration of West Africa","authors":"M. Ladan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3470158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3470158","url":null,"abstract":"The historic signing of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) on 21 March 2018 marked a momentums milestone for regional economic integration in Africa. Despite the strong signals of commitment by policy makers and African leaders to regional economic integration, the process faces challenges such as limited energy and infrastructure development, insecurity and violent conflicts, multiple and overlapping membership of Regional Economic Communities (RECs), poor sequencing of the regional integration arrangements and limited financial resources (UN Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, 2019: Assessing Regional Integration in Africa (Part ix). Regional integration is now widely accepted as indispensable for expanding economic opportunities in Africa. African nations are vigorously pursuing an integration agenda in order to participate effectively in the globalization process. African leaders therefore view regional integration the most direct route to fast, broad-based economic development, an effective way to overcome the limitations of small internal markets and reducing the high rates of poverty and unemployment plaguing the continent. In view of the slow pace of continent-wide integration, African leaders have provided a framework for the implementation of the integration agenda. This framework is enshrined in the Abuja Treaty of 1991, which provides, inter alia, for the establishment of the African Economic Community (AEC), sets out its objectives and lay out six stages for the implementation of the integration agenda. Included in this framework is the critical role of African Regional Economic Communities (RECs), as the building blocks of the AEC in ensuring harmonization of their monetary, financial and payment policies, in order to boost intracommunity trade, establish a common market and to enhance monetary and financial cooperation among Member States. Accordingly, African leaders have firmly committed themselves to accelerating regional integration and cooperation. Underlying this commitment is a belief that most African countries cannot achieve rapid economic growth and development in a reasonable time without first overcoming the constraints of small economies and populations. Of the 54 African countries, 32 have populations of less than 15 million, while one third have populations of 3 million or less. Moreover, of the 46 least developed countries in the world, 31 are in Africa. Thus, the contribution of regional integration and cooperation to the promotion of intra-group trade, growth, development, social and political cohesion is unquestionable. Removal of border controls, harmonization of macroeconomic, sectoral and institutional policies and actions, liberalization of trade, free movement of people, goods, services and capital are expected to result in more efficient use of resources as well as in productivity and income gains. Participating countries are expected to fare better with integration than without it. T","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124174965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We develop a model of voting behavior to show how credit constraints affect a society's demand for government spending on human capital policies, namely, public policies that increase the returns to human capital investments. The main result of the model is that a reduction in credit market frictions can increase the share of government spending on such policies, with a greater increase in poorer societies. We motivate our analysis by providing suggestive cross-country evidence that the composition of government spending is related to credit constraints and provide additional cross-country evidence in support of other predictions of the model.
{"title":"Credit Constraints and Human Capital Policies","authors":"Braz Camargo, G. Stein","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3472750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3472750","url":null,"abstract":"We develop a model of voting behavior to show how credit constraints affect a society's demand for government spending on human capital policies, namely, public policies that increase the returns to human capital investments. The main result of the model is that a reduction in credit market frictions can increase the share of government spending on such policies, with a greater increase in poorer societies. We motivate our analysis by providing suggestive cross-country evidence that the composition of government spending is related to credit constraints and provide additional cross-country evidence in support of other predictions of the model.","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116697759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kenan Zhang, Hongyu Chen, Song Yao, Linli Xu, Jiaoju Ge, Xiaobo Liu, Marco Nie
Uberization promises to transform society based on an intuitive proposition: Advanced peer-to-peer matching guarantees greater overall efficiency. Here we show a paradox challenging this proposition in uberized ride-hail service, known as e-hail. By analyzing hundreds of local markets in Shenzhen, China, we discover e-hail is outperformed—in terms of wait time and trip production—by taxis hailed off street in areas with high densities of passengers and drivers. This paradox arises because a quicker match does not always expedite and enhance a service. On the contrary, it can induce competition that undermines the network effect, making a passenger less likely to benefit from more drivers, and vice versa, in e-hail than in taxi service. Consequently, simply attracting more users may not improve e-hail’s efficiency (defined as trip production at a given density of passengers and drivers), because its competitive edge diminishes with scale. The finding implies uberization has a limited impact on efficiency and is unlikely to create a “winner-take-all” in transportation.
{"title":"An Efficiency Paradox of Uberization","authors":"Kenan Zhang, Hongyu Chen, Song Yao, Linli Xu, Jiaoju Ge, Xiaobo Liu, Marco Nie","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3462912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3462912","url":null,"abstract":"Uberization promises to transform society based on an intuitive proposition: Advanced peer-to-peer matching guarantees greater overall efficiency. Here we show a paradox challenging this proposition in uberized ride-hail service, known as e-hail. By analyzing hundreds of local markets in Shenzhen, China, we discover e-hail is outperformed—in terms of wait time and trip production—by taxis hailed off street in areas with high densities of passengers and drivers. This paradox arises because a quicker match does not always expedite and enhance a service. On the contrary, it can induce competition that undermines the network effect, making a passenger less likely to benefit from more drivers, and vice versa, in e-hail than in taxi service. Consequently, simply attracting more users may not improve e-hail’s efficiency (defined as trip production at a given density of passengers and drivers), because its competitive edge diminishes with scale. The finding implies uberization has a limited impact on efficiency and is unlikely to create a “winner-take-all” in transportation.","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129643064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Even with very aggressive growth assumptions for renewables, the role for oil and gas will grow, both in absolute terms and as a share of China’s total energy mix. And yet China’s domestic production of oil and gas continues to fall short and China’s need for expensive, foreign imports will only get worse. Meanwhile, the United States – once the world’s largest importer of oil – has become the world’s largest oil producer, with only one-half as many drilling rigs as China. The implications for China are profound. China has an enormous resource base – if China could apply the lessons learned from international development of tight oil and gas, and replicate the US success, it would reap tremendous benefits in terms of energy security, international trade, energy costs, and domestic industrial and economic development.
{"title":"How China Could Become a Net Exporter of Oil & Gas: Lessons Learned from International Tight Oil Development","authors":"J. Pettit","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3468248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3468248","url":null,"abstract":"Even with very aggressive growth assumptions for renewables, the role for oil and gas will grow, both in absolute terms and as a share of China’s total energy mix. And yet China’s domestic production of oil and gas continues to fall short and China’s need for expensive, foreign imports will only get worse. Meanwhile, the United States – once the world’s largest importer of oil – has become the world’s largest oil producer, with only one-half as many drilling rigs as China. The implications for China are profound. China has an enormous resource base – if China could apply the lessons learned from international development of tight oil and gas, and replicate the US success, it would reap tremendous benefits in terms of energy security, international trade, energy costs, and domestic industrial and economic development.","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122513391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-23DOI: 10.31014/aior.1992.02.03.141
Quang Thai Nguyen, T. Bui, Anh Vu Tuan
Over the years, Vietnam has a relatively high growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) compared to other countries in the region, an average increase of 6.1% in the period of 2005-2016. However, the macro instability such as the budget deficit, public debt, the economy's debt is always high, the environment is more risky. In Vietnam, in the reports, even research articles are automatically admitted that the structure of Region II (industry and construction) and Region III (service) in GDP needs to grow and see it as an economic development in the right direction. From that, the idea of economic restructuring is to promote both Region II and Region III; The investment rate of this area is increasingly higher, if it is always very high in 2005 to 2015, it was around 43% in 2005 and nearly 50% in 2016, but the irony is that the value-added ratio compared to the value of production of this sector (region II) fell surprisingly fast; this ratio follows the structure of 2000, the structure of the input-output tables in 2007 of General Statistics Office of Vietnam) is 34.1%, in recent years (the structure of the new input-output tables) is only 21%. This means that this region is increasingly inefficient, resulting in an increasing amount of investment to compensate for that inefficiency. This research is based on Vietnam economic structure from the input-output table, 2012, that was published by Vietnam General Statistics Office, this research focused to analysis deeper on sectoral structure, inter-sectoral and effects induced impacts by final demand to output, value-added and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions based on the approach of input-output analysis. This study hopes to help policymakers make rational decisions for sustainable development in Vietnam.
{"title":"Vietnam Economic Structure and Greenhouse Gas Emission Based on Input-Output Analysis","authors":"Quang Thai Nguyen, T. Bui, Anh Vu Tuan","doi":"10.31014/aior.1992.02.03.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1992.02.03.141","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, Vietnam has a relatively high growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) compared to other countries in the region, an average increase of 6.1% in the period of 2005-2016. However, the macro instability such as the budget deficit, public debt, the economy's debt is always high, the environment is more risky. In Vietnam, in the reports, even research articles are automatically admitted that the structure of Region II (industry and construction) and Region III (service) in GDP needs to grow and see it as an economic development in the right direction. From that, the idea of economic restructuring is to promote both Region II and Region III; The investment rate of this area is increasingly higher, if it is always very high in 2005 to 2015, it was around 43% in 2005 and nearly 50% in 2016, but the irony is that the value-added ratio compared to the value of production of this sector (region II) fell surprisingly fast; this ratio follows the structure of 2000, the structure of the input-output tables in 2007 of General Statistics Office of Vietnam) is 34.1%, in recent years (the structure of the new input-output tables) is only 21%. This means that this region is increasingly inefficient, resulting in an increasing amount of investment to compensate for that inefficiency. This research is based on Vietnam economic structure from the input-output table, 2012, that was published by Vietnam General Statistics Office, this research focused to analysis deeper on sectoral structure, inter-sectoral and effects induced impacts by final demand to output, value-added and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions based on the approach of input-output analysis. This study hopes to help policymakers make rational decisions for sustainable development in Vietnam. <br>","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128647357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-13DOI: 10.22024/UNIKENT/03/KSLR.687
Marilyn Onukwugha
This study aims to examine the development and trend of countertrade transactions and assess their utility in state development by first examining the emergence and current trend of countertrade practice. It will then provide background on Congo and the events leading up to its current state of underdevelopment before presenting a case study on the Sino-Congolese countertrade deal, wherein both China and Congo’s stakes will be discussed, along with a comparison of this deal with another countertrade deal China has undertaken with a developing state. An examination of countertrade’s role in state development will follow. Finally, points will be made about some adverse effects of countertrade and its impression on the international community as a whole.
{"title":"Tricks of the Counter-Trade: An Evaluation of the Utility of Countertrade Transactions in Developing States Through an Analysis of the Sino-Congolese Barter Deal","authors":"Marilyn Onukwugha","doi":"10.22024/UNIKENT/03/KSLR.687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22024/UNIKENT/03/KSLR.687","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to examine the development and trend of countertrade transactions and assess their utility in state development by first examining the emergence and current trend of countertrade practice. It will then provide background on Congo and the events leading up to its current state of underdevelopment before presenting a case study on the Sino-Congolese countertrade deal, wherein both China and Congo’s stakes will be discussed, along with a comparison of this deal with another countertrade deal China has undertaken with a developing state. An examination of countertrade’s role in state development will follow. Finally, points will be made about some adverse effects of countertrade and its impression on the international community as a whole.","PeriodicalId":365767,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability & Economics eJournal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126802344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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