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Sustainable Energy Transition in Thailand: Drivers, Barriers and Challenges of Waste-to-Energy at Krabi Province 泰国可持续能源转型:甲米省废物转化能源的驱动因素、障碍和挑战
Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-05-13 DOI: 10.35762/aer.2022.44.2.3
Chariya Senpong, D. Wiwattanadate
Waste-to-Energy (WtE) has been considered as an option to eliminate Krabi’s problems of municipal solid waste (MSW) management. A survey on WtE potential as well as key drivers, barriers, and challenges to overcome the barriers was conducted in this study. The study found high WtE potential due to huge amount of many years accumulated MSW in couple with the increasing trend of new daily waste generation. Meanwhile, Krabi is an island having land limitation for landfill. The urgent need to eliminate the huge amount of MSW has become a key driver for WtE implementation. One more key driver of WtE is Krabi Goes Green roadmap with target to generate electricity from 100% renewable energy by the year 2026. Another key driver is disruptive effects of MSW management roadmap under Section 44 of Thailand's Constitution 2017. By the way, implementation of WtE is facing with public opposing due to concerning of dioxin and air pollutant emissions from solid waste combustion. How to ensure zero emission of dioxin and air pollutants is very challenging to achieve public trust and acceptance. High temperature combustion as well as installation of high efficiency end-of-pipe treatment together with real-time monitoring system was recommended by some interviewees of the present study. In addition, due to MSW management and WtE power plant investment must involve with many organizations; therefore, stakeholders' open mind consultation and policy integration among relevant governmental agencies are highly recommended.
垃圾发电(WtE)被认为是消除甲米市城市固体废物管理问题的一种选择。本研究对WtE的潜力、主要驱动因素、障碍和克服障碍的挑战进行了调查。研究发现,由于城市生活垃圾多年累积量巨大,加上每日新增垃圾产生量呈上升趋势,城市生活垃圾处理潜力巨大。同时,甲米是一个土地有限的岛屿,可用于垃圾填埋场。消除大量都市固体废物的迫切需要,已成为推行都市固体废物的主要动力。WtE的另一个关键驱动因素是甲米走向绿色路线图,目标是到2026年100%使用可再生能源发电。另一个关键驱动因素是2017年泰国宪法第44条规定的生活垃圾管理路线图的破坏性影响。顺便说一下,由于担心固体废物燃烧产生二恶英和大气污染物排放,WtE的实施面临公众的反对。如何保证二恶英和大气污染物的零排放,获得公众的信任和接受是非常具有挑战性的。本研究的一些受访者建议采用高温燃烧,安装高效的管道末端处理,并配备实时监控系统。此外,由于城市生活垃圾的管理和垃圾发电厂的投资必须涉及许多组织;因此,强烈建议利益相关者在相关政府机构之间进行开放的思想磋商和政策整合。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Water and Sediment Collected from the Southern Caspian Sea 里海南部水和沉积物中有机磷农药残留的评价
Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-04-21 DOI: 10.35762/aer.2022.44.2.2
R. Golshani, Ghasem Ghorbanzadeh Zafarani, M. Rebezov, S. Karbalaei, Tony R. Walker
Pollution of water resources by uncontrolled pesticide use is a serious health and environmental issue. In this study, concentrations of three organophosphorus pesticides (diazinon, malathion, and azinphos-methyl) in water and sediment samples from five estuaries (Sefidrud, Chalus, Babolrud, Tajan, and Gorganrud) along the Caspian Sea were investigated. Samples were collected from surface water and sediment during summer to autumn, and pesticides were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results indicated that salinity and turbidity in Gorganrud were higher (salinity: range 2–8%; turbidity: range 1–9%) compared to other stations. Higher diazinon (water: 0.08±0.06, sediment: 0.04±0.01), malathion (water: 0.09±0.06, sediment: 0.05±0.01) and azinphos-methyl (water: 0.1±0.08, sediment: 0.06± 0.02) concentrations were observed in the Tajan river compared to other stations. Mean concentrations of diazinon, malathion and azinphos-methyl pesticides were higher in the summer compared to the autumn. Azinphos-methyl concentrations were higher than sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), which warrants ongoing monitoring. Our research provides insights into the presence of organophosphate pesticides (OPs) in rivers that enter into the Caspian Sea. Further work to better understand the environmental pollution of OPs in the Caspian Sea is ongoing.
无节制使用农药对水资源的污染是一个严重的健康和环境问题。本研究对里海沿岸5个河口(Sefidrud、Chalus、Babolrud、Tajan和Gorganrud)水体和沉积物样品中三种有机磷农药(重氮磷、马拉硫磷和甲基氮磷)的浓度进行了调查。夏季至秋季采集地表水和沉积物样品,采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)对农药进行分析。结果表明,高甘露的盐度和浊度较高(盐度范围:2-8%;浊度:范围1-9%)。Tajan河重氮磷(水:0.08±0.06,沉积物:0.04±0.01)、马拉硫磷(水:0.09±0.06,沉积物:0.05±0.01)和甲基氮磷(水:0.1±0.08,沉积物:0.06±0.02)浓度均高于其他监测站。重氮磷、马拉硫磷和甲氮磷农药的平均浓度夏季高于秋季。甲基氮磷浓度高于沉积物质量指南(SQGs),值得持续监测。我们的研究为进入里海的河流中有机磷农药(OPs)的存在提供了见解。目前正在进一步开展工作,以便更好地了解里海的OPs对环境的污染。
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引用次数: 6
Occurrence of Microplastics in the Asian Freshwater Environments: A Review 亚洲淡水环境中微塑料的存在:综述
Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-04-21 DOI: 10.35762/aer.2022.44.2.1
Farah Akmal Idrus, Noradriena Mohd Fadhli, Mohd Nasarudin Harith
Microplastics pollution has become a worldwide common problem. Despite the growing numbers in researches regarding the microplastics, the understanding of microplastics in the freshwater environment are still less. This paper overviews the present knowledge and findings on the occurrence of microplastics in water and sediment of the freshwater environments in Asia. The review also covers the size distribution, polymers, morphological characteristics and sources of microplastics to the freshwater systems. Perspective of the adsorption of heavy metals on the microplastics to the freshwater systems are also discussed in this review.
微塑料污染已经成为一个世界性的普遍问题。尽管关于微塑料的研究越来越多,但对淡水环境中微塑料的了解仍然较少。本文综述了目前关于亚洲淡水环境中水和沉积物中微塑料的知识和发现。综述了微塑料在淡水系统中的大小分布、聚合物、形态特征和来源。本文还对微塑料在淡水系统中吸附重金属的研究进展进行了展望。
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引用次数: 2
A Fuzzy AHP Approach to Assess Flood Hazard for Area of Bang Rakam Model 60 Project in Yom River Basin, Northern Thailand 泰国北部Yom河流域Bang Rakam模型60工程区域洪涝灾害的模糊层次分析法
Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-03-29 DOI: 10.35762/aer.2021.44.1.9
Aphittha Yodying, N. Mahavik, S. Tantanee, C. Kongmuang, Agbesi Kwadzo Keteku, P. Chidburee, Kamonchat Seejata, Sasithon Chatsudarat
The Thai government developed the “Bang Rakam Model 60” to solve flood issues in low-lying areas (Phitsanulok and Sukhothai Provinces). In the project, farmers will have to start planting in early April and harvest in July. This research proposes a methodology for assessing flood hazard using a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy AHP) relied on Chang’s extent analysis. It was employed to derive the weight for factor ranking and create a flood hazard map. Eight hazard factors are considered in the methodology: average annual rainfall, drainage density, distance from drainage network, soil water infiltration, land use, elevation, slope, and flow accumulation. The generated flood hazard maps were validated using the repeated flood area from Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA). Due to the difference of rated opinion on the drainage density factor, the eight experts were divided into two groups of four each. The results of both expert groups indicated that the most pivotal influencing factor to flood hazard is the average annual rainfall. From the first group, it is stated that the highest flood hazard areas are in Phrom Phiram, Mueang Phitsanulok, and Bang Rakam Districts. Whereas, the second group stated that very high flood hazards level occurring mostly in Phrom Phiram District. The flood hazard area was divided into five levels of very low, low, moderate, high, and very high which the first group found that they covered 75.59 km2, 184.44 km2, 211.94 km2, 165.78 km2, and 57.81 km2, respectively, while the second group found that they covered 38.93 km2, 100.22 km2, 175.58 km2, 218.90 km2, and 161.91 km2, respectively. The obtained flood hazard assessment provides crucial information for future flood preparation, response, prevention, mitigation, and recovery initiatives. Moreover, it will guide the government agencies in supplying water and save the compensation budget to victims’ flood-affected farms.
泰国政府开发了“Bang Rakam Model 60”来解决低洼地区(Phitsanulok和素可泰省)的洪水问题。在该项目中,农民必须在4月初开始种植,7月收获。本文在张氏度分析的基础上,提出了一种基于模糊层次分析法的洪水灾害评价方法。利用该方法推导因子排序权重,并绘制洪水灾害图。该方法考虑了8个危险因素:年平均降雨量、排水密度、与排水网络的距离、土壤水分入渗、土地利用、高程、坡度和流量积累。利用地理信息和空间技术发展局(gisda)的重复洪水区域对生成的洪水灾害图进行了验证。由于对排水密度因子的评价意见不同,8位专家被分为两组,每组4人。两组专家的研究结果表明,年平均降雨量是影响洪涝灾害的最关键因素。从第一组来看,洪水风险最高的地区是Phrom Phiram, Mueang Phitsanulok和Bang Rakam地区。而第二组则表示,非常高的洪水灾害水平主要发生在Phrom Phiram地区。将洪涝灾害区划分为极低、低、中、高、极高5个等级,第1组洪涝灾害区覆盖面积分别为75.59、184.44、211.94、165.78、57.81 km2;第2组洪涝灾害区覆盖面积分别为38.93、100.22、175.58、218.90、161.91 km2。获得的洪水灾害评估为未来的洪水准备、响应、预防、缓解和恢复举措提供了重要信息。此外,它将指导政府机构供水,并节省对受灾农场的赔偿预算。
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引用次数: 0
Petrogenic and Biogenic Inputs of n-alkanes along Shoreline of the Caspian Sea in the Mazandaran Province, North of Iran 伊朗北部Mazandaran省里海沿岸正构烷烃的成岩和生物成因输入
Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-03-29 DOI: 10.35762/aer.2021.44.1.8
Seyed Raheb Hosseini Bizaki, Ahmad Reza Rabbani, A. Riyahi Bakhtiari, M. Cheraghi, Parisa Babaie
The Caspian Sea is the largest lake in the world and is facing an increasing risk of contamination. Sea-based and land-based hydrocarbons inputs are the most critical pollutants of the Caspian Sea. In the present study, n-alkanes and related diagnostic ratios were used to identify the sources of hydrocarbon contaminants in surface sediments along the southern coastal area of the Caspian Sea in Mazandaran province. 27 surface sediment samples were collected from a depth of 5 meters under sea level. Contaminant’s compositions were extracted by Soxhlet apparatus and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. According to the results, the total concentration of n- alkanes (ΣHC) ranged from 5.2 µg g-1 to 690.7 µg g-1. The S20 (selected station in Noshahr port) had the highest concentration, and most of the stations have levels in a moderate range. Five diagnostic ratios are used to distinguish petrogenic and biogenic contaminants in shorelines of the Mazandaran province. In all stations, Carbon Preference Index (CPI), LMW/HMW, Pr/n-C17, Phy/n-C18, Pr/Phy, and U/R values indicated the petrogenic inputs. However, in some stations biogenic inputs were additionally detected. The petrogenic pollutants were almost from sea-based inputs such as oil spills from Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan. On the other hand, biogenic contaminants were almost from rivers and Hyrcania forests.
里海是世界上最大的湖泊,面临着越来越大的污染风险。海基和陆基碳氢化合物的输入是里海最关键的污染物。本研究采用正构烷烃及其诊断比值对马赞达兰省里海南部沿海表层沉积物中烃类污染物的来源进行了识别。从海平面以下5米深处采集了27个地表沉积物样本。采用索氏仪提取污染物成分,气相色谱-质谱联用分析。结果表明,正构烷烃的总浓度(ΣHC)在5.2µg -1 ~ 690.7µg -1之间。S20 (Noshahr港选定的监测站)的浓度最高,大多数监测站的浓度在中等范围。采用5种诊断比值对马赞达兰省岸线岩源污染物和生物源污染物进行了区分。碳偏好指数(Carbon Preference Index, CPI)、LMW/HMW、Pr/n-C17、Phy/n-C18、Pr/Phy和U/R值反映了各测站的产岩输入。然而,在一些站点还检测到生物源输入。岩质污染物几乎来自海基输入,如土库曼斯坦和阿塞拜疆的石油泄漏。另一方面,生物污染物几乎来自河流和海卡尼亚森林。
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引用次数: 1
Risk Assessment of Total Mercury (T-Hg) in Commercial Seafood Marketed in Bangkok, Thailand 泰国曼谷销售的商业海鲜中总汞的风险评估
Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-03-29 DOI: 10.35762/aer.2021.44.1.10
Irwan Ramadhan Ritonga, S. Bureekul, P. Sompongchaiyakul
Seafood is recognized as the high protein source of human consumption. However, it is hampered by mercury contamination. The objectives of this study are to determine total mercury (T-Hg) levels in edible portions of commercial seafood available in Bangkok’s supermarkets, and to evaluate the potential risks from mercury through seafood consumption. Total 32 species, including 22 fish, 4 cephalopod and 6 shellfish, were purchased from super-markets. Fish samples were dissected in 3 parts comprised of flesh, gill and viscera. While, cephalopod and shellfish were separated for edible tissues. The samples were digested in hot acid and were determined using cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry technique. The results revealed that T-Hg contained in the fish flesh > cephalopod > shellfish. In addition, T-Hg was accumulated in flesh > viscera > gill. Statistical analysis suggested that T-Hg accumulated in flesh was related positively with species, feeding habit, and habitat (p < 0.05). For risk analysis, estimated daily intake (EDI) of flesh ranged from 0.01 to 0.42 µg kg-1 bodyweight d-1, the lowest and highest EDI values were in salmon and yellowfin tuna, res-pectively. Yellowfin tuna, narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, fourfinger threadfin, and silver sillago were the 4 species that having the EDI values of T-Hg higher than the FAO/WHO recommended provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) of 0.23 µg kg-1 bodyweight d-1. Thus, the frequent consumption of these seafood are not recommended. In addition, the daily consumption of seafood should not exceed the maximum safe daily intake (MSDC). The MSDC of seafood in this study ranged from 15.5 (yellowfin tuna) to 474 (salmon) g d-1.
海鲜被认为是人类食用的高蛋白来源。然而,它受到汞污染的阻碍。本研究的目的是确定曼谷超市出售的商业海鲜可食用部分中的总汞(T-Hg)水平,并评估通过食用海鲜摄入汞的潜在风险。从超级市场购入32种鱼类,包括22种鱼类、4种头足类及6种贝类。鱼标本被分成肉、鳃和内脏三部分解剖。同时,头足类和贝类被分离为可食用组织。样品在热酸中消化,用冷蒸汽原子吸收光谱法测定。结果表明,鱼的肉中含有t -汞,>头足类贝类。此外,t -汞在肉b>内脏b>鳃中积累。统计分析表明,肉中T-Hg的积累与种类、食性、生境呈正相关(p < 0.05)。在风险分析中,肉的估计每日摄入量(EDI)范围为0.01至0.42µg kg-1体重d-1,最低和最高的EDI值分别是鲑鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼。黄鳍金枪鱼、窄条纹西班牙鲭鱼、四指鳍金枪鱼和银鳉的汞含量EDI值高于粮农组织/世界卫生组织建议的临时每日可耐受摄入量(PTDI) 0.23µg kg-1体重d-1。因此,不建议经常食用这些海鲜。此外,每日食用海产品不应超过每日最大安全摄取量。本研究中海产品的MSDC范围为15.5(黄鳍金枪鱼)至474(鲑鱼)g -1。
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引用次数: 1
Using Theory of Planned Behavior to Determine Consumer Intention in Choosing Cloth vs Plastic Bags 用计划行为理论确定消费者选择布与塑料袋的意愿
Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-03-15 DOI: 10.35762/aer.2021.44.1.5
Z. Batooli, Saeed Zarein-Dolab, Azam Mohamadloo, M. Rahimzadeh
Plastics bags waste presets serious danger to human and animal health. A descriptive study was conducted on 250 consumers who were shopping in different stores of Kashan city in Iran in 2020 to investigate the consumers’ intention, attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control towards reducing the consumption of plastic bags and using cloth bags based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Stratified sampling was applied to select the consumers to filled out a questionnaire developed based on the TPB in Farsi. A path analysis was used to investigate whether attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control would have any relation with the intention to reduce the consumption of plastic bags and to use cloth bags and whether the pathway model was acceptable. Results showed that certain demographic characteristics such as age and gender affects the perceived behavioral control. Employed consumers had stronger intention in using cloth bags. The path analysis results showed positive correlations between intention and other components of TPB such as attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. There was a medium correlation between different dimensions of TPB. Weak correlation was observed between the attitude and perceived behavioral control and maximum correlation was observed between perceived behavioral control and intention. Employed and housewives consumers had strong intentions in using clothe bags. Attitude was not a strong determinant of intention and perceived behavioral control. Thus educational and awareness-raising programs should be accompanied by other reinforcing/ encouraging programs targeting at changing the intention directly. Employed individuals and housewives are more likely to change their behavior and benefit from such programs.
塑料袋废弃物对人类和动物健康造成严重危害。基于计划行为理论(TPB),对2020年在伊朗卡尚市不同商店购物的250名消费者进行描述性研究,调查消费者减少塑料袋消费和使用布袋的意愿、态度、主观规范和感知行为控制。采用分层抽样的方法选择消费者填写一份基于波斯语TPB的调查问卷。通过路径分析,探讨态度、主观规范和感知行为控制是否与减少塑料袋消费和使用布袋的意愿有关系,以及路径模型是否可接受。结果表明,年龄、性别等人口统计学特征会影响行为控制的感知。就业消费者使用布袋的意愿更强。通径分析结果显示,意向与态度、主观规范、感知行为控制等因素呈显著正相关。TPB各维度间存在中等相关性。态度与行为控制知觉呈弱相关,行为控制知觉与意向呈显著相关。就业者和家庭主妇消费者使用衣物袋的意愿较强。态度并不是意图和行为控制的重要决定因素。因此,教育和提高意识的方案应该伴随着其他旨在直接改变意图的强化/鼓励方案。有工作的个人和家庭主妇更有可能改变他们的行为,并从这些项目中受益。
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引用次数: 1
RS-GIS Approach on Biomass Energy Potential Estimation of Sugarcane Residues in Medellin, Cebu 宿务麦德林甘蔗残基生物质能源潜力估算的RS-GIS方法
Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-03-15 DOI: 10.35762/aer.2021.44.1.6
Wenyville Nabor Galang, Ian Dominic Tabañag, M. Loretero
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of Potential Site for Managed Aquifer Recharge Scheme in the Upper Greater Mae Klong Irrigation Project, Thailand 泰国湄隆上游灌溉工程含水层管理补给方案的潜在选址分析
Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-03-15 DOI: 10.35762/aer.2021.44.1.7
Yutthana Phankamolsil, A. Rittima, Sasipong Rantasewee, Yutthana Talaluxmana, Kritsanat Surakit, Allan Sriratana Tabucanon, Wudhichart Sawangphol, J. Kraisangka
This study developed a groundwater flow model to propose the possible Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) scheme for sustainable use of groundwater in the Upper Greater Mae Klong Irrigation Project, Thailand. The site suitability for MAR scheme was assessed through the GIS–based Multi–Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) using the Simple Additive Weighted (SAW) method. Five key relevant factors namely; groundwater drawdown, soil texture, depth to groundwater table, land slope and distance to surface water source were chosen as assessment criteria and reclassified for the analysis of site selection for MAR scheme. The results illustrate the potential site for the managed aquifer recharge scheme in the southwest of the Phanom Thuan Operation and Maintenance Project where soil texture is immensely sandy loam. The results of groundwater flow model also exhibit that 14 designated injection wells with discharge rate of 200 m3 d-1, each of which delineated in the potential area, can increase the hydraulic head in the aquifer ranging from 0.00–0.50 m during 2000–2016. In addition, a high increase of the hydraulic head in the aquifer is found nearby the locations of designated injection wells.
本研究开发了一个地下水流动模型,为泰国上大湄龙灌溉项目的地下水可持续利用提出了可能的管理含水层补给(MAR)方案。通过基于gis的多准则决策(MCDM),采用简单加性加权(SAW)方法对MAR方案的选址适宜性进行评价。五个关键的相关因素分别是;选取地下水落差、土壤质地、到地下水位的深度、土地坡度和到地表水水源的距离作为评价标准,重新分类,对MAR方案的选址进行分析。结果表明,在Phanom Thuan运维工程西南部土壤质地为大量砂壤土的地区,含水层管理补给方案的潜在地点。地下水流动模型结果还表明,2000-2016年,在潜力区圈定14口注水井,每口井的流量为200 m3 d-1,可增加0.00-0.50 m含水层水头。此外,在指定注水井附近,含水层水头有较大的增加。
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引用次数: 2
Effects of substrate types on nitrogen removal efficacy and growth of Canna indica L. 基质类型对美人蕉脱氮效果及生长的影响。
Q3 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.35762/aer.2021.44.1.4
A. Jampeetong, Pakawat Janyasupab
Constructed wetlands (CWs), a cost effective technology for wastewater treatment, consist of substrates and wetland plants, which should be selected carefully to gain highest treatment efficiency. However, studies on plant growth and responses to different types of substrates are very few. This study aims to assess the effects of substrate types on growth and root morphology of Canna indica L. and nitrogen (N) removal. Twenty-four similar sized approximately 1 month old C. indica plants were selected and grown on different substrates (gravel, pumice and biochar). All plants were supplied with a standard growth medium to which 14 mg L-1 NH4+, 14 mg L-1 NO3-, 3 mg L-1 PO43- were added and pH was adjusted to 6.5. The growth solution was renewed every week. The plants were grown under greenhouse conditions for 45 d. Results showed that growth of C. indica was not significantly different among treatments but differences on root morphology were found. Plants grown on pumice had the largest root diameters while plants grown on biochar had the longest roots. In the gravel-filled treatment, C. indica showed the lowest root diameter and root length but formed more internal air space in its roots. It indicates that types of substrate can affect O2 supply and root morphological adaptation. Moreover, the porous substrate bed systems were capable of eliminating more NH4+ than gravel bed systems, with the NH4+ removal rates of 5.6–6.3 mg L-1 d-1 compared to 4.7 mg L-1 d-1, respectively. The results show that porous substrates can act as plant supporting substrates and play important roles in N adsorption. Also, they can improve oxygen supply and stimulate root growth. Thus, application of porous substrates as filter media could help to increase pollutant removal efficacy of CWs.
人工湿地(CWs)是一种具有成本效益的污水处理技术,它由基质和湿地植物组成,应仔细选择以获得最高的处理效率。然而,关于植物生长及其对不同类型基质响应的研究却很少。本研究旨在探讨不同基质类型对美人蕉生长、根系形态及氮(N)去除的影响。选取了24株大小相近、大约1个月龄的籼稻植株,在不同的基质(砾石、浮石和生物炭)上种植。所有植株均饲喂标准培养基,培养基中分别添加14mg L-1 NH4+、14mg L-1 NO3-、3mg L-1 PO43-,并将pH调至6.5。生长液每周更新一次。结果表明,不同处理间籼稻的生长无显著差异,但根系形态存在差异。在浮石上生长的植株根直径最大,而在生物炭上生长的植株根最长。在砾石充填处理下,籼稻的根径和根长最小,但其根内形成的空气空间更多。这表明基质类型会影响氧供应和根系形态适应。此外,多孔基质比砾石基质对NH4+的去除率更高,NH4+去除率分别为5.6 ~ 6.3 mg L-1 d-1和4.7 mg L-1 d-1。结果表明,多孔基质可以作为植物的支撑基质,在氮吸附中发挥重要作用。此外,它们可以改善氧气供应,刺激根系生长。因此,采用多孔基质作为过滤介质有助于提高化粪池对污染物的去除效果。
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引用次数: 0
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