Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.35469/poligrafi.2023.415
Petri Berndtson
In this article, I introduce a new word, the neologism “fleshpiration.” It is a word or a name in which I intertwine “flesh” and “spirit” or “spiration.” This new word is inspired by the thinking of Jesus, St. Paul, Paul Claudel, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. The interpretative starting point of my article is taken from Claudel, who states: “the spirit is respiration.” With Claudel’s idea, which has its roots in the etymological analysis of pneuma and spiritus, I interpret the spirit (pneuma) of Jesus and St. Paul to mean respiration in the first place. Within this respiratory interpretative context, I suggest that both Jesus and St. Paul emphasised the essentiality of breathing in their religious thinking. For St. Paul, life according to the flesh and life according to the Spirit as life according to the Respiration are opposite lifestyles. Within the context of Merleau-Ponty, it can be said that St. Paul’s dichotomy between the flesh and the Spirit can be challenged and surpassed. For Merleau-Ponty, the flesh and the Spirit can be intertwined in a paradoxical manner. Within this framework of paradoxical thinking, it becomes possible to discover this new word “fleshpiration” and initially claim that it names a new respiratory beginning for philosophy and religion.
{"title":"From Respiration to Fleshpiration","authors":"Petri Berndtson","doi":"10.35469/poligrafi.2023.415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35469/poligrafi.2023.415","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I introduce a new word, the neologism “fleshpiration.” It is a word or a name in which I intertwine “flesh” and “spirit” or “spiration.” This new word is inspired by the thinking of Jesus, St. Paul, Paul Claudel, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. The interpretative starting point of my article is taken from Claudel, who states: “the spirit is respiration.” With Claudel’s idea, which has its roots in the etymological analysis of pneuma and spiritus, I interpret the spirit (pneuma) of Jesus and St. Paul to mean respiration in the first place. Within this respiratory interpretative context, I suggest that both Jesus and St. Paul emphasised the essentiality of breathing in their religious thinking. For St. Paul, life according to the flesh and life according to the Spirit as life according to the Respiration are opposite lifestyles. Within the context of Merleau-Ponty, it can be said that St. Paul’s dichotomy between the flesh and the Spirit can be challenged and surpassed. For Merleau-Ponty, the flesh and the Spirit can be intertwined in a paradoxical manner. Within this framework of paradoxical thinking, it becomes possible to discover this new word “fleshpiration” and initially claim that it names a new respiratory beginning for philosophy and religion.","PeriodicalId":36657,"journal":{"name":"Poligrafi","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138956381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.35469/poligrafi.2023.400
Zahra Rashid
For the sake of a respiratory philosophy, it makes sense to look to the East, since many Eastern traditions such as Sufism include breathwork in their somatic practices. In my paper, I aim to show how Rumi – a 13th century Muslim theologian and Sufi – used breath or nafas in his Persian poetry to outline how breathing is an originary phenomenon. My paper will take a few samples of his poetry to demonstrate how breath connotes a newness through the “gift” of life that it endows upon us, and how the creative, endowing, and primal nature of breath is linked to an openness to the Divine Other and to others. Furthermore, for Rumi, every passing breath ushers in a new existence, annihilating its older form and thus creating an ontological sense in the reader of both the finiteness of existence through what has passed and the infinite possibilities it holds when the newness arrives. Bridging the finite and infinite through breath enables us to develop a respiratory ontology that aims to conceive of dualities through an interrelated perspective. This, I wish to argue, is the true promise of Rumi’s poetry for a philosophy of breathing.
{"title":"Nafas","authors":"Zahra Rashid","doi":"10.35469/poligrafi.2023.400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35469/poligrafi.2023.400","url":null,"abstract":"For the sake of a respiratory philosophy, it makes sense to look to the East, since many Eastern traditions such as Sufism include breathwork in their somatic practices. In my paper, I aim to show how Rumi – a 13th century Muslim theologian and Sufi – used breath or nafas in his Persian poetry to outline how breathing is an originary phenomenon. My paper will take a few samples of his poetry to demonstrate how breath connotes a newness through the “gift” of life that it endows upon us, and how the creative, endowing, and primal nature of breath is linked to an openness to the Divine Other and to others. Furthermore, for Rumi, every passing breath ushers in a new existence, annihilating its older form and thus creating an ontological sense in the reader of both the finiteness of existence through what has passed and the infinite possibilities it holds when the newness arrives. Bridging the finite and infinite through breath enables us to develop a respiratory ontology that aims to conceive of dualities through an interrelated perspective. This, I wish to argue, is the true promise of Rumi’s poetry for a philosophy of breathing.","PeriodicalId":36657,"journal":{"name":"Poligrafi","volume":"97 31","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138994416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.35469/poligrafi.2023.403
Nina Petek
The first part of the paper briefly outlines the role of dreams in early Buddhism and their importance in establishing the continuity of the whole tradition, before presenting in the second part entirely new aspects of dreams in the Buddhist eremitic tradition, influenced by the Tantric spiritual horizon, in particular by a transformed concept of the body. The central part of the paper follows an analysis of the soteriological technique of dreaming (Tib. rmi lam) in the tradition of Buddhist yogis and yoginīs, based on the fragments of mahāsiddha Tilopa (Ṣaḍdharmopadeśa), Gampopa’s commentaries, collected in the treatise Dags po'i bka' 'bum, and findings from studies on Buddhist eremitic tradition in Ladakh in the region of the Indian Himalayas. The four stages of dream yoga are also highlighted in relation to other psychophysical soteriological techniques (the six dharmas, Skrt. ṣaḍdharma, Tib. chos drug). The philosophical and soteriological foundations of dream yoga are presented on the basis of the doctrine of consciousness in the yogācāra school, highlighting in particular the three modifications of consciousness presented by Vasubandhu. The last part the paper outlines the significance of training in the dreaming technique in the very process of dying that leads to the unconditioned state beyond life and death, nirvāṇa.
{"title":"In that very body, within that very dream","authors":"Nina Petek","doi":"10.35469/poligrafi.2023.403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35469/poligrafi.2023.403","url":null,"abstract":"The first part of the paper briefly outlines the role of dreams in early Buddhism and their importance in establishing the continuity of the whole tradition, before presenting in the second part entirely new aspects of dreams in the Buddhist eremitic tradition, influenced by the Tantric spiritual horizon, in particular by a transformed concept of the body. The central part of the paper follows an analysis of the soteriological technique of dreaming (Tib. rmi lam) in the tradition of Buddhist yogis and yoginīs, based on the fragments of mahāsiddha Tilopa (Ṣaḍdharmopadeśa), Gampopa’s commentaries, collected in the treatise Dags po'i bka' 'bum, and findings from studies on Buddhist eremitic tradition in Ladakh in the region of the Indian Himalayas. The four stages of dream yoga are also highlighted in relation to other psychophysical soteriological techniques (the six dharmas, Skrt. ṣaḍdharma, Tib. chos drug). The philosophical and soteriological foundations of dream yoga are presented on the basis of the doctrine of consciousness in the yogācāra school, highlighting in particular the three modifications of consciousness presented by Vasubandhu. The last part the paper outlines the significance of training in the dreaming technique in the very process of dying that leads to the unconditioned state beyond life and death, nirvāṇa.","PeriodicalId":36657,"journal":{"name":"Poligrafi","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139168422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.35469/poligrafi.2023.422
L. Škof
{"title":"Air and Breath in Religions and Philosophies","authors":"L. Škof","doi":"10.35469/poligrafi.2023.422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35469/poligrafi.2023.422","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36657,"journal":{"name":"Poligrafi","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138956034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.35469/poligrafi.2023.409
Raquel Ferrández
Clearings of the Forest (Claros del Bosque, 1977), one of the most poetic and challenging works of María Zambrano’s thought, cannot be approached from a breathless paradigm. For the immersion in these clearings take us into the breathing of being that we contemplate alongside the more obvious physiological breathing, the breathing of life. In this work, Zambrano proposes a poetic and mystical phenomenology of the breathing of being through the breathing of its word. Thus, to recover contact with this inner breathing could be to recover the lost chant of the word. This essay does not pretend to be a detailed analysis of Zambrano’s thought as a whole, nor of the vibrant mystery that her clearings reveal. The purpose is to uncover the fundamental role that breathing plays in this poetic-philosophical journey, along with other symbols such as light or love, with the question of what place this type of philosophical exercise occupies today in the classrooms of contemporary universities.
森林中的空地》（Claros del Bosque，1977 年）是玛丽亚-赞布拉诺思想中最具诗意和挑战性的作品之一，我们不能从呼吸的角度来看待这部作品。因为沉浸在这些空地上，我们会进入一种存在的呼吸，这种呼吸与更明显的生理呼吸，即生命的呼吸一起被我们思考。在这部作品中，桑布拉诺通过文字的呼吸，提出了一种诗意的、神秘的存在呼吸现象学。因此，恢复与这种内在呼吸的联系，可能就是恢复失落的话语吟唱。本文并不打算对赞布拉诺的思想进行整体的详细分析，也不打算对她的清音所揭示的充满活力的奥秘进行分析。本文的目的在于揭示呼吸在这一诗歌哲学旅程中所扮演的基本角色，以及其他象征，如光或爱，并探讨这类哲学练习在当代大学课堂中的地位。
{"title":"Listening to the Breath, Chanting the Word","authors":"Raquel Ferrández","doi":"10.35469/poligrafi.2023.409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35469/poligrafi.2023.409","url":null,"abstract":"Clearings of the Forest (Claros del Bosque, 1977), one of the most poetic and challenging works of María Zambrano’s thought, cannot be approached from a breathless paradigm. For the immersion in these clearings take us into the breathing of being that we contemplate alongside the more obvious physiological breathing, the breathing of life. In this work, Zambrano proposes a poetic and mystical phenomenology of the breathing of being through the breathing of its word. Thus, to recover contact with this inner breathing could be to recover the lost chant of the word. This essay does not pretend to be a detailed analysis of Zambrano’s thought as a whole, nor of the vibrant mystery that her clearings reveal. The purpose is to uncover the fundamental role that breathing plays in this poetic-philosophical journey, along with other symbols such as light or love, with the question of what place this type of philosophical exercise occupies today in the classrooms of contemporary universities.","PeriodicalId":36657,"journal":{"name":"Poligrafi","volume":"82 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138956816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.35469/poligrafi.2023.417
Mary C. Walsh
For thousands of years people have attempted to understand epilepsy. Throughout our long history, healing traditions have incorporated dreams into both epilepsy diagnosis and treatment. Recent studies provide new information on the impact of epilepsy on sleep and dreaming, while research into epileptic dream content offers insight into the emotional and spiritual experience of people with epilepsy. Modern neurological research has increased our knowledge and improved treatment of this ancient disease, yet the stigma and misconceptions that have percolated for millennia continue to impact epileptic care and quality of life globally. While modern technologies afford better treatment, they can also impact sleep, dreaming, and seizure frequency in epileptics. This article provides an overview of current research into dreams and epilepsy and explores implications of this research for epileptic care in a modern world. Research surveyed includes recent studies into the protective role of REM sleep on seizures, epileptic dream content, the impact of epilepsy on specific populations and emerging paradigms for understanding epileptic spiritual experience. Studies suggest the need for a multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural approach to epilepsy. Implications for therapeutic and medical care, and avenues for future research are discussed.
{"title":"Ancient Disease in a Modern World","authors":"Mary C. Walsh","doi":"10.35469/poligrafi.2023.417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35469/poligrafi.2023.417","url":null,"abstract":"For thousands of years people have attempted to understand epilepsy. Throughout our long history, healing traditions have incorporated dreams into both epilepsy diagnosis and treatment. Recent studies provide new information on the impact of epilepsy on sleep and dreaming, while research into epileptic dream content offers insight into the emotional and spiritual experience of people with epilepsy. Modern neurological research has increased our knowledge and improved treatment of this ancient disease, yet the stigma and misconceptions that have percolated for millennia continue to impact epileptic care and quality of life globally. While modern technologies afford better treatment, they can also impact sleep, dreaming, and seizure frequency in epileptics. This article provides an overview of current research into dreams and epilepsy and explores implications of this research for epileptic care in a modern world. Research surveyed includes recent studies into the protective role of REM sleep on seizures, epileptic dream content, the impact of epilepsy on specific populations and emerging paradigms for understanding epileptic spiritual experience. Studies suggest the need for a multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural approach to epilepsy. Implications for therapeutic and medical care, and avenues for future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":36657,"journal":{"name":"Poligrafi","volume":"49 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138954594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.35469/poligrafi.2023.404
Victor J. Krebs
This article explores one way of understanding how digital media are affecting our ability to distinguish reality from fantasy, by reading Bernard Stiegler’s diagnosis of our current cultural crisis, alongside Wilfred Bion’s dream theory. The central claim of the paper is that we can understand the technological pharmakon¬, its both poisonous and therapeutic nature, (specifically of digitized audiovisual communication) in terms of Bion’s definition of dreaming, as the commerce between consciousness and the unconscious (responsible for spontaneity, invention, and the constitution of meaning) negotiated by the “alpha function”. Understanding how the digital impacts our capacity to dream provides us with a tool to counteract its toxicity and to combat the thanatic impulse triggered by technological power. From a binocular point of view – both from Stiegler’s perspective of our technical or “organological” evolution and from Bion’s perspective on the constitution of reality in dreaming – we can begin to see more clearly how to modulate our technological drive, in order to prevent the pharmakon from short-circuiting the very psychic function necessary to distinguish between reality and illusion. The paper ends with a discussion of the algorithmic effects on the living imagination in support of this contention.
{"title":"Dreaming in the Digital Age","authors":"Victor J. Krebs","doi":"10.35469/poligrafi.2023.404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35469/poligrafi.2023.404","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores one way of understanding how digital media are affecting our ability to distinguish reality from fantasy, by reading Bernard Stiegler’s diagnosis of our current cultural crisis, alongside Wilfred Bion’s dream theory. The central claim of the paper is that we can understand the technological pharmakon¬, its both poisonous and therapeutic nature, (specifically of digitized audiovisual communication) in terms of Bion’s definition of dreaming, as the commerce between consciousness and the unconscious (responsible for spontaneity, invention, and the constitution of meaning) negotiated by the “alpha function”. Understanding how the digital impacts our capacity to dream provides us with a tool to counteract its toxicity and to combat the thanatic impulse triggered by technological power.\u0000From a binocular point of view – both from Stiegler’s perspective of our technical or “organological” evolution and from Bion’s perspective on the constitution of reality in dreaming – we can begin to see more clearly how to modulate our technological drive, in order to prevent the pharmakon from short-circuiting the very psychic function necessary to distinguish between reality and illusion. The paper ends with a discussion of the algorithmic effects on the living imagination in support of this contention.","PeriodicalId":36657,"journal":{"name":"Poligrafi","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138954829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.35469/poligrafi.2023.399
Michael Marder
This essay is a study of the element of air and the process of breathing in light of the medieval book of Zohar and related aspects of the broader Jewish tradition. Mapping air onto the divine body comprised of the sefirot, or the emanations of God, I reconsider the connection between breath and spirit, while also focusing on the sensuous and atmospheric aspects of aerial and pneumatic phenomena: wind, scents, the rising expansion of hot air and the falling condensation of the cold. Breathing is examined throughout the entire respiratory system, from the lungs to the nostrils, with respect to both the sefirotic divine body and the breath of life, animating the creaturely realm. Throughout the study, I pay particular attention to the paradoxical mode in which air remains an indeterminate, literally groundless element and, at the same time, is at the heart of theo-anatomy, of life, and of sustaining a fragile world.
这篇文章是根据中世纪的《祖哈尔》一书和更广泛的犹太传统中的相关内容，对空气元素和呼吸过程进行的研究。我将空气映射到由 "神"（sefirot）或 "神的发散物"（emanations of God）组成的神体上，重新考虑呼吸与精神之间的联系，同时也关注空气和气动现象的感官和大气方面：风、气味、热空气的上升膨胀和冷空气的下降凝结。从肺部到鼻孔，整个呼吸系统都在研究呼吸，这既涉及到神的躯体，也涉及到生命的气息，使生物界充满活力。在整个研究过程中，我特别关注的是一种矛盾的模式，在这种模式中，空气仍然是一种不确定的、字面意义上无根基的元素，与此同时，它又是神学解剖学、生命和维持脆弱世界的核心。
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Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.35469/poligrafi.2023.396
Pier Francesco Corvino
This paper aims to endow the contamination of ecological wisdom with human and political ecology by outlining the basic features of a renewed philosophical anthropology. With this purpose, the concept of human nature is investigated here, using an ecological, eco-critical and integral framework, known as “inspiratory.” The key concept of this framework is to be found in the seemingly antiquated notion of temperament, which will be archeologically recovered and philosophically enhanced.
{"title":"New “Inspirations” in Philosophical Anthropology","authors":"Pier Francesco Corvino","doi":"10.35469/poligrafi.2023.396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35469/poligrafi.2023.396","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to endow the contamination of ecological wisdom with human and political ecology by outlining the basic features of a renewed philosophical anthropology. With this purpose, the concept of human nature is investigated here, using an ecological, eco-critical and integral framework, known as “inspiratory.” The key concept of this framework is to be found in the seemingly antiquated notion of temperament, which will be archeologically recovered and philosophically enhanced.","PeriodicalId":36657,"journal":{"name":"Poligrafi","volume":"75 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138957938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.35469/poligrafi.2022.352
Nataša Visočnik Gerželj
Pahljače niso le pripomoček za hlajenje, ampak imajo veliko večjo vlogo v družbenem življenju, navadah in umetniškem razvoju ljudi. Povezane so z nekaterimi kulturnimi vidiki Japonske, kot so pripomočki za ples, orodje za prenos sporočil, predmet za izkazovanje bogastva in družbenega položaja, površina za umetniško izražanje ter predmet, povezan z obrednimi in religijski nameni. Uporaba pahljač ob verskih in obrednih priložnostih se je v zgodovini močno uveljavila. Pahljačo so ljudje držali v roki ali postavili predse, ko so molili k bogovom, lahko so jo uporabljali kot simbolično manifestacijo božanstva ali samo kot orodje za molitev k bogovom, uporabljala se je kot darilo ob obrednih in posebnih priložnostih, kot so poroke, pogrebi in čajni obredi. Za razumevanje vloge pahljače v japonski družbi in zlasti na področju religije je v prispevku predstavljeno zgodovinsko ozadje razvoja tega pripomočka, v katerem spoznamo razvoj različnih vrst, oblik ter načinov uporabe v obrednih in verskih dogodkih. Z raziskovanjem muzejskih zbirk predmetov iz Azije v slovenskih muzejih je bilo najdenih nekaj japonskih pahljač, ki bi lahko bile podobne tistim, ki so služile ritualnim namenom v verskem in obrednem življenju. Te so predstavljene in analizirane, proučene so njihove konstrukcije, oblike, dimenzije in slogi, ki so opredeljeni s pomočjo literature, in primerjani s pahljačami, ki so jih uporabljali v verskih obredih na Japonskem.
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