Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.07
E. Piñon
Abstract:In the seventeenth century an artist painted guns in the hands of fifth-century soldiers at the Battle of Avarayr—an anachronistic interjection in the telling of a key moment of Armenia's history. This article discusses the utility of this image and the medium that hosted it—a small manuscript of religious songs and poems called the sharaknots‛—in order to understand the mechanisms by which Armenians physically reconstituted, virtually reimagined, and sensually revivified their own histories in the late-medieval and early modern periods. Despite its central role as a historical intermediary, the illuminated sharaknots‛ made no promises to deliver the realities of Armenian history through its textual and visual contents. This study traces how the sharaknots‛ managed to repackage both history and prose as religious song and ritual—refracting both through the lens of an evolving devotional apparatus. The illuminated sharaknots‛ remains an underexplored source of the Armenian condition on the eastern fringes of the Ottoman Empire. Using a single case study—Boston Public Library MS q Med.199—this article attempts to show how the sharaknots‛ became a receptacle of Armenian historical imagination and a critical contact zone between the past and the present by exploring the many levels of separation between battle, historical record, song, and image.
{"title":"Lock, Stock and Barrel: Story, Song, and Image in Early Modern Vaspurakan","authors":"E. Piñon","doi":"10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.07","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In the seventeenth century an artist painted guns in the hands of fifth-century soldiers at the Battle of Avarayr—an anachronistic interjection in the telling of a key moment of Armenia's history. This article discusses the utility of this image and the medium that hosted it—a small manuscript of religious songs and poems called the sharaknots‛—in order to understand the mechanisms by which Armenians physically reconstituted, virtually reimagined, and sensually revivified their own histories in the late-medieval and early modern periods. Despite its central role as a historical intermediary, the illuminated sharaknots‛ made no promises to deliver the realities of Armenian history through its textual and visual contents. This study traces how the sharaknots‛ managed to repackage both history and prose as religious song and ritual—refracting both through the lens of an evolving devotional apparatus. The illuminated sharaknots‛ remains an underexplored source of the Armenian condition on the eastern fringes of the Ottoman Empire. Using a single case study—Boston Public Library MS q Med.199—this article attempts to show how the sharaknots‛ became a receptacle of Armenian historical imagination and a critical contact zone between the past and the present by exploring the many levels of separation between battle, historical record, song, and image.","PeriodicalId":36583,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association","volume":"7 1","pages":"114 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43666578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.27
Faruk Yaslıçimen
{"title":"History and Activism Combined: An Interview with Machiel Kiel on his Life-Long Efforts to Save Ottoman Monuments","authors":"Faruk Yaslıçimen","doi":"10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.27","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36583,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association","volume":"7 1","pages":"297 - 336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46962098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.05
Oscar Aguirre-Mandujano
Abstract:In the early modern Ottoman world, poetry was an important mode of political and spiritual expression for social elites. Sultans, princes, generals, judges, and merchants tried their hand at composing poetry. In this essay, it is argued that the consumption of Ottoman divan poetry, from its composition to its reception, was an act of political and spiritual negotiation between poets, Sufi masters, and sultans. The efficacy of this negotiation depended on genre as much as it did on occasion. To this end, sections of a panegyric composed by Ahmet Pasha (d. 1496/7), poet laureate in Mehmed II's court, in praise of Sufi shaykh Tacüddin İbrahim-i Karamani (d.1467) are analyzed. Poems written for Sufi shaykhs in the second half of the fifteenth century show how scholars in the imperial court communicated with charismatic Sufi masters.
{"title":"The Social and Intellectual World of a Fifteenth-Century Poem","authors":"Oscar Aguirre-Mandujano","doi":"10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In the early modern Ottoman world, poetry was an important mode of political and spiritual expression for social elites. Sultans, princes, generals, judges, and merchants tried their hand at composing poetry. In this essay, it is argued that the consumption of Ottoman divan poetry, from its composition to its reception, was an act of political and spiritual negotiation between poets, Sufi masters, and sultans. The efficacy of this negotiation depended on genre as much as it did on occasion. To this end, sections of a panegyric composed by Ahmet Pasha (d. 1496/7), poet laureate in Mehmed II's court, in praise of Sufi shaykh Tacüddin İbrahim-i Karamani (d.1467) are analyzed. Poems written for Sufi shaykhs in the second half of the fifteenth century show how scholars in the imperial court communicated with charismatic Sufi masters.","PeriodicalId":36583,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association","volume":"11 2","pages":"55 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41292835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.04
Zeynep Oktay-Uslu
ABSTRACT:Focusing on a particular textual and oral tradition of the Ottoman context, that of the Alevi-Bektashi written corpus, this article defines Alevi-Bektashi literature as a discursive tradition and stresses that different types of discourses, literary or otherwise, require different interpretive strategies. Understanding the type of discourse embodied by a given text can inform us on the interpretive communities involved. In the context of Alevi-Bektashi literature, this can help us to characterize the various social contexts of the heterogeneous body of texts at hand. In an aim to map the discursive field, three types of discourses are identified which are adapted from the terminologies proposed by Shahab Ahmed and Markus Dressler. These discourse types—named "prescriptive," "explorative," and "charisma-loyal"—are distinguished in selections from the poetry of seventeenth-century abdal poet Virani. The article proposes a method to combine a close reading of the texts with study of the social contexts in which they are consumed, thus hoping to open room for theoretical perspectives that go beyond disciplinary divisions.
{"title":"Alevi-Bektashi Literature as a Discursive Tradition: Interpretive Strategies, Orality, Charisma-Loyalty","authors":"Zeynep Oktay-Uslu","doi":"10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Focusing on a particular textual and oral tradition of the Ottoman context, that of the Alevi-Bektashi written corpus, this article defines Alevi-Bektashi literature as a discursive tradition and stresses that different types of discourses, literary or otherwise, require different interpretive strategies. Understanding the type of discourse embodied by a given text can inform us on the interpretive communities involved. In the context of Alevi-Bektashi literature, this can help us to characterize the various social contexts of the heterogeneous body of texts at hand. In an aim to map the discursive field, three types of discourses are identified which are adapted from the terminologies proposed by Shahab Ahmed and Markus Dressler. These discourse types—named \"prescriptive,\" \"explorative,\" and \"charisma-loyal\"—are distinguished in selections from the poetry of seventeenth-century abdal poet Virani. The article proposes a method to combine a close reading of the texts with study of the social contexts in which they are consumed, thus hoping to open room for theoretical perspectives that go beyond disciplinary divisions.","PeriodicalId":36583,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association","volume":"7 1","pages":"33 - 53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45709949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.12
Ömür Budak
Abstract:The Ottomans institutionalized and expanded their diplomatic and consular affairs in the first half of the nineteenth century. The bridgehead of the Ottoman consular initiative to the New World was Boston. In 1845, twenty-two years before the opening of the Ottoman legation in Washington, Boston became the first city in the Western Hemisphere to ever host an Ottoman consul. The Ottoman consular presence in this city, which lasted unremittingly until 1914, is unmapped, as is also the case with the rest of the US. The empire's consuls in Boston acted mostly in line with the playbook of nineteenth century diplomacy: While in the first three decades they mainly facilitated Ottoman-American maritime trade, from 1880s onwards, they gradually became more involved in carrying out political duties. This study, which sets to identify the six Ottoman consuls in Boston for the first time, mirrors through their stories such diverse issues as the development of trade, structural reforms, minorities, immigration, nationalist movements, and transcending ethnic and religious identities coloring the late Ottoman world. It also shows that with a belated and limited consular presence, the Ottomans remained rather unassertive in the US compared to rival European powers.
{"title":"The Ottoman Consuls in Boston, 1845–1914: An Untold Story","authors":"Ömür Budak","doi":"10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Ottomans institutionalized and expanded their diplomatic and consular affairs in the first half of the nineteenth century. The bridgehead of the Ottoman consular initiative to the New World was Boston. In 1845, twenty-two years before the opening of the Ottoman legation in Washington, Boston became the first city in the Western Hemisphere to ever host an Ottoman consul. The Ottoman consular presence in this city, which lasted unremittingly until 1914, is unmapped, as is also the case with the rest of the US. The empire's consuls in Boston acted mostly in line with the playbook of nineteenth century diplomacy: While in the first three decades they mainly facilitated Ottoman-American maritime trade, from 1880s onwards, they gradually became more involved in carrying out political duties. This study, which sets to identify the six Ottoman consuls in Boston for the first time, mirrors through their stories such diverse issues as the development of trade, structural reforms, minorities, immigration, nationalist movements, and transcending ethnic and religious identities coloring the late Ottoman world. It also shows that with a belated and limited consular presence, the Ottomans remained rather unassertive in the US compared to rival European powers.","PeriodicalId":36583,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association","volume":"7 1","pages":"179 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47802772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.13
G. Pitts
Abstract:Conventional understandings of Mount Lebanon's World War I famine blamed outside forces for the tragedy. In particular, an Ottoman plot to starve the Lebanese has been the predominant explanation for the catastrophe. This view conflicts with how observers understood why the famine was happening as it unfolded. A rapacious capitalist class used its control over the apparatus of the state to accumulate profits while the poor and middling population of Beirut and Mount Lebanon faced starvation. The narrative that emerged subsequently deflected blame away from this class which maintained its control after the war.
{"title":"A Hungry Population Stops Thinking About Resistance: Class, Famine, and Lebanon's World War I Legacy","authors":"G. Pitts","doi":"10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.13","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Conventional understandings of Mount Lebanon's World War I famine blamed outside forces for the tragedy. In particular, an Ottoman plot to starve the Lebanese has been the predominant explanation for the catastrophe. This view conflicts with how observers understood why the famine was happening as it unfolded. A rapacious capitalist class used its control over the apparatus of the state to accumulate profits while the poor and middling population of Beirut and Mount Lebanon faced starvation. The narrative that emerged subsequently deflected blame away from this class which maintained its control after the war.","PeriodicalId":36583,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association","volume":"7 1","pages":"217 - 236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48785518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.08
M. Amjadi
Abstract:Safavid-Ottoman encounters in Persian travel texts, none of which explore Europe, transcend the one-dimensional accounts of Shiite-Sunni rivalry often propagated in historical, jurisprudential, and polemical texts, and instead offer more complex manners of theorizing diverse and first-hand encounters between Safavid and Ottoman subjects. Sunni travelers, who moved from Iran to Mecca and beyond, tend to reveal more affinity with the Ottoman Empire and Ottoman sultans, rather than the Safavid shahs, as the embodiment of Shiite Iran. By decoding these predominantly understudied and overlooked travel texts—particularly those composed in verse—as self-documented attempts at self-inscriptions, scholars might better assess how Safavid Shiite and Sunni travel writers navigate their selfhood and envision the Ottomans as they move away from Safavid Iran towards the Ottoman realms.
{"title":"Safavid-Ottoman Encounters in Persian Travel Prose and Poetry (1505–1741)","authors":"M. Amjadi","doi":"10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.08","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Safavid-Ottoman encounters in Persian travel texts, none of which explore Europe, transcend the one-dimensional accounts of Shiite-Sunni rivalry often propagated in historical, jurisprudential, and polemical texts, and instead offer more complex manners of theorizing diverse and first-hand encounters between Safavid and Ottoman subjects. Sunni travelers, who moved from Iran to Mecca and beyond, tend to reveal more affinity with the Ottoman Empire and Ottoman sultans, rather than the Safavid shahs, as the embodiment of Shiite Iran. By decoding these predominantly understudied and overlooked travel texts—particularly those composed in verse—as self-documented attempts at self-inscriptions, scholars might better assess how Safavid Shiite and Sunni travel writers navigate their selfhood and envision the Ottomans as they move away from Safavid Iran towards the Ottoman realms.","PeriodicalId":36583,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association","volume":"7 1","pages":"115 - 131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42538621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.09
S. Kuru
Abstract:The large number of poems produced by Ottoman male elite testifies to the fact that composing and reading literary works were central to their lives. Ottoman literary production was male-centered, an aspect yet to be interrogated in historical and literary studies. This aspect points to the role of entangled nodes of gender and sexuality in Ottoman historical and literary studies. Through brief observations about scholarship on gender and sexuality, this essay provides a close reading exercise on two premodern verse-romances and identifies the function of literature in Ottoman Turkish, beyond its aesthetic dimension, as a means of expression for elite Ottoman men's dreams and fantasies.
{"title":"Male Discourses of Gender and Sexuality: How History Omits the Ottoman Elites' Love of Literature","authors":"S. Kuru","doi":"10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.09","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The large number of poems produced by Ottoman male elite testifies to the fact that composing and reading literary works were central to their lives. Ottoman literary production was male-centered, an aspect yet to be interrogated in historical and literary studies. This aspect points to the role of entangled nodes of gender and sexuality in Ottoman historical and literary studies. Through brief observations about scholarship on gender and sexuality, this essay provides a close reading exercise on two premodern verse-romances and identifies the function of literature in Ottoman Turkish, beyond its aesthetic dimension, as a means of expression for elite Ottoman men's dreams and fantasies.","PeriodicalId":36583,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association","volume":"7 1","pages":"133 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43795297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.06
Dana Sajdi
Abstract:This essay argues for treating early modern Arabic literary and historical traditions as a unified cultural phenomenon in space. In proposing the consideration of the spatial around the text, such as the physical location of its production and consumption, and within the text, such as the place of formulaic speech and poetry in literary and historical works, we would be able to bring out the material, the sonic, and the corporeal through which we could construct vivid images of past social reality and arrive at clearer conceptions of communal identity and individual practice.
{"title":"The Place of Early Modern Arabic Culture","authors":"Dana Sajdi","doi":"10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.06","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay argues for treating early modern Arabic literary and historical traditions as a unified cultural phenomenon in space. In proposing the consideration of the spatial around the text, such as the physical location of its production and consumption, and within the text, such as the place of formulaic speech and poetry in literary and historical works, we would be able to bring out the material, the sonic, and the corporeal through which we could construct vivid images of past social reality and arrive at clearer conceptions of communal identity and individual practice.","PeriodicalId":36583,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association","volume":"7 1","pages":"81 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69769337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.03
N. İ. Hüner Cora, Michael Pifer
{"title":"Introduction to Entangled Literatures and Histories in the Premodern Ottoman World","authors":"N. İ. Hüner Cora, Michael Pifer","doi":"10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/JOTTTURSTUASS.7.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36583,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association","volume":"7 1","pages":"13 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42210378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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