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After Johnny Came Marching Home: The Political Economy of Veterans&Apos; Benefits in the Nineteenth Century 约翰尼回家后:退伍军人的政治经济学19世纪的福利
Pub Date : 2007-07-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95819-4_2
S. Kang, H. Rockoff
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引用次数: 0
The 'Global Dimension' of Contemporary Politics: An Argument for Taking 'Global' Seriously 当代政治的“全球维度”:一个严肃对待“全球”的论点
Pub Date : 2007-07-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.999295
S. Selchow
Recent years have seen a striking proliferation of the term "global" in public and political discourse. The popularity of the term is a manifestation of the fact that there is a widespread notion that contemporary social reality is "global". The acknowledgment of this notion has important political implications and raises questions about the role played by the idea of the "global" in policy making. These questions, in turn, expose even more fundamental issues about whether the term "global" indicates a difference in kind, even an ontological shift, and, if so, how to approach it. This paper argues that the notion of "global", in other words the "global dimension", is a significant aspect of contemporary politics that needs to be investigated. The paper argues that in the globalization discourse of International Studies "global" is "naturalized", which means that it is taken for granted and assumed to be self-evident. The term "global" is used mainly in a descriptive way and subsumed under the rubric of "globalization". "Global" tends to be equated with transnational and/or world-wide; hence, it addresses quantitative differences in degree but not (alleged) differences in kind. In order to advance our understanding of contemporary politics, "global" needs to be taken seriously. This means, firstly, to understand and to conceptualize "global" as a social category; and, secondly, to uncover "global" as a "naturalized" concept in the Political and International Studies strand of the globalization discourse in order to rescue it for innovative new approaches in the investigation of contemporary politics. In order to do so, the paper suggests adopting a strong linguistic approach starting with the analysis of the word "global". Based on insights from post-structuralism as well as cognitive and general constructivist perspectives it argues that a frame-based corpus linguistic analysis offers the possibility of investigating the collective/social meaning(s) of global in order to operationalize them for the analysis of the "global dimension" of contemporary politics.
近年来,“全球”一词在公共和政治话语中出现了惊人的扩散。这个词的流行表明了这样一个事实,即人们普遍认为当代社会现实是“全球性的”。承认这一概念具有重要的政治意义,并提出了关于“全球”概念在政策制定中所起作用的问题。这些问题反过来又揭示了更基本的问题,即“全球”一词是否表明了种类上的差异,甚至是本体论上的转变,如果是这样,如何处理它。本文认为,“全球”的概念,换句话说,“全球维度”,是当代政治需要研究的一个重要方面。本文认为,在国际研究的全球化话语中,“全球”被“自然化”了,这意味着它被认为是理所当然的,被认为是不言而喻的。“全球”一词主要是描述性的,并被归入“全球化”的标题之下。“全球”往往等同于跨国和(或)世界范围;因此,它处理的是程度上的数量差异,而不是(所谓的)种类差异。为了增进我们对当代政治的理解,我们需要认真对待“全球”这个词。这意味着,首先,理解和概念化“全球”作为一个社会范畴;其次,揭示“全球”作为全球化话语的政治与国际研究链中的一个“自然化”概念,以便在当代政治研究中为创新的新方法提供拯救。为了做到这一点,本文建议采用强有力的语言学方法,从“全球”一词的分析开始。基于后结构主义以及认知主义和一般建构主义的观点,本文认为基于框架的语料库语言分析提供了研究全球的集体/社会意义的可能性,以便将它们用于当代政治的“全球维度”分析。
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引用次数: 1
Defining Price Stability in Japan: A View from America 定义日本的价格稳定:来自美国的观点
Pub Date : 2007-07-01 DOI: 10.7916/D8SX6MR2
Christian M. Broda, David E. Weinstein
Japanese monetary and fiscal policy uses the consumer price index as a metric for price stability. Despite a major effort to improve the index, the Japanese methodology of calculating the CPI seems to have a large number of deficiencies. Little attention is paid in Japan to substitution biases and quality upgrading. This implies that important methodological differences have emerged between the U.S. and Japan since the U.S. started to correct for these biases in 1999. We estimate that using the new corrected U.S. methodology, Japan's deflation averaged 1.2 percent per year since 1999. This is more than twice the deflation suggested by Japanese national statistics. Ignoring these methodological differences misleading suggests that American real per capita consumption growth has been growing at a rate that is almost 2 percentage points higher than that of Japan between 1999 and 2006. When a common methodology is used Japan's growth has been much closer to that of the U.S. over this period. Moreover, we estimate that the bias of the Japanese CPI relative to a true cost-of-living index is around 2 percent per year. This overstatement in the Japanese CPI in combination with Japan's low inflation rate is likely to cost the government over 69 trillion yen -- or 14 percent of GDP -- over the next 10 years in increased social security expenses and debt service. For monetary policy, the overstatement of inflation suggests that if the BOJ adopts a formal inflation target without changing the current CPI methodology a lower band of less than 2 percent would not achieve its goal of price stability.
日本的货币和财政政策使用消费者价格指数作为衡量价格稳定性的指标。尽管为改善该指数做出了重大努力,但日本计算CPI的方法似乎存在大量缺陷。日本很少关注替代偏见和质量升级。这意味着,自1999年美国开始纠正这些偏差以来,美国和日本之间已经出现了重要的方法差异。我们估计,使用新的修正后的美国方法,自1999年以来,日本的通货紧缩平均每年1.2%。这是日本国家统计数据显示的通缩水平的两倍多。忽略这些方法上的差异会产生误导,这表明美国的实际人均消费增长率在1999年至2006年间比日本高出近2个百分点。如果用一种常见的方法来衡量,日本在这段时间内的增长速度与美国要接近得多。此外,我们估计日本CPI相对于真实生活成本指数的偏差约为每年2%。这种对日本CPI的高估,再加上日本的低通胀率,可能会让政府在未来10年里在社会保障支出和偿债方面付出超过69万亿日元的代价,相当于GDP的14%。在货币政策方面,对通胀的夸大表明,如果日本央行在不改变当前CPI方法的情况下采用正式的通胀目标,低于2%的较低区间将无法实现其价格稳定的目标。
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引用次数: 26
Why Has Unemployment Risen in the New South Africa 新南非的失业率为何上升
Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0351.2008.00340.x
A. Banerjee, Sebastian Galiani, J. Levinsohn, Z. McLaren, I. Woolard
We document the rise in unemployment in South Africa since the transition in 1994. We describe how changes in labour supply interacted with stagnant labour demand to produce unemployment rates that peaked between 2001 and 2003. Meanwhile, compositional changes in employment at the sectoral level widened the gap between the skill-level of the employed and the unemployed. Using nationally representative panel data, we show that stable unemployment rates mask high individual-level transition rates in labour market status. Our analysis highlights several key constraints to addressing unemployment in South Africa. We conclude that unemployment is near equilibrium levels and is unlikely to self-correct without policy intervention.
我们记录了自1994年过渡以来南非失业率的上升。我们描述了劳动力供给的变化如何与停滞的劳动力需求相互作用,导致失业率在2001年至2003年间达到顶峰。同时,部门一级就业的构成变化扩大了就业者和失业者的技能水平之间的差距。使用具有全国代表性的面板数据,我们表明稳定的失业率掩盖了劳动力市场状况中较高的个人水平转换率。我们的分析强调了解决南非失业问题的几个关键制约因素。我们的结论是,失业率接近均衡水平,如果没有政策干预,不太可能自我纠正。
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引用次数: 399
The Entrepreneurship-Philanthropy Nexus: Nonmarket Source of American Entrepreneurial Capitalism 企业家-慈善关系:美国企业家资本主义的非市场来源
Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1019443
Z. Acs, D. Audretsch, R. Phillips, S. Desai
What differentiates American capitalism from all other forms of industrial capitalism is a historical focus on both the creation of wealth (entrepreneurship) and the reconstitution of wealth (philanthropy). Philanthropy has been part of the implicit American social contract that continuously nurtures and revitalizes economic prosperity. Much of the new wealth created historically has been given back to the community to build many of the great social institutions that have paved the way for future economic growth. This entrepreneurship-philanthropy nexus has not been fully explored by either economists or the general public. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that American philanthropists—particularly those who have made their own fortunes—create foundations that, in turn, contribute to greater and more widespread economic prosperity through knowledge creation. Analyzing philanthropy sheds light on our current understanding of how economic development has occurred, as well as the roots of American economic dominance.
美国资本主义与所有其他形式的工业资本主义的不同之处在于,它既关注财富的创造(企业家精神),也关注财富的重构(慈善事业)。慈善事业一直是美国隐性社会契约的一部分,它不断培育和振兴经济繁荣。历史上创造的大部分新财富都回馈给了社会,用于建立许多伟大的社会机构,为未来的经济增长铺平了道路。无论是经济学家还是公众,都没有对企业家与慈善事业之间的关系进行充分的探讨。本文的目的是建议美国的慈善家——尤其是那些自己发家致富的人——创建基金会,反过来,通过知识创造为更大、更广泛的经济繁荣做出贡献。分析慈善事业有助于我们理解当前经济发展的过程,以及美国经济主导地位的根源。
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引用次数: 13
Country Effects and Sector Effects on the Harmonization of Accounting Policy Choice 国家效应和部门效应对会计政策选择协调的影响
Pub Date : 2007-05-24 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6281.2007.00224.x
Aziz Jaafar, S. Mcleay
This study assesses the extent of accounting harmony in Europe prior to the recent switch to IFRS, by presuming that accounting is harmonized when ‘all firms operating in similar circumstances adopt the same accounting treatment for similar transactions regardless of their domicile’. The policies studied concern inventory, depreciation and goodwill, and the odds of using alternative accounting methods are predicted by logistic regression. The empirical results suggest that, while international exposure and firm size are significant factors, country effects are considerably greater than sector effects, which is inconsistent with harmonized accounting.
本研究通过假设“在类似环境下运营的所有公司对类似交易采用相同的会计处理,无论其注册地如何”,从而评估了最近转向国际财务报告准则之前欧洲会计协调的程度。所研究的政策涉及存货、折旧和商誉,并通过逻辑回归预测使用替代会计方法的可能性。实证结果表明,虽然国际风险敞口和企业规模是重要因素,但国家效应远远大于部门效应,这与统一会计不一致。
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引用次数: 101
Majoritarian Delays 多数主义延迟
Pub Date : 2007-05-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.999642
Paulo Júlio
This paper illustrates how delayed debt stabilizations can arise in a society without any emerging conflict of interests among its members. We argue that, under a majority voting rule, the economy may generate excessive levels of government spending and larger debts over time, and that this delay is increasing in income inequality. The intuition for this result is simple: a majority of citizens may find in delaying stabilizations a way to increase government expenditures, transferring in this way resources from the richest to the poorest citizens in the economy. This process may explain the upward trend and the difficulty to reduce public expenditures, the so called "ratchet effect."
本文说明了在一个社会中,在没有任何成员之间出现利益冲突的情况下,债务稳定是如何延迟出现的。我们认为,在多数投票规则下,随着时间的推移,经济可能会产生过度的政府支出和更大的债务,而这种延迟正在加剧收入不平等。这种结果的直觉很简单:大多数公民可能会发现,推迟稳定是增加政府支出的一种方式,以这种方式将资源从经济中最富有的公民转移到最贫穷的公民手中。这一过程可以解释上升趋势和难以减少公共支出,即所谓的“棘轮效应”。
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引用次数: 0
Family, Social Inequalities, and the Persuasive Force of Interpersonal Obligation 家庭、社会不平等与人际义务的说服力
Pub Date : 2007-03-15 DOI: 10.1093/lawfam/ebm015
L. Ferguson
To date, the privatization of the costs of social inequalities for women and children has been criticized predominantly from a policy perspective. This article seeks to make a stronger case against remedying social inequalities through private law obligations by addressing the theoretical difficulties with such privatization with a particular focus on familial obligations. I take my core examples from the current Canadian understanding of the spousal and child support obligations. My analysis proposes and proceeds on the basis of a new discourse for obligations traditionally grouped together as “Family Law” obligations: first, interpersonal obligations, which arise from and tie together two citizens through either a single interaction or through their relationship as a whole; second, social obligations, which are owed by the community as a whole to individual citizens. I argue that the persuasive force of the focus on an individual's responsibility for another's financial need has obscured the reality of the state's obligation, the broader social obligation, to respond to this need. I conclude with a discussion of the consequences of my analysis for the future of the spousal and child support obligations. If we deny an expanded role to these support obligations, can we do so in a way that avoids leaving the impoverished in an even more precarious position?
迄今为止,对妇女和儿童社会不平等代价私有化的批评主要是从政策角度出发的。本文试图提出一个更有力的案例,反对通过私法义务来纠正社会不平等,解决这种私有化的理论困难,特别注重家庭义务。我从目前加拿大人对配偶和子女抚养义务的理解中选取了我的核心例子。我的分析是在一种传统上被归类为“家庭法”义务的新话语的基础上提出和进行的:首先是人际义务,它产生于两个公民,并通过单一的互动或通过他们的整体关系将他们联系在一起;第二,社会义务,这是社会作为一个整体对公民个人的责任。我认为,关注个人对他人经济需求的责任的说服力,掩盖了国家义务的现实,更广泛的社会义务,以回应这种需求。最后,我讨论了我的分析对未来配偶和子女抚养义务的影响。如果我们拒绝扩大这些支持义务的作用,我们能否以一种避免使穷人处于更不稳定地位的方式这样做?
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引用次数: 11
The Economist as Therapist: Methodological Ramifications of 'Light' Paternalism 作为治疗师的经济学家:“轻”家长主义的方法论分支
Pub Date : 2007-02-28 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.962472
G. Loewenstein, Emily Haisley
We review methodological issues that arise in designing, implementing and evaluating the efficacy of 'light' paternalistic policies. In contrast to traditional 'heavy-handed' approaches to paternalism, light paternalistic policies aim to enhance individual choice without restricting it. Although light paternalism is a 'growth industry' in economics, a number of methodological issues that it raises have not been adequately addressed. The first issue is how a particular pattern of behavior should be judged as a mistake, and, relatedly, how the success of paternalistic policies designed to rectify such mistakes should be evaluated - i.e., the welfare criterion that should be used to judge light paternalistic policies. Second, paternalism, and especially light paternalism, introduces new motives for attempting to understand the psychological processes underlying economic behavior. An enhanced understanding of process can help to explain why people make mistakes in the first place, and, more importantly, provide insights into what types of policies are likely to be effective in correcting the mistakes. Third, there is an acute need for testing different possible policies before implementing them on a large scale, which we argue is best done in the field rather than the lab. Fourth, in addition to methodological issues, there are pragmatic issues concerning who will implement light paternalistic policies, especially when they involve positive expenditures. We discuss how economic interests can be rechanneled to support endeavors consistent with light paternalism.
我们回顾了在设计、实施和评估“轻”家长式政策的有效性时出现的方法问题。与传统的“严厉的”家长式政策相比,轻家长式政策旨在增强个人选择而不限制个人选择。尽管轻家长式作风在经济学中是一个“增长型产业”,但它引发的一些方法论问题尚未得到充分解决。第一个问题是如何判断一种特定的行为模式是错误的,以及,相对地,如何评价旨在纠正这种错误的家长式政策的成功- -即,应该用福利标准来判断轻微的家长式政策。其次,家长作风,尤其是轻家长作风,为试图理解经济行为背后的心理过程引入了新的动机。加强对过程的理解可以帮助解释为什么人们首先会犯错误,更重要的是,提供对哪些类型的政策可能有效地纠正错误的见解。第三,迫切需要在大规模实施不同可能的政策之前对其进行测试,我们认为最好在实地而不是在实验室进行测试。第四,除了方法问题外,还有关于谁将执行轻家长式政策的实际问题,特别是当这些政策涉及积极支出时。我们讨论了如何将经济利益重新导向支持与轻家长式作风一致的努力。
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引用次数: 131
The Web as a Digital Reflection of Reality 网络作为现实的数字反映
Pub Date : 2007-02-09 DOI: 10.17705/1cais.01828
David A. Bray, PhD, L. Chidambaram, Michael Epstein, Timothy R. Hill, Dominic M. Thomas, S. Venkatsubramanyan, R. Watson
The web is increasingly relied upon as a reflection of reality, which raises a number of key issues not yet fully recognized or articulated, warranting further study. This new digital reality and the unprecedented capabilities it embodies in terms of searchability, aggregatability, temporal persistence, and so on, give rise to great challenges in the areas of Digital Identity Management, Social Impacts, Currency and Accuracy of Digital Data, Distorting Factors, Legal Issues and Implications, among others, that are only just becoming recognized and articulated. This paper reports on a panel exploring these issues and speculating creatively on how they might be addressed in IS academic research by adopting a fundamental information processing approach to design, incorporating analogs from evolutionary biology, for example. When we study human language, we are approaching what some might call the "human essence," the distinctive qualities of mind that are, so far as we know, unique to man.
人们越来越依赖网络作为现实的反映,这就提出了一些尚未得到充分认识或阐明的关键问题,需要进一步研究。这种新的数字现实及其在可搜索性、可聚合性、时间持久性等方面所体现的前所未有的能力,在数字身份管理、社会影响、数字数据的货币和准确性、扭曲因素、法律问题和影响等领域带来了巨大的挑战,而这些挑战才刚刚被认识和阐明。本文报告了一个小组探讨这些问题,并创造性地推测如何通过采用基本信息处理方法进行设计,例如结合进化生物学的类似物,在IS学术研究中解决这些问题。当我们研究人类语言时,我们正在接近一些人可能称之为“人类本质”的东西,即据我们所知,人类所独有的心灵的独特品质。
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引用次数: 2
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Political Economy (Topic)
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