Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35646
M. Truu, Lauri Lihtmaa, Mariliis Niinemägi
This article discusses the neighbourhood-level renovation potential in Tallinn's modernist privately owned apartment blocks, with the aim of addressing the global need for deep renovation. The analysis considers international directives, national policies and municipal objectives, highlighting the focus of current renovation initiatives on apartment buildings. The discourse drives the ongoing conflict between energy-focused renovation and the preservation of spatial quality, relevant especially for the countries that favour partial renovation over the complete transformation of a building. It analyses the emerging impact of the New European Bauhaus (NEB) initiative, emphasizing the need to balance technical energy investments with cultural and aesthetic considerations in wider neighbourhoods. Shifting the focus to Tallinn, the article deals with the challenges of modernist mass production housing districts, recognizing their technical structure, current decay and socio-economic limitations. The European Renovation Wave strategy and upcoming energy efficiency requirements are seen as catalysts for neighbourhood revitalization, prompting the exploration of innovative models to transform these neighbourhoods into liveable and functional spaces. The discussion unfolds within the NEB compass, emphasizing the core values of beauty, sustainability, and cohesion. Practical considerations for the transformation of Tallinn districts are discussed, including spatial regulations, the complexity of ownership and the different perspectives of apartment owners. As a solution, the SOFTacademy approach is introduced, proposing a collaborative model establishing both the hardware and software elements for NEB driven renovation of neighbourhoods. In terms of hardware solution, prefabrication and modularity is used both for renovating the buildings as well as reinventing the courtyards around them. While the physical rejuvenation of the neighbourhoods is the key to NEB transformation, the shift depends as much from the software solutions. The results outline a process for initiating neighbourhood-level renovations, emphasizing the importance of consulting with owners, creating blueprints, and entering into cooperative agreements.
{"title":"Revitalizing Modernist Districts: Neighbourhood Level Mass-Renovation with SOFTacademy Project","authors":"M. Truu, Lauri Lihtmaa, Mariliis Niinemägi","doi":"10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35646","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the neighbourhood-level renovation potential in Tallinn's modernist privately owned apartment blocks, with the aim of addressing the global need for deep renovation. The analysis considers international directives, national policies and municipal objectives, highlighting the focus of current renovation initiatives on apartment buildings. The discourse drives the ongoing conflict between energy-focused renovation and the preservation of spatial quality, relevant especially for the countries that favour partial renovation over the complete transformation of a building. It analyses the emerging impact of the New European Bauhaus (NEB) initiative, emphasizing the need to balance technical energy investments with cultural and aesthetic considerations in wider neighbourhoods.\u0000Shifting the focus to Tallinn, the article deals with the challenges of modernist mass production housing districts, recognizing their technical structure, current decay and socio-economic limitations. The European Renovation Wave strategy and upcoming energy efficiency requirements are seen as catalysts for neighbourhood revitalization, prompting the exploration of innovative models to transform these neighbourhoods into liveable and functional spaces. The discussion unfolds within the NEB compass, emphasizing the core values of beauty, sustainability, and cohesion.\u0000Practical considerations for the transformation of Tallinn districts are discussed, including spatial regulations, the complexity of ownership and the different perspectives of apartment owners. As a solution, the SOFTacademy approach is introduced, proposing a collaborative model establishing both the hardware and software elements for NEB driven renovation of neighbourhoods. In terms of hardware solution, prefabrication and modularity is used both for renovating the buildings as well as reinventing the courtyards around them. While the physical rejuvenation of the neighbourhoods is the key to NEB transformation, the shift depends as much from the software solutions.\u0000The results outline a process for initiating neighbourhood-level renovations, emphasizing the importance of consulting with owners, creating blueprints, and entering into cooperative agreements.","PeriodicalId":36795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140451374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35534
Maarja Kauniste, Alar Just, Eero Tuhkanen, T. Kalamees
Despite the growing popularity of wood and wood-based products in the construction industry, there has been insufficient focus on assessing the condition, preservation, and potential reuse of existing timber. While numerous standards evaluate the quality of freshly sawn timber, there is currently no standardized system for assessing the strength properties of aged and reused timber. The lack of these guidelines is also one of the reasons the results obtained in numerous research are often fluctuating, and we cannot draw clear conclusions. The matter is further complicated by the lack of data on old in-situ wood and its exploitation, which would help to evaluate its condition. Consequently, there is a real practical need to assess the condition of old timber to avoid unnecessary demolition and the loss of valuable and structurally sound building material. What sets this study apart from others is that, in addition to destructive testing, the 4-point non-destructive (ND) bending tests were conducted on all four faces of test specimens. This provided an opportunity to assess the wood visually and then find connections to associate external characteristics with real properties. This methodology aimed to determine whether it is feasible to visually assess the most practical way to use wooden elements in construction. If this question arises, which face of the beam would be better suited for the tension side and which for the compression side? The old timber used in testing originated from an old library building located on Vaksali Street, Tartu, Estonia and is estimated to be about 120 years old. This paper investigates and compares the collected data with a Nordic standard for grading fresh-sawn timber and two established Italian standards for visually assessing aged timber. This comparison contributes to developing a standardized framework for future visual assessments. ND and destructive four-point bending tests were performed to validate and find appropriate visual characteristics to determine the strength and stiffness of the timber elements. The primary goals of this study were first to compare the results obtained from existing ND methods with actual results and secondly to provide guidelines for better visual grading of wood in the future, based on Nordic Standard INSTA 142 (2010) and Italian standards UNI 11119 (2004) and UNI 11035 (2010) Contrary to previous research conclusions, the visual assessment results yielded unexpected outcomes. The results show that the grading standards significantly underestimated the real strength of the wood, and even more, none of the visual assessments overestimated the real strength of the specimens. Therefore, based on prior research and the findings derived from this study, there is evident a substantial potential for extensive development and optimization within this field.
尽管木材和人造板产品在建筑业中越来越受欢迎，但人们对现有木材的状况、保存和潜在再利用的评估却不够重视。虽然有许多标准对新锯木材的质量进行评估，但目前还没有评估老化和再利用木材强度特性的标准化系统。缺乏这些准则也是众多研究结果经常出现波动的原因之一，我们无法得出明确的结论。由于缺乏有关原地旧木材及其利用情况的数据，这使得问题变得更加复杂，而这些数据将有助于对其状况进行评估。因此，评估旧木材的状况以避免不必要的拆除和损失有价值且结构良好的建筑材料，是一项真正的实际需求。这项研究与其他研究的不同之处在于，除了破坏性测试外，还在测试样本的所有四个面上进行了四点非破坏性（ND）弯曲测试。这提供了一个直观评估木材的机会，然后找到外部特征与实际特性之间的联系。这种方法旨在确定目测评估在建筑中使用木构件的最实用方法是否可行。如果出现这个问题，梁的哪一面更适合用于拉伸面，哪一面更适合用于压缩面？测试中使用的旧木材来自爱沙尼亚塔尔图 Vaksali 街的一座旧图书馆建筑，据估计已有 120 年的历史。本文将收集到的数据与北欧的新锯木材分级标准和意大利的两个老化木材目测评估标准进行研究和比较。这种比较有助于为未来的目测评估制定标准化框架。进行了无损和破坏性四点弯曲试验，以验证和找到适当的视觉特征，从而确定木材构件的强度和刚度。这项研究的主要目标首先是将现有 ND 方法得出的结果与实际结果进行比较，其次是根据北欧标准 INSTA 142（2010 年）和意大利标准 UNI 11119（2004 年）和 UNI 11035（2010 年），为今后更好地进行木材目测分级提供指导。结果表明，分级标准明显低估了木材的实际强度，更有甚者，没有一项目测评估高估了试样的实际强度。因此，基于之前的研究和本次研究的结果，该领域显然具有广泛的发展和优化潜力。
{"title":"Assessment on Strength and Stiffness Properties of Aged Structural Timber","authors":"Maarja Kauniste, Alar Just, Eero Tuhkanen, T. Kalamees","doi":"10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35534","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the growing popularity of wood and wood-based products in the construction industry, there has been insufficient focus on assessing the condition, preservation, and potential reuse of existing timber. While numerous standards evaluate the quality of freshly sawn timber, there is currently no standardized system for assessing the strength properties of aged and reused timber. The lack of these guidelines is also one of the reasons the results obtained in numerous research are often fluctuating, and we cannot draw clear conclusions. The matter is further complicated by the lack of data on old in-situ wood and its exploitation, which would help to evaluate its condition. Consequently, there is a real practical need to assess the condition of old timber to avoid unnecessary demolition and the loss of valuable and structurally sound building material.\u0000What sets this study apart from others is that, in addition to destructive testing, the 4-point non-destructive (ND) bending tests were conducted on all four faces of test specimens. This provided an opportunity to assess the wood visually and then find connections to associate external characteristics with real properties. This methodology aimed to determine whether it is feasible to visually assess the most practical way to use wooden elements in construction. If this question arises, which face of the beam would be better suited for the tension side and which for the compression side? The old timber used in testing originated from an old library building located on Vaksali Street, Tartu, Estonia and is estimated to be about 120 years old.\u0000This paper investigates and compares the collected data with a Nordic standard for grading fresh-sawn timber and two established Italian standards for visually assessing aged timber. This comparison contributes to developing a standardized framework for future visual assessments. ND and destructive four-point bending tests were performed to validate and find appropriate visual characteristics to determine the strength and stiffness of the timber elements. The primary goals of this study were first to compare the results obtained from existing ND methods with actual results and secondly to provide guidelines for better visual grading of wood in the future, based on Nordic Standard INSTA 142 (2010) and Italian standards UNI 11119 (2004) and UNI 11035 (2010)\u0000Contrary to previous research conclusions, the visual assessment results yielded unexpected outcomes. The results show that the grading standards significantly underestimated the real strength of the wood, and even more, none of the visual assessments overestimated the real strength of the specimens. Therefore, based on prior research and the findings derived from this study, there is evident a substantial potential for extensive development and optimization within this field.","PeriodicalId":36795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140452098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35570
Anna Sandak, Karen Butina Ogorelec, Ana Gubenšek, Faksawat Poohphajai
Surfaces of exposed materials are affected by biotic and abiotic degradation processes. They often are protected by architectural coatings that not only provide a decorative layer but also enhance integrity of the material structure. Common surface treatments often include mineral oil binders and other ingredients that are known to have a negative impact on the environment. To address these issues, an alternative bioinspired concept for materials protection based on engineered fungal biofilm is under development. This paper presents the first results related to the bioreceptivity of building materials and the initial steps of natural biofilm formation. This research concluded that fungal colonisation and the variability of microorganisms is influenced by the type of material and climate condition at the exposure site. Fungal infestation was lower on protected materials (e.g., with commercial coatings). Samples from the eastern and western exposure exhibited the highest fungal colonisation, whereas samples from the northern and southern exposure exhibited the least growth. Furthermore, the samples in close spatial proximity were colonized by different fungal microbiota. It was determined that Aureobasidium sp. is the dominant species in the early phase of colonisation. In the following steps, a bioactive protective coating system that works in synergy with nature will be developed. Based on the initial results Aureobasidium appears to be a viable candidate as an active, living component of a new nature-inspired coating system. The novel protection concept is based on three interrelated components – bioinspiration as a driving force for materials design, bio-based ingredients, and living fungal cells that will provide self-healing and bioremediation capacity. The living coating will be designed to protect various architectonic materials, including porous materials such as biomaterials, concrete, stone, and non-porous, as well as plastics, and metals. The ultimate goal is to advance the development of engineered living materials that interact, adapt, and respond to environmental changes.
{"title":"Bioinspired Living Coating System for Regenerative and Circular Architecture","authors":"Anna Sandak, Karen Butina Ogorelec, Ana Gubenšek, Faksawat Poohphajai","doi":"10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35570","url":null,"abstract":"Surfaces of exposed materials are affected by biotic and abiotic degradation processes. They often are protected by architectural coatings that not only provide a decorative layer but also enhance integrity of the material structure. Common surface treatments often include mineral oil binders and other ingredients that are known to have a negative impact on the environment. To address these issues, an alternative bioinspired concept for materials protection based on engineered fungal biofilm is under development. This paper presents the first results related to the bioreceptivity of building materials and the initial steps of natural biofilm formation.\u0000This research concluded that fungal colonisation and the variability of microorganisms is influenced by the type of material and climate condition at the exposure site. Fungal infestation was lower on protected materials (e.g., with commercial coatings). Samples from the eastern and western exposure exhibited the highest fungal colonisation, whereas samples from the northern and southern exposure exhibited the least growth. Furthermore, the samples in close spatial proximity were colonized by different fungal microbiota. It was determined that Aureobasidium sp. is the dominant species in the early phase of colonisation.\u0000In the following steps, a bioactive protective coating system that works in synergy with nature will be developed. Based on the initial results Aureobasidium appears to be a viable candidate as an active, living component of a new nature-inspired coating system. The novel protection concept is based on three interrelated components – bioinspiration as a driving force for materials design, bio-based ingredients, and living fungal cells that will provide self-healing and bioremediation capacity. The living coating will be designed to protect various architectonic materials, including porous materials such as biomaterials, concrete, stone, and non-porous, as well as plastics, and metals. The ultimate goal is to advance the development of engineered living materials that interact, adapt, and respond to environmental changes.","PeriodicalId":36795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140450342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35467
Noah Böhm, Achim Vogelsberg, Bertram Kühn
A strengthening of cross-laminated timber (CLT) by a composite effect with steel girders can widen the application of CLT ceilings to spans over 8 m. Most possible shear connectors are not stiff enough to ensure a completely rigid composite. At present, it has not been sufficiently clarified how the elastic bending behaviour is affected by the influences of the flexibility of continuously and discontinuously shear connectors, the number of transverse layers of the CLT and the span width. Thus, 4-point bending tests and vibration tests were performed with different cross-section configurations and two different shear connectors in continuous and discontinuous spacing in spans of 8.10 and 10.80 m. To date, no comparable bending tests have been carried out in these spans, with more than five CLT-layers and discontinuously arranged shear connectors. The composite beams deformed linear-elastically until the yield strength of the steel was reached. The composite effect increased the elastic bending stiffness up to twofold compared to no composite. Increasing the span resulted in a higher bending stiffnesses. The elastic bending stiffness of the composite beams with shear studs was significantly lower than with fully threaded screws. For a worthwhile composite effect, both materials should contribute a balanced share of the stiffness. A larger share of the CLT in the bending stiffness compared to the steel girder created a higher elastic limit load capacity but an equivalent bending stiffness. It is necessary to discuss which cross-sectional configurations are appropriate in terms of load bearing capacity, economic efficiency and sustainability. To assess the practical application potential in spans between 8 and 12 m, the tests were additionally evaluated for the equivalent load level for the serviceability limit state of office or industrial buildings. For spans of 8.10 m, the limits according to EC5 for the initial deflection of L/300 and fundamental frequency of 8 Hz can be met. For spans of 10.80 m, only less strict deflection limits are achieved. However, by increasing the degree of composite through more shear connectors, compliance with the limit values mentioned could already be possible with the cross-sections tested. In case of fire, it may be sufficient to consider only the CLT with the reduced cross-section method (EN 1995-1-2) for load transfer, even for longer fire durations.
{"title":"Bending and Vibration Behaviour of CLT-Steel Composite Beams","authors":"Noah Böhm, Achim Vogelsberg, Bertram Kühn","doi":"10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35467","url":null,"abstract":"A strengthening of cross-laminated timber (CLT) by a composite effect with steel girders can widen the application of CLT ceilings to spans over 8 m. Most possible shear connectors are not stiff enough to ensure a completely rigid composite. At present, it has not been sufficiently clarified how the elastic bending behaviour is affected by the influences of the flexibility of continuously and discontinuously shear connectors, the number of transverse layers of the CLT and the span width. Thus, 4-point bending tests and vibration tests were performed with different cross-section configurations and two different shear connectors in continuous and discontinuous spacing in spans of 8.10 and 10.80 m. To date, no comparable bending tests have been carried out in these spans, with more than five CLT-layers and discontinuously arranged shear connectors.\u0000The composite beams deformed linear-elastically until the yield strength of the steel was reached. The composite effect increased the elastic bending stiffness up to twofold compared to no composite. Increasing the span resulted in a higher bending stiffnesses. The elastic bending stiffness of the composite beams with shear studs was significantly lower than with fully threaded screws.\u0000For a worthwhile composite effect, both materials should contribute a balanced share of the stiffness. A larger share of the CLT in the bending stiffness compared to the steel girder created a higher elastic limit load capacity but an equivalent bending stiffness. It is necessary to discuss which cross-sectional configurations are appropriate in terms of load bearing capacity, economic efficiency and sustainability.\u0000To assess the practical application potential in spans between 8 and 12 m, the tests were additionally evaluated for the equivalent load level for the serviceability limit state of office or industrial buildings. For spans of 8.10 m, the limits according to EC5 for the initial deflection of L/300 and fundamental frequency of 8 Hz can be met. For spans of 10.80 m, only less strict deflection limits are achieved. However, by increasing the degree of composite through more shear connectors, compliance with the limit values mentioned could already be possible with the cross-sections tested.\u0000In case of fire, it may be sufficient to consider only the CLT with the reduced cross-section method (EN 1995-1-2) for load transfer, even for longer fire durations.","PeriodicalId":36795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140449938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35606
Alois Andreas Põdra, Gert Air Allas, A. Ruus, Elo Lutsepp, T. Kalamees
The wooden log house serves as a prevalent architectural archetype in rural regions of several Nordic and Baltic countries. To ensure the long-lasting nature of these buildings, proper maintenance is imperative. However, in order to meet the evolving expectations of residents and minimize the environmental impact, a deep renovation is currently required. To successfully achieve the goals of this renovation wave and effectively address the personal needs of the homeowners, it is crucial to develop systemic renovation solutions that can be offered through a digital renovation passport. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to identify common damages, renovation requirements, and evaluate current renovation practices. The findings will serve as a crucial resource for the development of a digital renovation passport. In our study, we utilize rural wooden log houses (comprising 208 houses, 4 years of data) as our research subject. The building elements that are most in need of renovation are the external walls, roofs, and foundations, which require renovation in 77%, 63%, and 63% of the buildings, respectively. The primary cause of damage to the vulnerable structures is excessive moisture. Additionally, decay in the foundation can be attributed to factors such as erosion of mortar, frost, insufficient plinth height, inadequate foundation depth, and inadequate moisture protection. Recommendations provided by consultants primarily focus on restoring and preserving the dwellings' original architectural appearance. As a result, they are deemed insufficient in terms of improving energy performance and indoor climate. This lack of comprehensive consultation is concerning as it fails to consider the potential for cost efficiency, minimizing disruption to occupants, and achieving a comprehensive end result. The absence of recommendations for enhancing indoor climate, energy efficiency, general living quality, and reducing the building's carbon footprint performance the necessity for such renovation solutions and the importance of educating professionals and homeowners. The study's novelty lies in the establishment of statistical probabilities for damages and their causes, as well as the assessment of renovation and maintenance needs and the quality of existing recommendations. Results are scaled to the Estonian building stock, showing the renovation need on national scale. The findings can be incorporated into the digital renovation passport, along with specific renovation goals related to a given house.
{"title":"Technical State, Renovation Need and Performance of Renovation Solutions of Estonian Wooden Log Houses","authors":"Alois Andreas Põdra, Gert Air Allas, A. Ruus, Elo Lutsepp, T. Kalamees","doi":"10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35606","url":null,"abstract":"The wooden log house serves as a prevalent architectural archetype in rural regions of several Nordic and Baltic countries. To ensure the long-lasting nature of these buildings, proper maintenance is imperative. However, in order to meet the evolving expectations of residents and minimize the environmental impact, a deep renovation is currently required. To successfully achieve the goals of this renovation wave and effectively address the personal needs of the homeowners, it is crucial to develop systemic renovation solutions that can be offered through a digital renovation passport. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to identify common damages, renovation requirements, and evaluate current renovation practices. The findings will serve as a crucial resource for the development of a digital renovation passport. In our study, we utilize rural wooden log houses (comprising 208 houses, 4 years of data) as our research subject. The building elements that are most in need of renovation are the external walls, roofs, and foundations, which require renovation in 77%, 63%, and 63% of the buildings, respectively. The primary cause of damage to the vulnerable structures is excessive moisture. Additionally, decay in the foundation can be attributed to factors such as erosion of mortar, frost, insufficient plinth height, inadequate foundation depth, and inadequate moisture protection. Recommendations provided by consultants primarily focus on restoring and preserving the dwellings' original architectural appearance. As a result, they are deemed insufficient in terms of improving energy performance and indoor climate. This lack of comprehensive consultation is concerning as it fails to consider the potential for cost efficiency, minimizing disruption to occupants, and achieving a comprehensive end result. The absence of recommendations for enhancing indoor climate, energy efficiency, general living quality, and reducing the building's carbon footprint performance the necessity for such renovation solutions and the importance of educating professionals and homeowners. The study's novelty lies in the establishment of statistical probabilities for damages and their causes, as well as the assessment of renovation and maintenance needs and the quality of existing recommendations. Results are scaled to the Estonian building stock, showing the renovation need on national scale. The findings can be incorporated into the digital renovation passport, along with specific renovation goals related to a given house.","PeriodicalId":36795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140450480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35674
Eero Nigumann, T. Kalamees, K. Kuusk, P. Pihelo
Construction and demolition waste constitute more than one-third of the total waste generated in the European Union. The pursuit of sustainable renovation must progress further to encompass elements that ensure reuse or recyclability. A fundamental transformation, involving extensive renovation and a transition to circular renovation practices, is indispensable in effectively addressing the pressing challenge of decarbonization for the entire building stock in Europe. In this study, we have developed a circular deep renovation solution using prefabricated modular external additional insulation elements to achieve a nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB). Circular prefabricated modular external additional insulation elements were formulated, manufactured, and installed. The potential for disassembly and reutilization of materials was developed and demonstrated for both a prototype and the complete deep renovation. The analysed prefabricated modular solutions exhibited greater potential for circularity compared to the traditional External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETICS) due to their superior demountability and reusability characteristics. The overall cost of the renovation, which included the installation of a new heating system, replacement of water and sewer pipes, addition of 50 kW photovoltaic (PV) panels on the roof, installation of new balconies, addition of a balanced ventilation system with heat recovery, and replacement of the electricity system in common areas, amounted to 505 €/m². Following the deep renovation, the Energy Performance Value was measured to be 92 kWh/(m²·a), resulting in an EPC class of A. This implies that the building now meets the requirements for nZEB in accordance with Estonian legislation, with no performance gap.
{"title":"Circular Renovation of an Apartment Building with Prefabricated Additional Insulation Elements to Nearly Zero Energy Building","authors":"Eero Nigumann, T. Kalamees, K. Kuusk, P. Pihelo","doi":"10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35674","url":null,"abstract":"Construction and demolition waste constitute more than one-third of the total waste generated in the European Union. The pursuit of sustainable renovation must progress further to encompass elements that ensure reuse or recyclability. A fundamental transformation, involving extensive renovation and a transition to circular renovation practices, is indispensable in effectively addressing the pressing challenge of decarbonization for the entire building stock in Europe. In this study, we have developed a circular deep renovation solution using prefabricated modular external additional insulation elements to achieve a nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB). Circular prefabricated modular external additional insulation elements were formulated, manufactured, and installed. The potential for disassembly and reutilization of materials was developed and demonstrated for both a prototype and the complete deep renovation. The analysed prefabricated modular solutions exhibited greater potential for circularity compared to the traditional External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETICS) due to their superior demountability and reusability characteristics. The overall cost of the renovation, which included the installation of a new heating system, replacement of water and sewer pipes, addition of 50 kW photovoltaic (PV) panels on the roof, installation of new balconies, addition of a balanced ventilation system with heat recovery, and replacement of the electricity system in common areas, amounted to 505 €/m². Following the deep renovation, the Energy Performance Value was measured to be 92 kWh/(m²·a), resulting in an EPC class of A. This implies that the building now meets the requirements for nZEB in accordance with Estonian legislation, with no performance gap.","PeriodicalId":36795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140451585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35788
Dio Lins, Steffen Franke
The end-grain bonding of timber components using the Timber Structures 3.0 technology (TS3) is an advancing construction method in timber engineering. This technology allows the realisation of any plate size by bonding plates on-site where low temperatures influence the performance. Therefore, investigations are underway to evaluate the influence of the low temperatures on the curing process. Additionally, research is in progress to discover techniques to reduce any adverse effects of low curing temperatures on the mechanical properties of the bond. The implementation of particular measures, such as the inclusion of milled heating wires into the joint and the pre-heating of the joint with a hot air blower, has been identified as advancing the potential for grouting even in the face of low external temperatures, as recent research has indicated.
{"title":"On-Site Application of End-Grain Bonded Timber Under Low Curing Temperatures","authors":"Dio Lins, Steffen Franke","doi":"10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35788","url":null,"abstract":"The end-grain bonding of timber components using the Timber Structures 3.0 technology (TS3) is an advancing construction method in timber engineering. This technology allows the realisation of any plate size by bonding plates on-site where low temperatures influence the performance. Therefore, investigations are underway to evaluate the influence of the low temperatures on the curing process. Additionally, research is in progress to discover techniques to reduce any adverse effects of low curing temperatures on the mechanical properties of the bond. The implementation of particular measures, such as the inclusion of milled heating wires into the joint and the pre-heating of the joint with a hot air blower, has been identified as advancing the potential for grouting even in the face of low external temperatures, as recent research has indicated.","PeriodicalId":36795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140449535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35512
Klaus Viljanen, Laurina Felius
The hygrothermal performance of highly insulated, prefabricated wooden roof structures is likely to deteriorate due to the low heat flux to the ventilation cavity. This article evaluates the possibility to improve the moisture safety of such roofs in a Nordic climate by using different control methods for the ventilation rate of the roof and by using thermal insulation above the roof sheathing. The results support the use of adaptive roof ventilation as it decreases the probability of mould growth in the roof. The use of thermal insulation above roof sheathing decreases the probability of mould growth only slightly in a roof with elevated amount of built-in moisture.
{"title":"A Numerical Study of Methods to Improve Moisture Safety of Ventilated Wooden Roofs","authors":"Klaus Viljanen, Laurina Felius","doi":"10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35512","url":null,"abstract":"The hygrothermal performance of highly insulated, prefabricated wooden roof structures is likely to deteriorate due to the low heat flux to the ventilation cavity. This article evaluates the possibility to improve the moisture safety of such roofs in a Nordic climate by using different control methods for the ventilation rate of the roof and by using thermal insulation above the roof sheathing. The results support the use of adaptive roof ventilation as it decreases the probability of mould growth in the roof. The use of thermal insulation above roof sheathing decreases the probability of mould growth only slightly in a roof with elevated amount of built-in moisture.","PeriodicalId":36795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140451986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35561
Juha Päätalo, P. Alao, A. Rohumaa, J. Kers, Johanna Liblik, Kimmo Lylykangas
"Net zero whole life carbon" is an ambitious climate target that refers to neutralizing and offsetting the entire LCA-based carbon footprint of a building, including both operational and embodied greenhouse gas emissions. Especially in the Northern climate, viable building envelope structures must, therefore, provide good thermal insulation and low embodied emissions. Carbon offset is typically based on excess on-site renewable energy or purchased carbon offsets disconnected from the building and the site. Viable strategies for carbon neutrality start by minimizing material-related and energy-related CO2e emissions. As a result, new kinds of building envelope structures have been recently introduced in the academic literature and experimental building projects. Traditional construction materials, such as timber and clay, have been sourced locally and processed manually, providing good results for the embodied emissions in life cycle assessment. Recent studies on clay-based construction materials have concluded that more research on clay as a construction material is needed, in particular considering its environmental performance. One specific concern in the Northern climate is that the weather conditions limit clay construction outdoors and prevent industrial-scale application of these solutions. The methods of prefabrication can address these issues. This study introduces the critical technical and environmental properties of a new prefabricated wall element based on a combination of light timber frame and light clay. In a hybrid light clay-timber structure, a mixture of clay and hemp shives is cast between the timber studs. On the one hand, the novelty of this wall structure is the prefabrication that enables industrial applications and upscaling without the limitations of weather conditions. On the other hand, the study assesses the climate impact of a light clay-timber wall element : cradle-to-gate emissions, thermal insulation, and the climate benefits outside the system boundary (carbon handprint) reported in the D-module of the LCA framework. The study also shows that natural materials require a different approach than synthetic materials from industrial processes. There may be variations in the properties of hemp and clay, especially when local sourcing is prioritized for better environmental performance. Moreover, the mixing and installation processes have a significant impact on the final properties and the performance. We show that constructing a light clay wall is a knowledge-intensive process that may result in very different technical properties.
"全寿命净零碳 "是一个雄心勃勃的气候目标，指的是中和并抵消建筑物基于生命周期评估的全部碳足迹，包括运行和体现的温室气体排放。因此，特别是在北方气候条件下，可行的建筑围护结构必须具有良好的隔热性能和较低的体现排放量。碳抵消通常基于多余的现场可再生能源或购买的碳抵消，与建筑和场地脱节。实现碳中和的可行战略首先要最大限度地减少与材料和能源相关的二氧化碳排放量。因此，最近在学术文献和实验性建筑项目中出现了新型的建筑围护结构。传统的建筑材料，如木材和粘土，都是就地取材和手工加工的，在生命周期评估中提供了良好的体现排放结果。最近对粘土建筑材料的研究得出结论，需要对粘土作为建筑材料进行更多研究，特别是考虑到其环保性能。北方气候的一个具体问题是，天气条件限制了粘土建筑在户外的施工，阻碍了这些解决方案的工业规模应用。预制方法可以解决这些问题。本研究介绍了一种基于轻型木结构和轻型粘土组合的新型预制墙体构件的关键技术和环境性能。在轻质粘土-木材混合结构中，粘土和麻刨花的混合物被浇铸在木柱之间。一方面，这种墙体结构的新颖之处在于可以预制，从而实现工业应用和升级，不受天气条件的限制。另一方面，该研究评估了轻质粘土-木材墙体构件对气候的影响：从摇篮到大门的排放、隔热以及生命周期评估框架 D 模块中报告的系统边界（碳足迹）外的气候效益。麻和粘土的特性可能存在差异，特别是在优先考虑当地采购以获得更好的环境绩效时。此外，混合和安装过程对最终特性和性能也有重大影响。我们的研究表明，建造轻质粘土墙是一个知识密集型过程，可能会产生截然不同的技术特性。
{"title":"Prefab Light Clay-Timber Elements for Net Zero Whole-Life Carbon Buildings","authors":"Juha Päätalo, P. Alao, A. Rohumaa, J. Kers, Johanna Liblik, Kimmo Lylykangas","doi":"10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.34.1.35561","url":null,"abstract":"\"Net zero whole life carbon\" is an ambitious climate target that refers to neutralizing and offsetting the entire LCA-based carbon footprint of a building, including both operational and embodied greenhouse gas emissions. Especially in the Northern climate, viable building envelope structures must, therefore, provide good thermal insulation and low embodied emissions. Carbon offset is typically based on excess on-site renewable energy or purchased carbon offsets disconnected from the building and the site. Viable strategies for carbon neutrality start by minimizing material-related and energy-related CO2e emissions. As a result, new kinds of building envelope structures have been recently introduced in the academic literature and experimental building projects.\u0000Traditional construction materials, such as timber and clay, have been sourced locally and processed manually, providing good results for the embodied emissions in life cycle assessment. Recent studies on clay-based construction materials have concluded that more research on clay as a construction material is needed, in particular considering its environmental performance.\u0000One specific concern in the Northern climate is that the weather conditions limit clay construction outdoors and prevent industrial-scale application of these solutions. The methods of prefabrication can address these issues.\u0000This study introduces the critical technical and environmental properties of a new prefabricated wall element based on a combination of light timber frame and light clay. In a hybrid light clay-timber structure, a mixture of clay and hemp shives is cast between the timber studs. On the one hand, the novelty of this wall structure is the prefabrication that enables industrial applications and upscaling without the limitations of weather conditions. On the other hand, the study assesses the climate impact of a light clay-timber wall element : cradle-to-gate emissions, thermal insulation, and the climate benefits outside the system boundary (carbon handprint) reported in the D-module of the LCA framework.\u0000The study also shows that natural materials require a different approach than synthetic materials from industrial processes. There may be variations in the properties of hemp and clay, especially when local sourcing is prioritized for better environmental performance. Moreover, the mixing and installation processes have a significant impact on the final properties and the performance. We show that constructing a light clay wall is a knowledge-intensive process that may result in very different technical properties. ","PeriodicalId":36795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139958613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.5755/j01.sace.33.2.34159
Dalia Augustinaitė
Contemporary challenges of sustainability are the results of civilisation action. This reveals necessity of humankind creative patterns (re)evaluation and, based on latest global tendencies, reformation into new – unprecedent – ways for anthropogenic artefacts, such as architecture, development and performance. Abundance of definitions on sustainability makes the task challenging by itself, especially, by changes in context of time and space as well as technological sophistication, interdisciplinarity. Therefore, the article, first of all, puts emphasis on finding the perception of sustainable development essence. It is explained as phased cultural characteristics aligning with range of human needs for outcomes, in terms of the study, named (re)solutions. The complex methodology, by the author formulated as technique 7R, explains the possibilities of sustainable architecture creation as freedom in norms, paradoxically, thus destining precedents and standards, such as traditions, revival rather than negligence. Review of scientific literature, documents, regulations and initiatives, in the first part of the study, serves for induction of sustainability characteristics appearing in alternative fields, such as economy, politics, knowledge, in the second part – of properties of architecture inherent to typological alternatives. Applying deduction principles, study suggests the derived means for sustainable architecture attributes, other types of human-made strategies, such as regulations on architecture. Case study of architecture examples the following findings and, argued also in non-scientific sources, serves for expertise on their authors’ critical creative intentions. The results are discussed, conclusions and suggestions are made.
{"title":"Paradox of Creative Culture – Characteristics on Freedom in Norms of Sustainable Architecture","authors":"Dalia Augustinaitė","doi":"10.5755/j01.sace.33.2.34159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.33.2.34159","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary challenges of sustainability are the results of civilisation action. This reveals necessity of humankind creative patterns (re)evaluation and, based on latest global tendencies, reformation into new – unprecedent – ways for anthropogenic artefacts, such as architecture, development and performance. Abundance of definitions on sustainability makes the task challenging by itself, especially, by changes in context of time and space as well as technological sophistication, interdisciplinarity. Therefore, the article, first of all, puts emphasis on finding the perception of sustainable development essence. It is explained as phased cultural characteristics aligning with range of human needs for outcomes, in terms of the study, named (re)solutions. The complex methodology, by the author formulated as technique 7R, explains the possibilities of sustainable architecture creation as freedom in norms, paradoxically, thus destining precedents and standards, such as traditions, revival rather than negligence. Review of scientific literature, documents, regulations and initiatives, in the first part of the study, serves for induction of sustainability characteristics appearing in alternative fields, such as economy, politics, knowledge, in the second part – of properties of architecture inherent to typological alternatives. Applying deduction principles, study suggests the derived means for sustainable architecture attributes, other types of human-made strategies, such as regulations on architecture. Case study of architecture examples the following findings and, argued also in non-scientific sources, serves for expertise on their authors’ critical creative intentions. The results are discussed, conclusions and suggestions are made.","PeriodicalId":36795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135863937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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