Understanding the physical characteristics of severe pre-monsoon thunderstorms is crucial for mitigating the adverse impacts of natural disasters on people in tropical regions. On April 23, 2020, a severe storm affected the Chiang Khong District of the Chiang Rai Province in Northern Thailand, causing devastation to more than 500 houses with hail and strong winds. This study investigated the storm's physical characteristics using dual-polarimetric radar data from the Thai Meteo-rological Department (TMD). Using a combination of polarimetric radar variables, such as reflectivity (ZH), specific differential phase (KDP), differential reflectivity (ZDR), and copolar correlation coefficient (ρhv), fuzzy logic was utilized to classify the hydrometeor types. During the severe storm that affected the Chiang Khong District, hail and large raindrops were mixed in with the rain, according to the analysis. Two severe storms were observed in the unorganized mesoscale convective systems that were analyzed, with the second storm producing more intense effects due to the radar reflectivity shape of a bow echo that generated strong wind gusts. The Doppler radar data retrieved the wind field, indicating the convergence of intense local winds during the storm, which was consistent with the analysis results of synoptic-scale weather systems from ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5). In addition, a Hovmöller diagram revealed orographic enhancement of the convective cloud as the storm passed through mountainous regions prior to approaching the Chiang Khong District. The findings of this study can provide valuable information for TMD's near-real-time warning operation in order to minimize loss of life and property from future severe storms.
{"title":"Dual-Polarimetric Radar Applications for Investigating Severe Thunderstorms in Northern Thailand during the Pre-Monsoon Season","authors":"N. Mahavik, S. Tantanee, Fatah Masthawee","doi":"10.35762/aer.2023026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35762/aer.2023026","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the physical characteristics of severe pre-monsoon thunderstorms is crucial for mitigating the adverse impacts of natural disasters on people in tropical regions. On April 23, 2020, a severe storm affected the Chiang Khong District of the Chiang Rai Province in Northern Thailand, causing devastation to more than 500 houses with hail and strong winds. This study investigated the storm's physical characteristics using dual-polarimetric radar data from the Thai Meteo-rological Department (TMD). Using a combination of polarimetric radar variables, such as reflectivity (ZH), specific differential phase (KDP), differential reflectivity (ZDR), and copolar correlation coefficient (ρhv), fuzzy logic was utilized to classify the hydrometeor types. During the severe storm that affected the Chiang Khong District, hail and large raindrops were mixed in with the rain, according to the analysis. Two severe storms were observed in the unorganized mesoscale convective systems that were analyzed, with the second storm producing more intense effects due to the radar reflectivity shape of a bow echo that generated strong wind gusts. The Doppler radar data retrieved the wind field, indicating the convergence of intense local winds during the storm, which was consistent with the analysis results of synoptic-scale weather systems from ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5). In addition, a Hovmöller diagram revealed orographic enhancement of the convective cloud as the storm passed through mountainous regions prior to approaching the Chiang Khong District. The findings of this study can provide valuable information for TMD's near-real-time warning operation in order to minimize loss of life and property from future severe storms.","PeriodicalId":36747,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Research","volume":"47 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139154548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indeera Hetti Arachchige, B. Marambe, Mohomad S. Nijamudeen, H. Kadupitiya, Dinaratne Sirisena, R. Chandrajith, L. Suriyagoda
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential macronutrient for plants. Even though Sri Lankans consume rice as the staple food, the Mg status in Sri Lankan paddy soils as affected by its climate, soils, and water sources used are not well understood. This study was conducted to (i) determine the distribution of exchangeable Mg (ex-Mg) concentration, and (ii) examine the interactive effects of agro-climatic zones (ACZs), soil order, and water source in determining the ex-Mg concentra-tion in lowland paddy fields of Sri Lanka. A total of 9,038 soil samples representing six ACZs, six soil orders, and three water sources were collected using a stratified random sampling approach. The ex-Mg concentration was determined after extracting in 0.01 M CaCl2 and detected using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The range of ex-Mg was within 0.01-1,610 mg kg-1, with a mean of 210.4 mg kg-1. From the tested soil samples, 66% were Mg-deficient (<240 mg kg-1), 32% were Mg-optimal (240-730 mg kg-1) and 2% were Mg-excessive (>730 mg kg-1). Among the ACZ, the Dry zone Low country had the highest ex-Mg concentration (p<0.05). Among the soil orders tested, Vertisols had the highest and Histosols had the lowest ex-Mg concentration (p<0.05). Irrigated rice fields had higher ex-Mg than the rainfed systems (p<0.05). Soil ex-Mg concentration was positively correlated with soil pH (p<0.05) and crop productivity (p<0.05). As most rice-growing soils of Sri Lanka are Mg-deficient, it is important to implement strategies specific to ACZs, soil orders, and water sources to improve the soil-Mg status.
{"title":"Distribution of Exchangeable Magnesium in Lowland Rice-Cultivated Soils of Sri Lanka as Affected by the Differences in Climate, Soil, and Water Source","authors":"Indeera Hetti Arachchige, B. Marambe, Mohomad S. Nijamudeen, H. Kadupitiya, Dinaratne Sirisena, R. Chandrajith, L. Suriyagoda","doi":"10.35762/aer.2023027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35762/aer.2023027","url":null,"abstract":"Magnesium (Mg) is an essential macronutrient for plants. Even though Sri Lankans consume rice as the staple food, the Mg status in Sri Lankan paddy soils as affected by its climate, soils, and water sources used are not well understood. This study was conducted to (i) determine the distribution of exchangeable Mg (ex-Mg) concentration, and (ii) examine the interactive effects of agro-climatic zones (ACZs), soil order, and water source in determining the ex-Mg concentra-tion in lowland paddy fields of Sri Lanka. A total of 9,038 soil samples representing six ACZs, six soil orders, and three water sources were collected using a stratified random sampling approach. The ex-Mg concentration was determined after extracting in 0.01 M CaCl2 and detected using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The range of ex-Mg was within 0.01-1,610 mg kg-1, with a mean of 210.4 mg kg-1. From the tested soil samples, 66% were Mg-deficient (<240 mg kg-1), 32% were Mg-optimal (240-730 mg kg-1) and 2% were Mg-excessive (>730 mg kg-1). Among the ACZ, the Dry zone Low country had the highest ex-Mg concentration (p<0.05). Among the soil orders tested, Vertisols had the highest and Histosols had the lowest ex-Mg concentration (p<0.05). Irrigated rice fields had higher ex-Mg than the rainfed systems (p<0.05). Soil ex-Mg concentration was positively correlated with soil pH (p<0.05) and crop productivity (p<0.05). As most rice-growing soils of Sri Lanka are Mg-deficient, it is important to implement strategies specific to ACZs, soil orders, and water sources to improve the soil-Mg status.","PeriodicalId":36747,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Research","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139154647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rice serves as a fundamental sustenance for approximately half of the global population, particularly in Asia. Nevertheless, the cultivation of rice demands a substantial water supply, and the challenges associated with water deficits have been exacerbated by irregular rainfall patterns induced by global warming. Consequently, there is a critical need to reassess irrigation techniques to effectively tackle these issues. In this comprehensive review, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) method was employed to systematically explore literature on irrigation techniques aimed at fostering sustainable water management in rice cultivation systems. The primary components of the framework encompass water consumption and water-related characteristics, soil-related characteristics, and plant-related characteristics, encompassing relevant components and indicators. Two alternative irrigation methods, namely alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and saturated soil irrigation (SSI), have been proposed to enhance water use efficiency (WUE) in rice cultivation compared to traditional continuous flooding (CF). These alternative irrigation methods do not adversely affect rice yield, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Furthermore, these alternative irrigation approaches have the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly methane emissions, in rice production. This review underscores the significance of data on alternate irrigation systems, providing valuable insights for researchers and policymakers in formulating strategies that align at every level for practical implementation. This is crucial as it is relevant to multiple organizations and stakeholders. Moreover, in the face of inclement weather conditions resulting from climate change, the study's findings indicate that research on farmers' adaptation, plant stress, and resilience within the rice cultivation system is still in its nascent stages. This highlights the pressing need for further exploration and advancement in these areas to develop effective strategies for coping with the challenges posed by climate change.
{"title":"The Effect of Irrigation Techniques on Sustainable Water Management for Rice Cultivation System - A Review","authors":"B. Wichaidist, Amornrat Intrman, Songsak Puttrawutichai, Chawakorn Rewtragulpaibul, Supatchaya Chuanpongpanich, Chaisri Suksaroj","doi":"10.35762/aer.2023024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35762/aer.2023024","url":null,"abstract":"Rice serves as a fundamental sustenance for approximately half of the global population, particularly in Asia. Nevertheless, the cultivation of rice demands a substantial water supply, and the challenges associated with water deficits have been exacerbated by irregular rainfall patterns induced by global warming. Consequently, there is a critical need to reassess irrigation techniques to effectively tackle these issues. In this comprehensive review, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) method was employed to systematically explore literature on irrigation techniques aimed at fostering sustainable water management in rice cultivation systems. The primary components of the framework encompass water consumption and water-related characteristics, soil-related characteristics, and plant-related characteristics, encompassing relevant components and indicators. Two alternative irrigation methods, namely alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and saturated soil irrigation (SSI), have been proposed to enhance water use efficiency (WUE) in rice cultivation compared to traditional continuous flooding (CF). These alternative irrigation methods do not adversely affect rice yield, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Furthermore, these alternative irrigation approaches have the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly methane emissions, in rice production. This review underscores the significance of data on alternate irrigation systems, providing valuable insights for researchers and policymakers in formulating strategies that align at every level for practical implementation. This is crucial as it is relevant to multiple organizations and stakeholders. Moreover, in the face of inclement weather conditions resulting from climate change, the study's findings indicate that research on farmers' adaptation, plant stress, and resilience within the rice cultivation system is still in its nascent stages. This highlights the pressing need for further exploration and advancement in these areas to develop effective strategies for coping with the challenges posed by climate change.","PeriodicalId":36747,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Research","volume":"40 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138955819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Haviz, Damris Muhammad, Maria Vabylita, Miftahul Djana, R. Mayasari, Ashruri Ashruri, Sandri Erfani, Yuli Darni, Opik Taufik Purwadi, Simparmin Br Ginting
Post coal mine (PCM) activities pose significant environmental challenges. Soils affected by PCM often exhibit increased acidity and elevated levels of heavy metals. In the case of Sungai Buluh PCM in the Jambi Province, Indonesia, copper (Cu) levels in the soil reach 94.79 mg kg-1, surpassing the Indonesian standard of 40 mg kg-1. Sumatera brown coal (SBC), typically is not considered as fuel due to its properties, offers a cost-effective solution for Cu immobilization in such soils. In this study, SBC was subjected to pyrolysis at 400°C for 1 h, sieved through a 10-mesh sieve, and characterized using SEM and FTIR. The soil-char mixture consisted of 250 g of soil and 25 g of char (9:1 ratio), while a control group included 250 grams of soil with no char. The soil's pH significantly influenced Cu adsorption by SBC char. Cu immobility by SBC char was highest at pH 5, with an efficiency of 66.67% from pH 1 to 5. Over a 4-week period, the mobility of Cu in soil containing 10% char decreased by 36.36%. Pseudo-first-order kinetics yielded R2 values of 0.750 and 0.979 for 0% and 10% char additions, respectively. To inform future research on SBC char's potential for soil amendment, exploring the properties of SBC char produced at different pyrolysis temperatures is advisable. This information can aid in the development of char furnaces with appropriate technology to efficiently produce large quantities of effective SBC char. Additionally, determining optimal incubation times can help predict the frequency of char application in various regions.
{"title":"The Effect of Incubation Time and Drainage pH on the Immobilization of Copper in Post Coal Mine Soil Using Sumatera Brown Coal Char","authors":"Muhammad Haviz, Damris Muhammad, Maria Vabylita, Miftahul Djana, R. Mayasari, Ashruri Ashruri, Sandri Erfani, Yuli Darni, Opik Taufik Purwadi, Simparmin Br Ginting","doi":"10.35762/aer.2023023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35762/aer.2023023","url":null,"abstract":"Post coal mine (PCM) activities pose significant environmental challenges. Soils affected by PCM often exhibit increased acidity and elevated levels of heavy metals. In the case of Sungai Buluh PCM in the Jambi Province, Indonesia, copper (Cu) levels in the soil reach 94.79 mg kg-1, surpassing the Indonesian standard of 40 mg kg-1. Sumatera brown coal (SBC), typically is not considered as fuel due to its properties, offers a cost-effective solution for Cu immobilization in such soils. In this study, SBC was subjected to pyrolysis at 400°C for 1 h, sieved through a 10-mesh sieve, and characterized using SEM and FTIR. The soil-char mixture consisted of 250 g of soil and 25 g of char (9:1 ratio), while a control group included 250 grams of soil with no char. The soil's pH significantly influenced Cu adsorption by SBC char. Cu immobility by SBC char was highest at pH 5, with an efficiency of 66.67% from pH 1 to 5. Over a 4-week period, the mobility of Cu in soil containing 10% char decreased by 36.36%. Pseudo-first-order kinetics yielded R2 values of 0.750 and 0.979 for 0% and 10% char additions, respectively. To inform future research on SBC char's potential for soil amendment, exploring the properties of SBC char produced at different pyrolysis temperatures is advisable. This information can aid in the development of char furnaces with appropriate technology to efficiently produce large quantities of effective SBC char. Additionally, determining optimal incubation times can help predict the frequency of char application in various regions.","PeriodicalId":36747,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Research","volume":"94 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139179357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for phytoplankton growth in water bodies and an important element in biochemical processes. Also, excessive P in river causes eutrophication which endangers aquatic organisms while sediment acts as sink for inorganic and organic pollutants and nutrients. To assess the availability of P and heavy metals (HMs) in Ogun River, surface sediment samples were collected at twelve anthropogenic sites for three months. The surface sediment samples were sequentially extracted to determine five phosphorus fractions [loosely-sorbed P (LS-P), iron-bound P (Fe-P), authigenic apatite, biogenic apatite and CaCO3-bound P (CFA-P), detrital apatite (Det-P) and other inorganic P (IP) as well as organic P (OP)] and levels of selected HMs (Pb, Cr and Zn). Phosphorus fractions were determined spectrophotometrically and HMs were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) after wet digestion. The average percentages of fractions of P in surface sediments were Det-P (34.66±1.00%) > Fe-P (27.67± 0.02%) > OP (18.11±2.00%) > authigenic apatite, biogenic apatite and CaCO3-bound P (14.38±4.56%) > LS-P (5.18±0.78%). It was observed that IP was dominant (86.38%) of the total phosphorus (TP) compared to OP (13.62%). One of the sites, Garri processing, had highest TP (710 µg P g-1) which was above the standard values for Chinese Environmental Dredging (500 µg P g-1) and Canadian Province of Ontario (600 µg P g-1) Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQG). The mean concentrations of HMs determined in sediments were below the SQG values except Zn in some sites. The results revealed moderate pollution of P and Zn and also, accumulation of these pollutants overtime might pose threat to aquatic organisms. The results obtained would serve as baseline values for P speciation in Ogun River.
磷是水体中浮游植物生长所必需的营养物质，也是生物化学过程中的重要元素。此外，河流中磷含量过高会导致富营养化，危及水生生物，而沉积物则是无机和有机污染物和营养物质的汇。为了评估奥根河中磷和重金属的有效性，在12个人为地点采集了3个月的表层沉积物样本。依次提取表层沉积物样品，测定5种磷组分[松散吸附磷(LS-P)、铁结合磷(Fe-P)、自生磷灰石、生物磷灰石和caco3结合磷(CFA-P)、碎屑磷灰石(dt -P)和其他无机磷(IP)和有机磷(OP)]以及选定的HMs (Pb、Cr和Zn)水平。湿消化后用原子吸收分光光度法测定磷组分，用原子吸收分光光度法测定质谱。表层沉积物中磷组分的平均百分比为:Det-P(34.66±1.00%)> Fe-P(27.67±0.02%)> OP(18.11±2.00%)>自生磷灰石、生物磷灰石和caco3结合磷(14.38±4.56%)> LS-P(5.18±0.78%)。总磷(TP)中，IP占86.38%，OP占13.62%。其中Garri加工的总磷最高(710µg P -1)，高于中国环境疏浚(500µg P -1)和加拿大安大略省沉积物质量指南(600µg P -1)的标准值。除Zn外，沉积物中HMs的平均浓度均低于SQG值。结果表明，水体中磷、锌的污染程度适中，且随着时间的推移，这些污染物的积累可能对水生生物造成威胁。所得结果可作为奥根河磷形态形成的基线值。
{"title":"Phosphorus Speciation and Heavy Metal Levels in Ogun River Sediments at Different Anthropogenic Locations in Abeokuta, Ogun State","authors":"Olayinka Oluwafunmilayo Olasunbo, Opatoyinbo Oluwabamise Esther, Olujimi Olarenwaju Olusoji, Azeez Jamiu Oladipupo, Oyebanji Adedayo Olamide","doi":"10.35762/aer.2023022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35762/aer.2023022","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for phytoplankton growth in water bodies and an important element in biochemical processes. Also, excessive P in river causes eutrophication which endangers aquatic organisms while sediment acts as sink for inorganic and organic pollutants and nutrients. To assess the availability of P and heavy metals (HMs) in Ogun River, surface sediment samples were collected at twelve anthropogenic sites for three months. The surface sediment samples were sequentially extracted to determine five phosphorus fractions [loosely-sorbed P (LS-P), iron-bound P (Fe-P), authigenic apatite, biogenic apatite and CaCO3-bound P (CFA-P), detrital apatite (Det-P) and other inorganic P (IP) as well as organic P (OP)] and levels of selected HMs (Pb, Cr and Zn). Phosphorus fractions were determined spectrophotometrically and HMs were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) after wet digestion. The average percentages of fractions of P in surface sediments were Det-P (34.66±1.00%) > Fe-P (27.67± 0.02%) > OP (18.11±2.00%) > authigenic apatite, biogenic apatite and CaCO3-bound P (14.38±4.56%) > LS-P (5.18±0.78%). It was observed that IP was dominant (86.38%) of the total phosphorus (TP) compared to OP (13.62%). One of the sites, Garri processing, had highest TP (710 µg P g-1) which was above the standard values for Chinese Environmental Dredging (500 µg P g-1) and Canadian Province of Ontario (600 µg P g-1) Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQG). The mean concentrations of HMs determined in sediments were below the SQG values except Zn in some sites. The results revealed moderate pollution of P and Zn and also, accumulation of these pollutants overtime might pose threat to aquatic organisms. The results obtained would serve as baseline values for P speciation in Ogun River.","PeriodicalId":36747,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Research","volume":"50 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138595153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To bring about a significant change in the SWM situation in the Philippines, the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003) was enacted to provide local government units with frameworks that would help them solve the looming garbage problem in the country. Despite the presence of the decree, managing wastes remains a problem in the country particularly in the CALABARZON. This study was conducted to assess the extent of compliance of a coastal municipality to RA 9003 in terms of institutional mechanism, comprehensive solid waste management, incentives, and financial solid waste management and compare the assessments of 72 public officials, 396 residents, and 126 business establishments regarding the local government units’ compliance. The research utilized a descriptive design and gathered data using the questionnaire complemented with interview and focus group discussion. Frequency, weighted mean, standard deviation, ANOVA and Scheffe’s Test were used in treating the gathered data. Results revealed that Calaca has not fully complied with RA 9003. The solid waste management (SWM) implementation in the component barangays and waste segregation are not strictly monitored. There is weak enforcement of waste segregation, provision of appropriate bins, technical capacity of waste handlers, and utilization of the materials recovery facilities. Waste collection remains the primary issue in the city. The assessments of the officials, residents, and establishments regarding Calaca’s compliance with institutional mechanisms, financial SWM, and incentives significantly differed despite their agreement regarding comprehensive SWM, indicating a low level of awareness among stakeholders and a weak SWM system.
{"title":"Assessing the Compliance of a Coastal Municipality to the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003)","authors":"Michelle M. Del Rosario","doi":"10.35762/aer.2023021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35762/aer.2023021","url":null,"abstract":"To bring about a significant change in the SWM situation in the Philippines, the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003) was enacted to provide local government units with frameworks that would help them solve the looming garbage problem in the country. Despite the presence of the decree, managing wastes remains a problem in the country particularly in the CALABARZON. This study was conducted to assess the extent of compliance of a coastal municipality to RA 9003 in terms of institutional mechanism, comprehensive solid waste management, incentives, and financial solid waste management and compare the assessments of 72 public officials, 396 residents, and 126 business establishments regarding the local government units’ compliance. The research utilized a descriptive design and gathered data using the questionnaire complemented with interview and focus group discussion. Frequency, weighted mean, standard deviation, ANOVA and Scheffe’s Test were used in treating the gathered data. Results revealed that Calaca has not fully complied with RA 9003. The solid waste management (SWM) implementation in the component barangays and waste segregation are not strictly monitored. There is weak enforcement of waste segregation, provision of appropriate bins, technical capacity of waste handlers, and utilization of the materials recovery facilities. Waste collection remains the primary issue in the city. The assessments of the officials, residents, and establishments regarding Calaca’s compliance with institutional mechanisms, financial SWM, and incentives significantly differed despite their agreement regarding comprehensive SWM, indicating a low level of awareness among stakeholders and a weak SWM system.","PeriodicalId":36747,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Research","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138627285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The findings showed that several types of bacteria can help biodegrade organic pollutants, such as Comamonadacea, which can biodegrade volatile fatty acids and aromatic compounds. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria can biodegrade ammonium. Burkholderiales can biodegrade ferric ions and hydrogen. Comamonas testosteroni is able to biodegrade nitrates. Pseudomonas taiwanensis, Acinetobacter guillouiae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae can reduce copper, chromium and zinc levels. Azolla biomass reduces strontium. Rhodospirillum sp. can biodegrade cadmium, mercury, lead, and nickel. Gallionella ferruginea and Leptothrix sp. can biodegrade arsenic and manganese. Gracilaria sp. can biodegrade aluminum, chromium, and zinc. Desulfovibrio sp. can biodegrade copper, zinc, nickel, iron, and arsenic. Thiomonas sp. can biodegrade arsenic and iron. Thauera selenatis can biodegrade copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel, lead, cobalt, chromium, and mercury. Thiobacillus thiooxidans can degrade both zinc and copper. Sargassum filipendula biodegrades copper and nickel. Meanwhile, in the findings of the factors that affected biofiltration, it was identified that there were four that played a significant role such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, hydraulic retention time, organic loading rate, biological organisms, and supply nutrients. In conclusion, several types of bacteria grow and help biodegrade in biofilter reactors. This is inseparable from the supporting factors that increase the efficiency of pollutant reduction in biofilter reactors.
{"title":"The Role of Bacteria and Factors Affecting the Biodegradation of Pollutants in the Biofilter Reactor: A Review","authors":"Muliyadi Muliyadi, Purwanto Purwanto, Sri Sumiyati, Sudarno Sudarno, Budiyono Budiyono, Budi Warsito, Hadiyanto Hadiyanto","doi":"10.35762/aer.2023020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35762/aer.2023020","url":null,"abstract":"The findings showed that several types of bacteria can help biodegrade organic pollutants, such as Comamonadacea, which can biodegrade volatile fatty acids and aromatic compounds. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria can biodegrade ammonium. Burkholderiales can biodegrade ferric ions and hydrogen. Comamonas testosteroni is able to biodegrade nitrates. Pseudomonas taiwanensis, Acinetobacter guillouiae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae can reduce copper, chromium and zinc levels. Azolla biomass reduces strontium. Rhodospirillum sp. can biodegrade cadmium, mercury, lead, and nickel. Gallionella ferruginea and Leptothrix sp. can biodegrade arsenic and manganese. Gracilaria sp. can biodegrade aluminum, chromium, and zinc. Desulfovibrio sp. can biodegrade copper, zinc, nickel, iron, and arsenic. Thiomonas sp. can biodegrade arsenic and iron. Thauera selenatis can biodegrade copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel, lead, cobalt, chromium, and mercury. Thiobacillus thiooxidans can degrade both zinc and copper. Sargassum filipendula biodegrades copper and nickel. Meanwhile, in the findings of the factors that affected biofiltration, it was identified that there were four that played a significant role such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, hydraulic retention time, organic loading rate, biological organisms, and supply nutrients. In conclusion, several types of bacteria grow and help biodegrade in biofilter reactors. This is inseparable from the supporting factors that increase the efficiency of pollutant reduction in biofilter reactors.","PeriodicalId":36747,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Research","volume":"10 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135265785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mary Ann Beth L. Kong, Edwin R. de los Reyes, Francis Dave C. Siacor
Due to a growth in the production of electronic waste (e-waste), the Philippines, particularly Zamboanga City, a top-tier, highly urbanized city on the Zamboanga Peninsula, is coping with an e-waste problem. Understanding the outside forces influencing e-waste management is necessary for creating effective strategies. With the help of a G-PESTLE analysis (geographical, political, economic, social, technical, legal, and environmental) and recommendations for improvement, this study assessed the city's existing e-waste management situation. The study looks at possibilities and problems, then offers management tactics based on the results. The study employed a hybrid methodology. Using the G-PESTLE analysis framework, the external factors affecting the management of e-waste were looked into. This procedure included focus groups, key informant interviews, and literature studies. To direct the analysis process, a framework for the research design was established with particular questions. The findings and discussions highlight the need for specific legislation, educational initiatives, technology advancements, and monetary incentives to solve e-waste concerns successfully. This study aims to provide focused management plans and actions that will enhance Zamboanga City's sustainable lifestyles and decrease the harmful effects of e-waste on the environment. The research applications of this study include informing future e-waste management research and initiatives, assisting stakeholders and policymakers in creating efficient policies and programs, and enhancing e-waste management practices in Zamboanga City. The results offer insightful information and a basis for promoting sustainable development, minimizing environmental impact, and implementing effective e-waste management strategies.
{"title":"Evaluation of E-waste Generation through G-PESTLE Analysis in the City of Zamboanga, Philippines: Basis for Management Strategies","authors":"Mary Ann Beth L. Kong, Edwin R. de los Reyes, Francis Dave C. Siacor","doi":"10.35762/aer.2023019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35762/aer.2023019","url":null,"abstract":"Due to a growth in the production of electronic waste (e-waste), the Philippines, particularly Zamboanga City, a top-tier, highly urbanized city on the Zamboanga Peninsula, is coping with an e-waste problem. Understanding the outside forces influencing e-waste management is necessary for creating effective strategies. With the help of a G-PESTLE analysis (geographical, political, economic, social, technical, legal, and environmental) and recommendations for improvement, this study assessed the city's existing e-waste management situation. The study looks at possibilities and problems, then offers management tactics based on the results. The study employed a hybrid methodology. Using the G-PESTLE analysis framework, the external factors affecting the management of e-waste were looked into. This procedure included focus groups, key informant interviews, and literature studies. To direct the analysis process, a framework for the research design was established with particular questions. The findings and discussions highlight the need for specific legislation, educational initiatives, technology advancements, and monetary incentives to solve e-waste concerns successfully. This study aims to provide focused management plans and actions that will enhance Zamboanga City's sustainable lifestyles and decrease the harmful effects of e-waste on the environment. The research applications of this study include informing future e-waste management research and initiatives, assisting stakeholders and policymakers in creating efficient policies and programs, and enhancing e-waste management practices in Zamboanga City. The results offer insightful information and a basis for promoting sustainable development, minimizing environmental impact, and implementing effective e-waste management strategies.","PeriodicalId":36747,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Research","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135923773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fe3O4/thiamine particles were prepared in this work via precipitation method. The synthesis method is based on the principle of precipitation of Fe3O4 particles in the presence of thiamine coating agent. Also, the potential application of Fe3O4/ thiamine in the removal of methylene blue (MB) was investigated. Several factors that affect the synthesis of Fe3O4/thiamine such as base concentration, mass ratio of FeCl2 to thiamine, reaction temperature, and reaction time were determined. Optimal conditions for preparing Fe3O4/thiamine are NH4OH concentration = 10%, mass ratio of FeCl2:thiamine = 5:1 (g g-1), reaction temperature = 30 °C, reaction time = 120 min. The average particle size of Fe3O4/thiamine is 293.7 nm while the specific surface area, pore diameter, and magnetization of the obtained Fe3O4/ thiamine particles are 57 m2 g-1, 192.67 Å, and 2.4 emu g-1, respectively. The interesting point of this work is to obtain the Fe3O4/thiamine at low temperature with less amount of NH4OH used. Furthermore, 79.08% of MB could be removed using Fe3O4/thiamine as an adsorbent, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 31.63 mg g-1 at pH of 10, a MB concentration of 50 mg L-1, and an adsorption time of 15 min. Adsorption kinetics studies showed that the pseudo-second-order model fitted the experimental data better than the pseudo-first-order and the adsorption process is physical adsorption following the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. An adsorption mechanism of MB onto Fe3O4/thiamine was also suggested. The synthesized Fe3O4/ thiamine particles could be a potential material for treating wastewater.
{"title":"Application of Fe3O4/thiamine Magnetic Particles in the Removal of Methylene Blue","authors":"Phuong Lan Tran-Nguyen, Suong Mai-Thi-Thu, Thanh-Ty Nguyen, Kim-Phung Ly, Tran Thi Bich Quyen, Shella Permatasari Santoso, Nguyen-Phuong-Dung Tran, Nguyen Minh Nhut","doi":"10.35762/aer.2023018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35762/aer.2023018","url":null,"abstract":"Fe3O4/thiamine particles were prepared in this work via precipitation method. The synthesis method is based on the principle of precipitation of Fe3O4 particles in the presence of thiamine coating agent. Also, the potential application of Fe3O4/ thiamine in the removal of methylene blue (MB) was investigated. Several factors that affect the synthesis of Fe3O4/thiamine such as base concentration, mass ratio of FeCl2 to thiamine, reaction temperature, and reaction time were determined. Optimal conditions for preparing Fe3O4/thiamine are NH4OH concentration = 10%, mass ratio of FeCl2:thiamine = 5:1 (g g-1), reaction temperature = 30 °C, reaction time = 120 min. The average particle size of Fe3O4/thiamine is 293.7 nm while the specific surface area, pore diameter, and magnetization of the obtained Fe3O4/ thiamine particles are 57 m2 g-1, 192.67 Å, and 2.4 emu g-1, respectively. The interesting point of this work is to obtain the Fe3O4/thiamine at low temperature with less amount of NH4OH used. Furthermore, 79.08% of MB could be removed using Fe3O4/thiamine as an adsorbent, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 31.63 mg g-1 at pH of 10, a MB concentration of 50 mg L-1, and an adsorption time of 15 min. Adsorption kinetics studies showed that the pseudo-second-order model fitted the experimental data better than the pseudo-first-order and the adsorption process is physical adsorption following the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. An adsorption mechanism of MB onto Fe3O4/thiamine was also suggested. The synthesized Fe3O4/ thiamine particles could be a potential material for treating wastewater.","PeriodicalId":36747,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Research","volume":"300 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134945197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the CaO adsorbent was prepared by using local waste eggshell as a raw material. The influence of preparation parameters including calcination temperature, calcination time and particle size of eggshell powder on the adsorption surface area were investigated. By means of statistically experiment design, the interesting parameters were investigated by a full 23 factorial design. The prepared sorbent material was characterized by X–ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET). The results showed the particle size of eggshell powder greatly affected the BET surface area. By applying the prepared condition of 149 μm in particle size, 6 h of calcination time and 1,000oC calcination temperature, the obtained CaO adsorbent yielded the highest in BET surface area of 5.023 m2 g-1. The CO2 performance test in the fluidized bed reactor with 12% V/V CO2 in N2 balance also revealed that the local waste eggshell can be used as CO2 adsorbent. The CO2 carrying capacity of the highest BET surface area sorbent was 0.011 g CO2 g-1 sorbent at 700°C carbonation temperature.
本研究以当地废蛋壳为原料，制备了CaO吸附剂。考察了煅烧温度、煅烧时间、蛋壳粉粒度等制备参数对吸附表面积的影响。采用统计试验设计，采用全23因子设计对感兴趣的参数进行调查。采用x射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和bruauer - emmet - teller (BET)对所制备的吸附材料进行了表征。结果表明，蛋壳粉的粒径对BET表面积有较大影响。在粒径为149 μm、煅烧时间为6 h、煅烧温度为1000℃的条件下，得到的CaO吸附剂的BET比表面积最高，为5.023 m2 g-1。在N2平衡浓度为12% V/V的流化床反应器中进行的CO2性能试验也表明，局部废蛋壳可以作为CO2吸附剂。在700℃碳化温度下，BET表面积最大的吸附剂CO2携气量为0.011 g CO2 g-1。
{"title":"The Effects of the Preparation Factors on the Properties of CO2 Capture Sorbent Derived from Local Waste Eggshell","authors":"Janjeera Chuanchob, Pornpote Piumsomboon, Benjapon Chalermsinsuwan, Saowaluck Chanchairoek","doi":"10.35762/aer.2023017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35762/aer.2023017","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the CaO adsorbent was prepared by using local waste eggshell as a raw material. The influence of preparation parameters including calcination temperature, calcination time and particle size of eggshell powder on the adsorption surface area were investigated. By means of statistically experiment design, the interesting parameters were investigated by a full 23 factorial design. The prepared sorbent material was characterized by X–ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET). The results showed the particle size of eggshell powder greatly affected the BET surface area. By applying the prepared condition of 149 μm in particle size, 6 h of calcination time and 1,000oC calcination temperature, the obtained CaO adsorbent yielded the highest in BET surface area of 5.023 m2 g-1. The CO2 performance test in the fluidized bed reactor with 12% V/V CO2 in N2 balance also revealed that the local waste eggshell can be used as CO2 adsorbent. The CO2 carrying capacity of the highest BET surface area sorbent was 0.011 g CO2 g-1 sorbent at 700°C carbonation temperature.","PeriodicalId":36747,"journal":{"name":"Applied Environmental Research","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135343353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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